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EN
The expression of the development of acivilization is the constant expanding of individual rights. However, these rights, proclaimed in constitutional acts, are not implemented at all or are implemented only within anarrow scope. The right to health care, as one of the most important rights, should be realized in the broadest possible way. That is the reason why we should observe the surrounding reality and assess the extent of its implementation.
EN
The Act on Medical Activity is a move in the right direction, but without concurrent comprehensive changes to the shape of the entire system it is incomplete. The legislature did not avoid imperfections, despite the fact that the project was prepared in a quiet mode, without haste and without clear temporary order, as it usually happens. Thirty months after the Act was passed, medical services market observers suggest amendments and introduction of new regulations to the Act. However, the authorities do not seem to hear these comments and criticism.
EN
The healthcare sector is a specific area of economic life. It is connected with people’s strong emotional involvement, especially these people who are forced to use its services. Therefore, formulating any theoretical analysis without value judgments is almost impossible. The author tried to prove that, from the economic point of view, medical service belongs to typical private goods, despite the general social belief that the state should address the issue of health care. However, in countries that have a long tradition of state presence in healthcare, it is difficult to deregulate this sector. At the end, it is worth quoting Devera’s idea that healthcare system consumes up to 90% of expenditures on health care and results in only 10% reduction of mortality. In comparison, spending on promotion of healthy lifestyle consumes approximately 1.5% of expenditures on health care but it reduces mortality by around 40%. Similar financial allocations on the protection of natural environment have a potential impact on the reduction of mortality of approximately 20%. Expenditures on human biology amount approximately to 7% and they could reduce mortality of people by around 30%. It may be worth trying to make society aware that their choices have a much greater impact on the environment than it is commonly thought.
EN
The complexity and ambiguity of suicide are the main factors hampering the development of fully effective measures against suicidal behavior. Nonetheless, risk factors identified in the scientific literature allow for creating more and more effective preventive strategies, which seems essential, particularly in countries with high suicide rates. The most effective strategies are multidimensional and operate on a different level, addressing specific target groups (those at risk of suicide, and those professionals who may offer support to them), as well as local communities and society as a whole (to increase awareness about mental health and suicidal behavior). In order to develop effective strategies, tailored to specific societal needs, the in-depth exploration of the phenomena is needed, which may lead to planning evidence-based policies. This article elaborates on the process of research, development, and implementation of the suicide prevention strategy in Finland since the mid-1980s and its role in public policy. The decline in suicide rates in Finland is addressed in this context and the potential inspiration for the Polish suicide prevention is discussed.
PL
Złożoność i niejednoznaczność zjawiska samobójstwa to główne czynniki utrudniające planowanie i wdrażanie działań zapobiegających zachowaniom suicydalnym. Zidentyfikowane w badaniach i opisane w literaturze przedmiotu czynniki ryzyka przybliżają jednak do tworzenia skutecznych strategii prewencyjnych, co wydaje się niezbędne, szczególnie w krajach o wysokich wskaźnikach samobójstw. Strategie te są wielowymiarowe i obejmują działania na różnych poziomach, a kierowane są zarówno do specyficznych grup docelowych (osób zagrożonych samobójstwem oraz grup zawodowych, które mogą wspierać takie osoby), jak i do społeczności lokalnych czy całego społeczeństwa (by uświadamiać zbiorowość na temat zdrowia psychicznego i zachowań samobójczych). W celu skutecznego opracowania strategii, dostosowanej do specyficznych warunków środowiskowych, niezbędne jest przeprowadzenie szczegółowej eksploracji zjawiska zachowań samobójczych, co następnie pozwala wdrażać rozwiązania oparte na dowodach naukowych (evidence-based policy). Niniejszy artykuł omawia proces badań, opracowania i wdrażania strategii zapobiegania samobójstwom w Finlandii oraz jej funkcjonowania od lat 90. XX w., a także roli w polityce publicznej. W tym kontekście omówiony został znaczny spadek wskaźnika samobójstw w Finlandii w tym okresie, a fiński przypadek potraktowany został jako potencjalna inspiracja dla profilaktyki zachowań samobójczych w Polsce.
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