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1

The guild and the swordsman

100%
Chandler J.
Acta Periodica Duellatorum
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2014
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vol. 2
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issue 1
27-66
EN
Guilds have a well-established association with the fencing systems of medieval Europe, and the phenomenon of guilds has been the subject of a great deal of new academic research in the last 20 years or so. A thorough summary of the recent scholarship on guilds and their structure and history will help provide context for what may be loosely described as armed guilds. Though armed guilds have not yet been the subject of a proper systematic analysis, it is possible to tentatively identify four types. Combining the summary of ‘civilian’ guilds with the emerging evidence of armed guilds, including the fencing guilds, may help us better understand the social relevance of martial arts in medieval and Early Modern Europe. This may in turn contribute positively to the ongoing efforts to interpret the medieval fightbooks.
2
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Mistrovská zkouška cechů krejčích v českých zemích

88%
Svoboda J., Reischlová D.
Folia historica Bohemica
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2021
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vol. 36
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issue 1
5-31
EN
This study deals with the establishment and course of the tailors’ master craftsmen exam in the historical territory of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Based on a comparison of sources pertaining to guilds – especially of the articles of the guild, official registers and books of tailoring patterns – the author analyzes the beginning of the master craftsmen exam in the Middle Ages, how its main characteristics (such as payments, the length of training, the course of the exam) were being formed, as well as the subsequent changes during the early modern age. Great emphasis is placed on masterpieces, their variety or the way they were made; to this aim, the author uses some up to now unknown or seldom used sources such as lists of masterpieces or protocols pertaining to the master craftsmen exams. A milestone with respect to researching the master craftsmen exam became the approval of the general articles of the guild in 1739, while this study compares regulations on the exams and masterpieces with the previous practice. Using the example of tailors from Mirošov u R okycan, the final part of this paper studies the course of the master craftsmen exam in the period following the issuance of the general articles of the guild.
3

Życie religijne cechu sukienników w Bielsku i Białej

63%
Dąbrowska E. M.
Roczniki Historii Kosciola (Annals of Church History)
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2012
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vol. 4(59)
23-49
EN
Bielsko and Biała were once separate towns divided along the banks of the river Biała, which was also a state border. The two towns earned their reputation for woollen cloth produced there by local cloth makers. A permit for the cloth makers’ guild was first issued in 1548 in Bielsko, while the guild in Biała was founded in 1667. An intense development of technology in the 19th century, with the rise of cloth making machines, led to a transformation in cloth making from manufacturing to factory production. This is how a big textile production centre came into being, with one of the most powerful textile workers’ guilds. The towns’ location at a flourishing trade route, in the region of intensive sheep grazing – which provided the towns’ factories with wool – as well as rich water and timber inventories – indispensable for the unbroken production cycle – all added to the long-lasting commercial success. An important aspect of the cloth makers’ life was their participation in religious practices in the two towns. Denominationally, the cloth makers were either Roman Catholic or Protestant. The Protestants came to the region from Silesia and from abroad, in the wake of the Counterreformation movement and persecutions of the Protestant populations that followed. They were looking for a peaceful, decent place to live and work. To be a cloth maker, one needed to complete training and gain respective qualifications. A tripartite system of schooling was in practice: student – apprentice – master. The board of the guild comprised the guild master, assessors and a scribe. Guild masters formed a religious community and they were in charge of official celebrations of all church festivals. The festival that was specially celebrated by both denominations was Corpus Christi. The guild funded altars in the local churches to honour St. Martin – cloth makers’ patron saint. Another religious event celebrated by the Catholic and Protestant cloth makers together was funeral, when any of the guild’s member or any of their family members died. All masters and apprentices were obliged to participate in the celebrations. The guild supported its members and the families of the deceased: the ill, the elderly, the disabled, widows and orphans – victims of their husbands’ and fathers’ tragic death, caused by fires, floods, plague or other acts of God. The guild also supported schools and churches of both denominations, a municipal hospital and orphanages. With the rise of the industrial revolution, when cloth manufacturing became textile production, the guild became obsolete. It lost its status and power and was substituted by other institutions, while its capital was taken over by the town.
4

Przywileje żarskich cechów tkaczy płótna lnianego oraz sukienników nadane przez Baltazara Erdmanna oraz Erdmanna II z dynastii Promnitzów.

63%
Sochacka I., Partyka P.
Studia Zachodnie
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2014
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vol. 16
203 - 222
5
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Aspects of Economic and Social Life in The Statute of the Commune of Cortona (1325)

63%
Franceschi F.
Acta Poloniae Historica
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2019
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vol. 119
PL
An ancient Etruscan settlement located in the Valdichiana, along the border between Tuscany and Umbria, Cortona has attracted renewed interest over the last two decades among historians of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Falling into this line of research is the publication of the communal statute from 1325, when the government handed the reins of power to the seigneurial regime revolving around Ranieri Casali. In the same year, Cortona became an episcopal seat and thus also gained the status of a city proper. Through a careful analysis of this extraordinarily rich source, the article outlines the salient aspects of the city’s economy and society, with a focus on its environmental resources and urban activities, the distribution of wealth and its poor relief, the condition of women, and the topography of social relations. The picture that emerges from this analysis is that of a lively and dynamic city, arguably at the peak of its development, at a time when many urban centres in Italy and across Europe were already experiencing a downturn after the economic expansion of the Middle Ages.
6
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Przemianki, czyli miana towarzyskie jako znak inicjacji w polskich cechach rzemieślniczych

