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1
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Životní cyklus trestného činu z nenávisti: tři scénáře

100%
Kupka P., Kalibová K., Walach V., Divišová V.
Česká kriminologie (Czech Criminology)
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2018
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vol. 3
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issue 1
1-16
EN
This paper presents findings from a qualitative research targeted at the prosecution of hate crimes in the Czech Republic. Based on interviews with judges, prosecutors, attorneys, offenders and victims, three scenarios of the lifecycle of a hate crime are formulated – ideal, inauspicious and plausible. The scenarios consist of model situations that reflect criminal proceedings from police investigation to conviction and that allow to demonstrate six factors which influence the qualification and prosecution of an offence as a hate crime. The main objective of this paper is to identify key moments of criminal proceedings concerning hate crimes in the Czech context. This can help to detect the problematic aspects of criminal justice system that hinder the effective solving of hate crimes.
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HATE CRIME ELIMINATION INSTRUMENTS IN HUNGARY

100%
Vyrostko M.
Central European Papers
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2021
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vol. 9
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issue 2
81-90
EN
Extremism is an undesirable anti-social phenomenon, belief or behavior that most societies naturally try to eliminate, or at least mitigate its negative effects. The horrors of the Second World War significantly contributed to the understanding of the seriousness of the radicalization of society, which can lead to the targeted murder of groups of the population on the basis of nationality, race, religious beliefs, or sexual orientation, etc. The aim of the article is to evaluate the relevance of legal measures against extremism and to point out the current problem areas of the fight against extremism in Hungary on the basis of a brief analysis of the Hungarian Criminal Code and the currently identified number of hate speech and hate acts in Hungary. In the parts of the article we refer to the comparison with the Criminal Code no. 300/2005 as amended (Criminal Code of the Slovak Republic). To meet the goal of the article, we use mainly qualitative scientific methods of deduction, induction, analysis, synthesis and comparison.
3
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Discursive othering of Asian Americans: A preliminary reflection of a foreshadowing COVID-19’ related hate

100%
Koba A.
Language, Discourse & Society
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2021
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vol. 9 (1)
3
EN
This study aims to examine the underlying causes of the hate against Asian Americans in relation to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Using discourse analysis, the author analyzes interview data collected before the outbreak of the pandemic in the Bay Area of the United States. Anti-Asian sentiment did not start after the beginning of the outbreak. Rather, it has existed in American society, and people in the Asian community have faced prejudice and hate incidents before the outbreak as well. This study examines the discourse in two ways: discourse as practices and discourse as language in use. Through the analysis of interview data, this study aims to 1) shed light on Asian Americans’ experiences and reveal the racism Asians are subjected to; 2) examine how the discourse affects the identity and situation of Asians under a certain dominance; 3) analyze how discourse reproduces systemic violence against Asian Americans. The analysis shows that the same discourse which has positioned Asians as the “other” is reproduced both socially and politically and that is a reason for violence against Asian Americans. However, it is further revealed that Asian people construct their identity through these discourses, by either internalizing or opposing them.
4
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Specifika objasňování trestných činů z nenávisti: policejní pohled

100%
Walach V., Kalibová K., Kupka P., Petruželka B.
Česká kriminologie (Czech Criminology)
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2022
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vol. 7
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issue 1
1-18
EN
This article focuses on the specifics of hate crime investigation and it is based on qualitative interviews with Czech police officers. The interviewees were police specialists in political extremism, police officers who work with minorities and a member of the General Inspectorate of Security Forces. The paper analyzes their accounts of (1) the methods of recognizing and proving the bias motive and (2) the reasons that may lead to its disregard on the part of police officers. The participants described the perpetrator’s verbal or written utterances and his previous experience with hate crime and sympathies for hateful ideologies or movements as the main indicators of hate crime. According to the participants, the hate motive might be ignored in the investigation because of the lack of evidence; insufficient training; excessive workload; prejudices against victims; fears of violence escalation; and criticism of the police. The article ends with a discussion of the political implications of the findings and directions for future research.
5
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Diskriminace a násilí motivované sexuální orientací nebo genderovou identitou: Online šetření mezi LGBT+ lidmi v Česku

