Search results

1

Projekt Bohaterskiej Wyobraźni Profesora Philipa Zimbardo a realia współczesnego kształcenia młodzież

100%

Zimbardo P.

Parezja. Czasopismo Forum Młodych Pedagogów przy Komitecie Nauk Pedagogicznych PAN

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2014

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vol. 2

EN

The interview consists of two parts and is preceded by a short introduction which outlines the assumptions of the Heroic Imagination Project. The first part includes, among others, questions and answers concerning the growing discrepancies between the curriculum and the new reality of the school, teacher training, cooperation with parents at school. The second part refers to the space of the Academy and pertains to academics’ duties towards educational praxis, dilemmas connected with academics’ involvement in teaching and education.

2

„Prawdziwi” mężczyźni O prozie socrealizmu i jej kontynuatorach

89%

Buryła S.

Śląskie Studia Polonistyczne

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2016

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vol. 8

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issue 1-2

147-183

EN

The author of the article analyses the transformations of the category of masculinity in social realist literature. For Stalinism a negative point of reference in the fight over a new model of masculinity was war and an image of young, brave soldiers of the Home Army, associated with the tradition of the Second Polish Republic. The attempts were made to juxtapose this model with a new type of masculinity founded on the idea of physical work on the reconstruction of the country, an image of a heroic soldier of the Red Army and the Secret Police functionaries. In the 1960s and 1970s the authors of militia fiction and the works belonging to the so‑called military patriotism referred to this Stalinist concept of masculinity.

3

„Vobis o fortes animae”. Wizja bohaterskiej obrony Chocimia w dziełach Naumachija chocimska Jana Bojanowskiego i Pamiątka wojny tureckiej Józefa Bartłomieja Zimorowica

88%

Piątek M.

Rocznik Przemyski

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2014

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vol. 50

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issue 2: Literatura i Język

5-19

EN

The author of the article analyzes two texts in their first editions – Naumachija chocimska (The Khotyn Naumachia) by Jan Bojanowski and Pamiątka wojny tureckiej (The Memory of the War with the Turks) by Józef Bartłomiej Zimorowic. Both works concern the event significant for consolidating the idea of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as the bulwark of Christendom, namely the heroic defence of Chocim in 1621. Both texts were created with a view to commemorating the heroism of the ancestors; however, Bojanowski praises only Mikołaj Sieniawski, whereas Zimorowic mentions a lot of names of brave defenders of the country. Naumachija chocimska… is an incoherent work composition-wise and stylistically awkward (the author failed to master the difficult stanza ottava rima), and what is more, completely dominated by its panegyric nature. Still, Bojanowski used a few interesting concepts, among which we should distinguish the comparison of the invasion of the Turkish army to a flood inundating the lands of the Commonwealth. The early poem by Zimorowic is an incomparably better work. Despite the chronicle-like narration (characteristic of the Old Polish historic literature) which was considered the author’s fault, the text is valuable among others on account of the combination of a diary account with the concept of a rock sculpture, several interesting descriptive fragments, strong contrasts and the appearance of the idea of the bulwark.

4

Trzy drogi do świętości (na podstawie dramatów Hroswity z Gandersheim)

88%

Araszkiewicz A.

Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae

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2016

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vol. 26

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issue 1

171-184

EN

The article contains presentation of personal patterns, which might be identified in six Hrosvit of Gandersheim’sdramas (10th century). Based on plots, works were split into three groups: heroic, martyrological and penitential(secluded). Main idea which exists in all Hrosvit’s dramas is meditatio mortis (death rehearsal), which isa tendency characteristic for the Middle Ages.

5

Dónde volver

88%

Kohan M.

Itinerarios. Revista de estudios lingüísticos, literarios, históricos y antropológicos

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2020

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vol. 32

9-21

ES

El sinsentido de la guerra de Malvinas no se debió a que fuera una guerra que no podía ganarse, sino a que fue una guerra que no convenía ganar (ganarla habría supuesto seguramente una prolongación de la dictadura militar imperante). Esa ausencia de sentido plantea un desafío visceral a las narraciones de la guerra, que se encara de maneras distintas según se trate de narraciones ficcionales o testimoniales.

6

Transformacja mitu o bohaterstwie w rosyjskiej współczesnej prozie wojennej

88%

Borkowska A.

