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"Poproś wodę o pieniądze". Tradycja znachorska we współczesnych poradnikach magicznych w Rosji

100%
Gołębiowska-Suchorska A.
Lud
|
2015
|
vol. 99
209-230
EN
Since the 1990s, there has been a back-to-the-sources trend in post-Soviet Russian society. The publishing industry responded by issuing Russian folk magical texts that were written and signed by alleged ‘witch doctors’. In the current era of wide availability of print, radio, television and the Internet, folk and pseudo-folk spells in Russian publications have become a part of the information circle spanning the sphere of traditional folklore, contemporary popular culture, and contemporary folklore. In this article, I analyse the guidebooks on magic that belong to this sphere of popular culture. These publications were based partly on traditional folk magic analysed in ethnographic research, and magic practised by contemporary female ‘witch doctors’. These publications draw on traditional folklore and render it for contemporary readers’ needs. Collections of magical texts represent a kind of ‘commercial magic’. It combines various cultural and religious traditions in order to form an attractive product for clients who seek help in critical situations in their lives. In this article, I characterise a number of modifications to magical folk tradition and ways of presenting it in chosen guidebooks available on the Russian publishing market.
2

Od relacji z wypraw do przewodnika — początki karkonoskich poradników dla podróżnych na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku

84%
Pacholski J.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2018
|
vol. 12
11-32
EN
In the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains (Karkonosze) occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice (Warmbrunn), which was owned by the Schaffgotschs. After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch. The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems (Tralles), nature studies (Volkmar) and travel accounts (GutsMuths, Troschel and others) written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu. What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.
3

Von Expeditionsberichten zum Führer — die Anfänge der Ratgeber für Riesengebirgereisende an der Jahrhundertwende des 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert

84%
Pacholski J.
Góry, Literatura, Kultura
|
2018
|
vol. 12
33-53
EN
In the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains (Karkonosze) occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice (Warmbrunn), which was owned by the Schaffgotschs. After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch. The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems (Tralles), nature studies (Volkmar) and travel accounts (GutsMuths, Troschel and others) written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu. What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.
4
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Praktyczne przewodniki wychowania. Problematyka poradników wychowawczych dla rodziców z lat 1900–1939

84%
Małek A., Nawrot-Borowska M.
Wychowanie w Rodzinie
|
2018
|
vol. XVIII
|
issue (2/2018)
175-201
EN
Aim: The aim of this research is to characterize the first half of 20th-century publishers of parenting books and, most importantly, to systematize the problems covered in those guides. Methods: Qualitative text analysis from a historical and pedagogical perspective. Results: The reconstruction and comparison of the particular tips and their merits will show the changes in people’s perception of upbringing that took place during period 1900–1939 of the development of parenting guides. Conclusions: As results from the research arrangements the guidebooks for parents contained guidelines and cautions concerning all spheres and periods of children’s lives, which made them practical guides to upbringing. From these publications both parents and child’s educators could learn about care, but also all areas of education: physical, health, moral, religious, patriotic, sexual, intellectual and playful activity.
PL
Cel: Celem podjętych badań jest próba charakterystyki specyfiki wydawnictw poradnikowych adresowanych do rodziców w pierwszej połowie XX stulecia (do 1939 r.), a przede wszystkim dokonanie problemowej systematyki poruszanych na stronach poradników zagadnień. Metody: Jakościowa analiza treści materiału źródłowego z perspektywy historyczno-pedagogicznej. Wyniki: Odtworzenie oraz porównanie pod względem merytorycznym poszczególnych porad i wskazówek pozwoliło na ukazanie ewolucji i przemian, jakie dokonały się w badanym okresie rozwoju literatury poradnikowej w poglądach dotyczących wychowania dziecka na każdym etapie jego rozwoju. Wnioski: Jak wynika z dokonanych ustaleń, ukazujące się w badanym okresie poradniki zawierały wskazówki oraz przestrogi dotyczące wszystkich sfer oraz okresów życia dzieci, co czyniło je praktycznymi przewodnikami wychowania. Z publikacji tych zarówno rodzice, jak i ich opiekunowie oraz wychowawcy mogli czerpać wiedzę dotyczącą nie tylko opieki i pielęgnacji, ale też wszystkich dziedzin wychowania – fizycznego, zdrowotnego, moralnego, religijnego, patriotycznego, seksualnego, kształcenia umysłu oraz aktywności zabawowej.
5
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Obraz ojca w świetle polskich poradników dla rodziców z lat 1918–1970