88%
Petruželka B., Walach V., Kalibová K.
Česká kriminologie (Czech Criminology)
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2020
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vol. 5
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issue 1
1-22
EN
There is a lack of information concerning discrimination and crime motivated by sexual orientation or gender identity in the Czech Republic. This paper aims to contribute to existing knowledge on sexual/gender discrimination and hate crime as experienced by LGBT+ people. It is based on data acquired via online survey. A large part of respondents reported sexual/gender discrimination during both their lifetime (63 %) and in last 12 months (23 %). The prevalence of hate crime is even higher. 89 % respondents were victimized during their lifetime and 51 % respondents in the last 12 months. Fewer respondents reported at least one case of victimization to the police (6 %) or non-governmental organizations (24 %). The findings draw attention to the discrepancy between the high prevalence of hate crime victimization and the low number of respondents who decided to report their victimization.
6
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The problem of hate crimes in the United States of America

88%
Bachera E., Jupinko S. V.
Problemy Prawa Karnego
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2021
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vol. 5
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issue 1
1-30
EN
The aim of this article is to draw attention to an issue that has a long history: the problem of hate crimes in the United States of America. There is no doubt that hate crimes are the type of crime that attack the very principle of individuality that is an entitlement under the equal protection of the law (in the U.S.). Bearing the foregoing in mind the above, and that the number of such crime has increased at an alarming rate, this article describes and discusses types of hate crimes such as: Racist and Religious Hate Crimes, Sexual Orientation-Based Hate Crimes and Disability Hate Crimes as an extended projection of the analysis, several solutions have been proposed to mitigate tensions and combat the prevalence and severity of hate crime in all its forms.
7
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Klasifikační chyba v policejních statistikách trestných činů s extremistickým podtextem

75%
Walach V., Petruželka B.
Česká kriminologie (Czech Criminology)
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2021
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vol. 6
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issue 1-2
1-23
EN
Police statistics serve as a basic tool for understanding the prevalence and nature of hate crimes, albeit with limited accuracy. This study focuses on statistics for crimes with an extremist context provided by the Czech police, which also includes bias crimes. The aim is to ascertain the extent to which police statistics correspond to the information available to criminal justice authorities. Following existing research on hate crime statistics, the analysis maps classification error, i.e., a situation in which statistical data do not correspond to the information provided by criminal justice authorities. A comparative analysis reveals that the number of bias crimes is higher than stated in police statistics and over half of the anti-Jewish, anti-Roma and anti-Muslim crimes are misclassified in terms of motive.
8
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Próba oceny karnoprawnych regulacji zwalczania mowy nienawiści w Polsce

71%
Gorazdowski K.
Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa
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2019
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issue 6
93-115
PL
Autorzy w publikacji wskazują na problem nieustannego konfliktu pomiędzy wolnością słowa (swobodą wypowiedzi) a mową nienawiści używaną w komunikacji przez polityków i zwykłych ludzi w demokratycznym państwie, nie tylko w celu utrwalania znaczenia praw i wolności obywatelskich, lecz nierzadko w celu antagonizowania określonych grup społecznych. Dokonują próby oceny narzędzi prawnych w walce z mową nienawiści i ich skutecznością w zwalczaniu tej patologii społecznej, jak również wskazują na dalszą potrzebę zmian w prawie karnym w tym zakresie w celu ułatwienia osobom doświadczającym mowy nienawiści i dyskryminowanym dochodzenia sprawiedliwości. Należy przy tym pamiętać, iż problem wyłączenia z życia społecznego mowy nienawiści jest niezwykle złożony i w praktyce trudny do realizacji. Każdorazowa ingerencja ustawodawcy w prawa i wolności obywatelskie powinna być proporcjonalna i starannie przemyślana i nie może prowadzić do nieuzasadnionego ograniczania tych praw.
EN
The article draws attention to the problem of permanent conflict between freedom of speech (freedom of expression) and hate speech used in communication by politicians and ordinary people in a democratic state, not only to strenghten the importance of civil rights and freedom, but often to antagonize specific social groups. They attempt to evaluate legal tools in the fight against hate speech and their effectiveness in combating this social pathology, but also stress further need for changes in criminal law in this area to facilitate those experiencing hate speech and discriminatory justice. It should be noticed that the problem of excluding hate speech from social life is extremely complex and difficult to implement in practice. Each interference of the legislator with civil rights and freedom should be proportionate and carefully thought out and can not lead to an unjustified limitation of these rights.
9
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Glosa do wyroku Sądu Apelacyjnego w Białymstoku z dnia 30 października 2014 r. (II AKa 221/14, LEX nr 1602865)