Acta Polono-Ruthenica

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2018

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vol. Tom 3 Nr XXIII

19-30

EN

Contemporary “war prose” contains works on both the Second World War and the subsequent conflicts in Afghanistan and Chechnya. The aim of the article is to analyse the changes of the war hero myth in autobiographical texts of the wars’ participants. Among the authors are Oleg Yermakov, Zachar Prilepin, Arkady Babchenko. As we find out, the contemporary “war narrative” is interwoven with the lack of ideology and patriotic pathos. A soldier fails to accept his war; moreover, he questions the authorities in their decision to break out the military conflict. In these conditions, it is difficult to make heroic acts and sacrifice for the good of the homeland.

7

The Tears of Odysseus: Brandstaetter’s Revisiting of the Ancient Homeric Tradition

76%

Wesołowska E.

Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae

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2017

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vol. 27

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issue 2

PL

The paper focuses on the connections between Homeric poems, mainly Odyssey and the Polish drama Odysseus Crying by the Polish playwright Roman Brandstaetter, especially in the light of the motif of weeping and crying.

8

Poświęcić swoje życie dla innych. Ofiara Edyty Stein, Laury Vicuñi i nazaretanek z Nowogródka

75%

Durma I.

Tarnowskie Studia Teologiczne

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2017

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vol. 36

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issue 2

EN

The aim of the article was to present three stories of women, who had died while sacrificing their lives to others. However, attention was paid not only to the victim himself, but to his readiness. The patriarch Abraham was undoubtedly the model of this attitude. Blessed Laura, St. Edyta and Bl. Sisters of Nazarene in their care for their loved ones, asked for prayer, so that they could suffer suffering for certain intentions without knowing how it would look. But when it came time to fulfill the promise, each confirmed it by act.

PL

Celem artykułu było przedstawienie trzech historii wyniesionych na ołtarze kobiet, które poniosły śmierć, ofiarowując swoje życie za innych. Zwrócono jednakże uwagę nie tyle na samą ofiarę, ile jej gotowość. Wzorem takiej postawy niewątpliwie był patriarcha Abraham. Błogosławiona Laura, Święta Edyta i Błogosławione Nazaretanki w trosce o swoich bliskich prosiły na modlitwie o to, aby mogły ponieść cierpienia w określonych intencjach, nie wiedząc, jak miałoby to wyglądać. Kiedy jednak przyszedł czas na wypełnienie obietnicy, wszystkie potwierdziły je czynem.

9

Jak w Czechosłowacji pojmowano filmy Munka i Wajdy, czyli film w kontekście zawikłanej historii

75%

Hučková J., Hučko T.

Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 29

215-230

EN

Films of Polish Film School, the most significant formation in post-war history of Polish cinema, appeared in Czechoslovakia with several years of delay. Power feared that their message will be dangerous for spectators. Meanwhile – for viewers, they remain unknown or difficult to understand and only a few critics and film historians could read them in accordance with the intentions of the directors Andrzej Munk and Andrzej Wajda, being the main representatives of the stream.

PL

How in Czechoslovakia films by Munk and Wajda were conceived – or films in the context of tangled history Films of Polish Film School, the most signifi cant formation in post-war history of Polish cinema, appeared in Czechoslovakia with several years of delay. Power feared that their message will be dangerous for spectators. Meanwhile – for viewers they remain unknown or diffi cult to understand and only a few critics and fi lm historians could read them in accordance with the intentions of the directors Andrzej Munk and Andrzej Wajda, being the main representatives of the stream.

10

ДУХОВНИЙ ПОДВИГ ОСОБИСТОСТІ В ПОЕМІ Т. ШЕВЧЕНКА «НЕОФІТИ» ТА ЙОГО ТРАКТУВАННЯ У ШКІЛЬНИХ ПІДРУЧНИКАХ РАДЯНСЬКОЇ ДОБИ

63%

Йовенко Л.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2016

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issue 1(55)