51%
Lech-Kirstein D.
Socjolingwistyka
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2019
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issue 33
231-242
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu są tzw. przemianki, czyli miana towarzyskie, które zostały wyekscerpowane z opolskiej księgi cechowej garncarzy z lat 1727-1820 znajdującej się w Archiwum Państwowym w Opolu. Temat ten jest ważnym uzupełnieniem ustaleń dotyczących polskiej antroponimii, gdyż jak twierdzą historycy, nazwy te, mające charakter przezwiskowy (np. Płaczybabka, Marionek, Fiolla, Goniwiecha), stawały się w późniejszym okresie oficjalnymi nazwiskami. Nazwy osobowe pokazane są na tle funkcjonowania grupy społecznej XVIII-XIX-wiecznych rzemieślników, w szczególności ukazana jest rola cechów w szkoleniu młodych fachowców oraz związane z tym zwyczaje. Przemianki są bowiem dowodem istnienia obrzędów przejścia w polskich cechach rzemieślniczych oraz reliktem dawnych obrzędów inicjacji.
EN
The subject of the paper are the so-called przemianki (social names), which were excerpted from the Opole guild book of potters from 1727–1820 available in the State Archives in Opole. This topic is an important supplement to the findings concerning the Polish anthroponymy, because, as historians claim, these names, which have a nickname character (e.g. Płaczybabka, Marionek, Fiolla, Goniwiecha), later became official surnames. The personal names are shown in the context of the functioning of the social group of the eighteenth- nineteenth-century craftsmen, in particular, the role of guilds in the training of young professionals and the associated customs are shown. The social names are the proof of the existence of rites of passage in Polish guilds and a relic of ancient rites of initiation.
7
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Rusznikarze i szyftarze działający w Szczecinie od XVI do XVIII wieku

51%
Bądkowska J.
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
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2019
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vol. 15
305-341
EN
The aim of the article is to present information about gunsmiths and stockmakers who worked in Szczecin from the 16th to mid-19th century. The article includes a list with biographical entries of the craftsmen.
8
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Księgi korporacji rzemieślniczych Proszowic z XV wieku. Przyczynek do badań nad piśmiennictwem miejskim w średniowieczu

51%
Nabiałek K.
Średniowiecze Polskie i Powszechne
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2021
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vol. 13
101-132
EN
In his article, Karol Nabiałek is concerned with the documentation of craft guilds from the city of Proszowice in the Kraków area (Małopolska or Lesser Poland). He examines two manuscripts - the blacksmiths’ and the tailors’. Both books were probably started in the 1480s and were kept through the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. The appropriate method of dating of such books must be based identifying the paper on which they are written. Nabiałek has prepared codicological descriptions and carried out an overview of the contents of both manuscripts. He has made an attempt to determine the status of these corporations. The blacksmiths’ manuscript was probably both a guild and a confraternity book. The tailors’ files initially contained a list of members of the religious confraternity, and, from the sixteenth century on, matters of the guild were entered in them. These manuscripts are rare examples of extant landmark works of medieval writing of professional craft corporations preserved in Poland.
DE
Der Artikel beschäftigt sich mit der Selbstdokumentation von Handwerkerzünften aus der Stadt Proszowice im Krakauer Land (Kleinpolen). Es werden zwei Manuskripte behandelt, und zwar die Handschriften von Schmieden und Schneidern. Beide Bücher entstanden wahrscheinlich in den 1480er Jahren und wurden vom 16. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert weitergeführt. Für die Datierung der Bücher ist die Identifizierung des Papiers, auf dem sie verfasst wurden, entscheidend. Es wurden kodikologische Beschreibungen erstellt und der Inhalt der beiden Handschriften charakterisiert. Des Weiteren wurde ein Versuch unternommen, den Status der Korporationen zu ermitteln. Im Falle der Handschrift von Schmieden handelte essich wahrscheinlich sowohl um das Zunft- als auch um das Bruderschaftsbuch. Die Akten von Schneidern enthielten zunächst ein Verzeichnis der Bruderschaftsmitglieder und ab dem 16. Jahrhundert wurden darin auch die Angelegenheiten der Zunft eingetragen. Die erhaltenen Manuskripte bilden seltene Beispiele für mittelalterliche Handschriften der Berufskorporationen aus dem Gebiet Polens.
PL
 Artykuł dotyczy dokumentacji własnej cechów rzemieślniczych z miasta Proszowice w ziemi krakowskiej (Małopolska). Omówiono dwa rękopisy – kowali i krawców. Obie księgi zostały założone prawdopodobnie w latach 80. XV wieku i były dalej prowadzone w XVI–XVIII wieku. Dla datacji ksiąg kluczowe znaczenie ma identyfikacja papieru, na którym je spisano. Sporządzono opisy kodykologiczne oraz dokonano charakterystyki zawartości obu rękopisów. Podjęta została próba ustalenia statusu tych korporacji. W wypadku rękopisu kowali prawdopodobnie była to jednocześnie księga cechowa i bracka. Akta krawców początkowo zawierały wykaz członków bractwa religijnego, a od XVI wieku zaczęto w nich umieszczać sprawy cechowe. Zachowane rękopisy stanowią przykład dość nielicznie zachowanych z terenu Polski zabytków średniowiecznego piśmiennictwa korporacji zawodowych.
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