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EN
This paper highlights the issues arising from an obligation such as surety. Under the provisions of the Polish Civil Code, the legal position of a guarantor is closely related to non-legal factors. The ambiguity and uncertainty of the status of a guarantor are even greater due to the variability in time of the normative construction of a surety. Therefore, in addition to the measures available in law, a certain counterweight, such as the general public values, is necessary to address this state of affairs. The most widely understood trust, being the necessary condition for the proper development of a modern democratic state of law, may undoubtedly play that role.
EN
This paper highlights the issues arising from an obligation such as surety. Under the provisions of the Polish Civil Code, the legal position of a guarantor is closely related to non-legal factors. The ambiguity and uncertainty of the status of a guarantor are even greater due to the variability in time of the normative construction of a surety. Therefore, in addition to the measures available in law, a certain counterweight, such as the general public values, is necessary to address this state of affairs. The most widely understood trust, being the necessary condition for the proper development of a modern democratic state of law, may undoubtedly play that role.
EN
The aim of this study is to present the issues of binding force statement of intent expressing objection to taking saving life actions in case of such a need in the future. This problem becomes current when a patient is unconscious and they cannot express their will basing on an assessment of all of the circumstances regarding their health. In the study the current legal status and judicature are being analysed. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the lack of legal regulations in Poland concerning the so-called statements pro futuro precludes a doctor from making a right assessment of his duties in the context of criminal responsibility for their negligence. It concerns both a duty to act and a negligence of life or health saving actions. The lack of legal criteria assessments of a doctor’s responsibility in the context of criminal responsibility for their negligence precludes from acknowledging statements pro futuro as obliging to negligence of treatment. The Polish law guarantees the patient the right to the self – determination in insufficient way but the constitutional principle of specificity of an offence (nullum crimen sine lege) does not give a permission to attribute criminal responsibility to the doctor for performing intervention despite the existence of such a statement, because the prohibition of undertaking the medical interventions in case of an objection raised before occurrence of the situation that needs such an intervention must have a source in the binding rules.
EN
is under a specific legal obligation to prevent a criminal effect, on the basis of substantive criminal law. The author considers whether the limits of this obligation are in any way limited with regard to a person performing the profession of a doctor. For this purpose, she analyses the provisions of the Act on the Professions of a Doctor and Dentist and the Code of Medical Ethics and the provisions of the Penal Code. Then, referring to the achievements of the criminal law doctrine, she distinguishes particular types of risk. The article ends by providing an answer to the question of whether the doctor is obliged to save the health or life of the patient if this involves exposure to personal danger.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy problematyki granic obowiązku gwaranta, czyli osoby, na której ciąży prawny, szczególny obowiązek zapobiegnięcia skutkowi przestępnemu na gruncie prawa karnego materialnego. Autorka rozważa, czy granice tego obowiązku są w odniesieniu do osoby wykonującej zawód lekarza w jakikolwiek sposób limitowane. W tym celu poddaje analizie przepisy ustawy o zawodach lekarza i lekarza dentysty oraz Kodeksu etyki lekarskiej oraz przepisy Kodeksu karnego. Następnie, odwołując się do dorobku doktryny prawa karnego, wyróżnia poszczególne rodzaje ryzyka. Zakończenie artykułu stanowi odpowiedź na pytanie, czy lekarz ma obowiązek ratowania zdrowia lub życia pacjenta z narażeniem się na niebezpieczeństwo osobiste.
PL
Celem artykułu jest omówienie w sposób porównawczy i ocena zmian wprowadzonych ustawą o imprezach turystycznych i powiązanych usługach turystycznych w systemie zabezpieczeń finansowych na wypadek niewypłacalności przedsiębiorców turystycznych. Analiza ogranicza się do wybranych zagadnień, które zdaniem autorki mają istotny wpływ na zasady funkcjonowania tego systemu opierającego się głównie na gwarancjach ubezpieczeniowych. Artykuł rozpoczyna się omówieniem przyczyn popularności gwarancji ubezpieczeniowych. Następne rozdziały poświęcone są podmiotom zobowiązanym do posiadania zabezpieczenia, formom i zakresowi zabezpieczeń oraz obowiązkom, jakie ustawa nakłada na podmioty udzielające zabezpieczeń. Aby lepiej zobrazować skalę i znaczenie nowelizacji, regulacje obecnie obowiązujące zostaną zestawione w najważniejszych aspektach z przepisami, które wkrótce wejdą w życie.
EN
This article aims at presenting a comparative analysis and evaluation of the changes introduced by the Act on package travel and linked travel arrangements in the system of insolvency protection provided by traders. The analysis is limited to selected issues which, in the author's opinion, have a crucial impact on the operation of the system, which relies mainly on insurance guarantees. The article begins with a discussion of the reasons for the popularity of insurance guarantees. The following sections are devoted to the entities obliged to have security, the forms and scope of protection as well as the obligations which the law imposes on entities providing security.
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