356-364

EN

The author of the article on the basis of analysis of the poem “Neophyte” by Taras Shevchenko and Soviet textbooks, characterized the images of the heroes in the poem “Neophyte” and clarified their interpretation in history of literary education of designated days. We revealed that the main Shevchenko’s hero’s feature is the ability to deed, high elevation of feelings that focuses the emotionality of the highest quality and all that was fundamental in understanding of real Kobzar’s human been. It was shown that in the hero images of the poem “Neophyte” we can see the mystery of the relationship between the spiritual freedom of the individual and the Creator as its primary source, and the glorification of heroism performed in the name of Christ. We showed that the poet exalted spiritual feat of neophytes and Alkid’s nameless mother that after the death of her son carried the word of Christ to people. The image of the mother is deeply symbolic because it embodied grief, purpose and destiny of Ukraine. It was noted that Great Kobzar emphasized not only main characters of the poem and depicted how the teachings of the Lord spread between people, but also bequeathed the Christian truth to Ukraine. It was established that the ideologists of the totalitarian regime understood the pedagogical potential of Taras Shevchenko’s works and that is why in Soviet textbooks all was shown in distorted and not real interpretation and all that was actively used for propaganda. The conclusion was made: the creative heritage of the poet was distorted and got tendentious interpretation in Ukrainian literature textbooks of Soviet era. The domination of totalitarian ideologies did all that possible. Materialist philosophy leveled the spiritual world of the individual and main characters of the poem (the embodiment of spiritual liberation of the individual) received in critical articles of Soviet literators interpretation that served the aims of the USSR and that help to train the “new” man type – an atheist, that can do any heroic action if the state will need it from a man. The author determined that further analysis should be prolonged on images of national heroes in Shevchenko’s poem “Haydamaky” and their interpretation in Soviet school textbooks.

11

The Falklands War and the British Stage

63%

Radu A.

Romanian Journal of English Studies

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2014

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vol. 11

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issue 1

112-119

EN

The paper examines the way the Falklands War of 1982 was reflected in the creation of British playwrights. Officially, the war was seen as a heroic act, as another glorious page in the book of British history. But for many writers it contained nothing heroic; it was just noisy brandishing of weapons and useless loss of human lives.

12

Konstrukcja wizerunku Makryny w pismach Grzegorza z Nyssy na tle literackiej tradcyji przedstawiania heroicznej kobiety

63%

Szada M.

Vox Patrum

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2013

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vol. 60

359-383

EN

In the following article I try to investigate how the literary means used by Gregory of Nyssa in his works, especially the Life of St. Macrina, the Dialogue about Soul and Resurrection and the Letter 19. are related to the tradition of depicting heroic woman. In the first part of this paper I consider biblical and martyrological literature, ancient novels, dramas and moralistic works of Plutarch. In the second part I gain a closer look into relations between the creation of Macrina and other hagiographical works of the same time. My purposes are complex. Firstly, I would like to determine the main differences of male and female hero’s narrations. Secondly, I try to examine how Gregory uses conventions and if he is innovative.

13

L’eroismo dimidiato: alcune riflessioni sull’autobiografismo ne "Il Sergente nella neve" di Mario Rigoni Stern

63%

Bedin C.

Italica Wratislaviensia

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2016

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issue 7

17-32

EN

This article aims to analyse the image that the writer Mario Rigoni Stern wants to give of himself as a soldier abandoned to his fate during the disastrous Russian campaign of 1942–1943. Hence, this paper begins by mentioning the importance of autobiographism in neorealist literature after World War II. In the first part of the article, works by Paul Ricœur, Philippe Lejeune, Ivan Tassi, and Maria Anna Mariani will be considered in order to emphasise that, in autobiographical books, the writer “builds”, “transforms”, his or her own image according to a specific ideology. Following this premise, the analysis of Il sergente nella neve, according to the contemporary theories of autobiography, aims to highlight the image that the writer wants to give of himself as a soldier, an image simultaneously humanised and heroised. In fact, in his own humanity, Rigoni Stern’s hero tragically takes on an epic dimension. Thus, it can be concluded that the inhuman effort of a man who is left alone in front of a hostile nature and a powerful enemy creates a new example of the epic hero. Furthermore, the self-image modelled in this text is presented as an individual who is fighting not only for his own survival, but also for the survival of his companions. He is a leader to follow and a reference point, a soldier who does not fight for a political cause, but for greater values, like friendship, love, or honour.

IT

In questo articolo si vuole analizzare essenzialmente l’immagine che lo scrittore vicentino Mario Rigoni Stern vuole dare di sé in quanto soldato abbandonato al proprio destino durante la disastrosa campagna di Russia del 1942–1943. Si intende, quindi, iniziare accennando all’importanza dell’autobiografismo nella letteratura neorealista del secondo dopoguerra. In particolare in questa prima parte si considereranno soprattutto i lavori di Paul Ricœur, Philippe Lejeune, Ivan Tassi e Maria Anna Mariani al fine di sottolineare come nell’autobiografia l’io scrivente finisce per “costruire”, “trasformare” e “rimodellare” l’io narrante secondo una precisa ideologia. A questa premessa seguirà l’analisi de Il sergente nella neve secondo le teorie dell’autobiografismo contemporaneo allo scopo di mettere in luce l’immagine che di sé vuole dare lo scrittore in quanto soldato al fronte: un’immagine allo stesso tempo umanizzata ed eroicizzata. Infatti, proprio nella sua umanità l’eroe rigoniano assume una dimensione tragicamente epica. Si arriva, quindi, alla conclusione che è proprio lo sforzo disumano di un uomo, lasciato solo di fronte ad una natura ostile e un nemico troppo potente, a renderlo un nuovo esempio di eroe epico. Inoltre l’io modellato in questo testo ci viene presentato come un individuo che non si batte solo per la propria sopravvivenza, ma anche per quella dei suoi compagni: un capo da seguire e un punto di riferimento, un soldato impeccabile che non combatte per una causa politica ma per un bene più grande, sia esso l’amicizia, l’amore o l’onore.