63%
Budyn-Kulik M.
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio G (Ius)
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2018
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vol. 65
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issue 2
EN
The Court of Appeal in Bialystok in its judgment of 30 October 2014 (II AKa 221/14, LEX No. 1602865) stated that the use of violence, unlawful threat or insult solely on the grounds of someone’s national, ethnic, racial or religious affiliation can not find any rational and widely accepted explanation. This is in the meaning of Article 115 § 21 of Polish Criminal Code an action for no reason or, of course, a trivial reason. According to the court, the qualification of the act under Article 119 § 1 of Polish Criminal Code or from Article 257 of Polish Criminal Code does not preclude the application of the provision of Article 57a § 1 of Polish Criminal Code. The author explains the terms “reason”, “trivial reason” and “no reason”, as well as “motivation that deserves special condemnation”. The author critically refers to the submitted thesis, considering that the legislator, by making the mark of the type discussed for the reasons, considers it important. Lack of rationality in wrong-doer act cannot be identified with a inconsequential reason or lack of reason.
PL
Sąd Apelacyjny w Białymstoku w wyroku z dnia 30 października 2014 r. (II AKa 221/14, LEX nr 1602865) stwierdził, że używanie przemocy, groźby bezprawnej lub znieważanie wyłącznie z powodu czyjejś przynależności narodowej, etnicznej, rasowej albo wyznaniowej nie może znajdować żadnego racjonalnego i powszechnie akceptowanego wytłumaczenia. Jest to w rozumieniu art. 115 § 21 k.k. działanie bez powodu, względnie z oczywiście błahego powodu. Zdaniem sądu kwalifikacja czynu z art. 119 § 1 k.k. lub z art. 257 k.k. nie wyklucza zastosowania przepisu art. 57a § 1 k.k. Autorka wyjaśnia pojęcia „powód”, „błahy powód” oraz „bez powodu”, a także „motywacja zasługująca na szczególne potępienie”. Krytycznie odnosi się do glosowanej tezy, uznając, że ustawodawca, czyniąc z omawianych powodów znamię typu, uznaje je za istotne. Braku racjonalnego uzasadnienia zachowania sprawcy nie można utożsamiać z błahym powodem lub jego brakiem.
10
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Kryminologiczna ocena agresji werbalnej

51%
Hołyst B.
Ius Novum
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2020
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vol. 14
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issue 2
11-37
EN
The article analyses the phenomenon of verbal aggression (in other words, hate speech) and the so-called hate crimes from the criminological point of view. Psychological sources of hate speech include emotions such as anger and hatred. Characterising sociological sources of hate crime, the author draws attention to the issue of stereotypes, ignorance and social categorisation, and deindividuation. Inter-group conflicts and prejudice addressed to particular social groups and people are also recognised to be important factors in initiating aggressive conduct like hate speech. The main problem connected with the prosecution of hate crime is identification of perpetrators of those offences committed via the Internet. The issue is less significant in relation to acts of battery, injury or violation of bodily integrity because in such cases a victim usually knows a perpetrator or he/she can be identified based on a victim’s or witnesses’ description. It is assessed that the basic reasons of poorer results in the fight against hate speech in the web include inadequate enforcement of the existing provisions of law and the lack of appropriate regulations.
PL
W artykule dokonano analizy zjawiska agresji werbalnej (inaczej, mowy nienawiści) oraz tzw. „przestępstw z nienawiści” w ujęciu kryminologicznym. Do psychologicznych źródeł mowy nienawiści zaliczono emocje, takie jak gniew i nienawiść. Charakteryzując socjologiczne źródła przestępstw popełnianych z nienawiści, zwrócono uwagę na problematykę stereotypów, ignorancji oraz kategoryzacji społecznej oraz deindywidualizacji. Za istotne czynniki w inicjowaniu zachowań agresywnych, takich jak mowa nienawiści, uznano również konflikty międzygrupowe oraz uprzedzenia kierowane wobec określonych grup społecznych oraz osób. Zasadniczym problemem związanym ze ściganiem przestępstw popełnianych z nienawiści jest identyfikacja sprawców tych przestępstw popełnionych za pośrednictwem Internetu. Kwestia ta ma mniejsze znaczenie w odniesieniu do czynów polegających na pobiciu, uszkodzeniu ciała czy naruszeniu nietykalności cielesnej, albowiem w takich wypadkach sprawca jest z reguły znany pokrzywdzonemu lub też możliwe jest jego ustalenie na podstawie zeznań pokrzywdzonego czy świadków. Oceniono, iż podstawą słabych efektów walki z mową nienawiści w sieci jest zarówno nieodpowiednie egzekwowanie istniejących przepisów prawa, jak również brak właściwych regulacji.
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