67%
Małek A.
Wychowanie w Rodzinie
|
2015
|
vol. XII
|
issue (2/2015)
383-395
EN
The aim of this study is to show the trends and direction of the changes that have occurred in the image of the father, as presented in handbooks for parents in the years 1918–1970. Gradual modifications occurred both in the scope of the duties assigned to father and in his image as promoted in pedagogic literature. In the years 1918–1970 hundreds of guidebooks for parents were published; almost two hundred of them were issued in the Second Polish Republic period. The authors of the interwar guides were both Polish and Western European specialists; secular and associated with the Catholic Church. After 1948, religious books and translations of English, German or French books ceased to appear; reception of Soviet pedagogy has resulted in numerous translations of Soviet books for parents. Literature for parents covered a wide range of subjects referring to all phases and aspects of child’s life. Questions related to preparation for parenthood, care of newborn and infant, upbringing of the child, cooperation between school and family, choice of profession and many others were discussed. Polish guidebooks for parents contain a number of comments relating to the functioning of the family as a whole family model that was considered desirable, as well as the role and tasks assigned its individual members, apart from guidelines and warnings related to care and upbringing. Authors of guidebooks presented both qualities that make up the image of a good father and examples of negative paternal attitudes or behaviour. The range of tasks assigned to fathers allows to discovery that some duties related with upbringing were destined only for women.
PL
Celem niniejszej analizy jest ukazanie tendencji oraz kierunku zmian, jakie dokonały się w obrazie ojca przedstawianym w poradnikach dla rodziców w latach 1918–1970. Stopniowym modyfikacjom ulegał bowiem zarówno wizerunek ojca, przedstawiany w literaturze poradnikowej, jak również zakres przypisywanych mu obowiązków. W latach 1918–1970 wydanych zostało kilkaset poradników dla rodziców; tylko w okresie Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej ukazało się ich blisko dwieście. Autorami międzywojennych poradników byli zarówno polscy, jak i zachodnioeuropejscy specjaliści; świeccy i związani z Kościołem katolickim. Po roku 1948 poradniki religijne oraz tłumaczenia dzieł pedagogów zachodnioeuropejskich przestały się ukazywać; recepcja pedagogiki radzieckiej zaowocowała licznymi przekładami radzieckich książek dla rodziców. Na łamach literatury poradnikowej poruszano szeroki zakres tematów nawiązujących do wszystkich etapów oraz sfer życia dziecka. Omawiano zagadnienia związane z przygotowaniem do rodzicielstwa, opieką i pielęgnacją noworodka i niemowlęcia, wychowaniem dziecka w różnym wieku, współpracą domu rodzinnego ze szkołą, wyborem zawodu i wiele innych. Oprócz zaleceń opiekuńczo-wychowawczych w poradnikach znaleźć można liczne uwagi odnoszące się do funkcjonowania rodziny jako całości – modelu rodziny uznawanego ówcześnie za pożądany, a także roli i zadań przypisywanych poszczególnym jej członkom. Poradniki stanowią także źródło informacji na temat obrazu idealnego ojca, funkcjonującego w badanym okresie. Przedstawiono w nich zarówno cechy charakteryzujące dobrego ojca, jak i przykłady negatywnych ojcowskich postaw czy zachowań. Zakres przypisywanych ojcom zadań pozwolił na odkrycie obowiązków, za które w procesie wychowania odpowiedzialne były wyłącznie kobiety.
6
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Alkoholizm jako zagrożenie dla zdrowia i moralności dzieci i młodzieży w świetle poradników dla rodziców z lat 1918–1970

67%
Małek A.
Wychowanie w Rodzinie
|
2016
|
vol. XIV
|
issue (2/2016)
161-178
EN
The aim of this analysis is an attempt to reproduce the recommendations addressed at parents concerning the negative impact of alcohol to children. Polish guidebooks for parents from the years 1918–1970 were used as the source material for the study. Prevention of children and young people’s addiction to alcohol was the main goal of considerations undertaken in guidebooks. Pregnant women were pointed out the consequences of alcohol for the developing fetus. Moreover, authors discussed the fate of children growing up in an alcoholic family. The fact that the first contact of children with alcohol often occurred during family meetings caused the need to emphasize the influence of adults on the development of addiction in children. Research of juvenile delinquency were cited to show not only the biological side effects of alcohol but also its social consequences.
PL
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest próba rekonstrukcji zaleceń kierowanych do rodziców, dotyczących negatywnego wpływu spożywania alkoholu na organizm dziecka. Podstawę źródłową dokonanych analiz stanowią polskie poradniki dla rodziców z lat 1918–1970. Podejmowane na ich kartach rozważania miały w pierwszej kolejności przyczyniać się do promowania wychowania w trzeźwości. Wiele uwag kierowano do kobiet ciężarnych, wskazując na konsekwencje picia przez nie alkoholu dla rozwijającego się płodu. Omawiano ponadto los dzieci wychowujących się w rodzinie alkoholowej. Podkreślając wpływ wzorców płynących od dorosłych przestrzegano przed spożywaniem alkoholu w towarzystwie dzieci, wskazując przy tym na fakt, iż pierwszy kontakt dzieci z alkoholem często miał miejsce właśnie podczas rodzinnych uroczystości. Przywoływane w publikacjach badania (głównie nad przestępczością nieletnich) miały uzmysławiać nie tylko indywidualne, biologiczne skutki spożywania alkoholu, ale i jego konsekwencje społeczne.
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