14

Brandomův "Duch důvěry" aneb znovuzrození sémantického hrdiny z velkomyslnosti a odpuštění

63%

Kolman V.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2023

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vol. 71

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issue 3

507-518

EN

In my study, I address Robert Brandom’s book A Spirit of Trust through the prism of heroism, a concept that he takes from Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit. For Brandom, this concept is not only key to the analysis of Hegel’s work, but it above all introduces the method with which Brandom crowns the years-long construction of his own philosophical system based on the concepts of incompatibility and inference. Heroism and the related concept of magnanimity are manifestations of historical consciousness established in three acts of semantic consciousness: re-presentation, re-cognition (recognition) and re-collection (remembrance).

CS

Ve své studii se věnuji Brandomově knize A Spirit of Trust prizmatem pojmu hrdinství, který přejímá z Hegelovy Fenomenologie ducha. Pro Brandoma je tento pojem nejen klíčem k analýze Hegelova díla, ale především představuje způsob, jímž završuje letité budování svého vlastního filosofického systému založeného na pojmech inkompatibility a inference. Hrdinství a s ním spřízněný pojem velkomyslnosti jsou projevy historického vědomí ustanoveného ve třech aktech vědomí sémantického: v re-prezentaci, re-kognici (uznání) a re-kolekci (vzpomínce).

15

The Concept and Purpose of Death in the Aeneid, Book 2

63%

Mianowski J., Zarzycki Ł.

Academic Journal of Modern Philology

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2013

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vol. 2

67-73

EN

The article aims at analyzing the concept and purpose of death in the Aeneid, Book 2. In its premise, the concept of death presented within the poem reveals its ethnic, social and cultural tone. The deaths which close eight books of the Aeneid indicate the progress of a main theme: abdicate the past to defend the future. Initially, towards the closing of Book 2 Creusa dies: a loyal, affectionate wife and mother who is nevertheless to be replaced by a young bride chosen for political benefits. The modes and circumstances of the deaths elicit some immediate investigations: first, it seems meaningful that some die in the bloom of youth and others in old age; second, some must die as sacrifices to the gods; third, some are destined to die because they demonstrate furious difficulties to the completion of Aeneas’ duty. Before discussing the concept of death in Book 2 it is essential to introduce the reader into some considerations representing the structure and purpose of Book 2. The authors would like to thank professor Jakub Pigoń (Institute of Classical, Mediterranean and Oriental Studies, University of Wroclaw) for his guidance and insightful remarks throughout the process of writing of this article.

16

Rev. Konstanty Michalski’s reflections on beastliness and heroism

63%

Bochenek K.

Galicja. Studia i materiały

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2022

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issue 8: "Filozofia w Galicji III"

179-189

PL

Historia ludzkości to trudny do zrozumienia spektakl, w którym aktorzy łamią granice bestialstwa i heroizmu. Są przy tym chwile, jak II wojna światowa, kiedy morze zła i okrucieństwa, ale także dobra i heroizmu, toczą ze sobą walkę o metafizycznej wręcz skali. Kompetentnym myślicielem do mierzenia się z tym tematem jest ksiądz Konstanty Michalski, ceniony uczony, który w okresie wojny kilka miesięcy przebywał w obozie koncentracyjnym w Sachsenhausen. Swoją głęboką analizę istoty i źródeł walki miłości i nienawiści sugestywnie, także dla czytelnika z XXI wieku, zaprezentował w książce Między heroizmem a bestialstwem, wydanej po raz pierwszy już po śmierci autora w 1949 roku. Pomimo tego, iż od tamtej chwili minęło już ponad 70 lat, to rozważania w niej zawarte wciąż są aktualne.

EN

The history of humanity is a spectacle difficult to understand, in which the actors break the boundaries of beastliness and heroism. There are moments, such as the Second World War, when a sea of evil and cruelty, but also of good and heroism, are at war with each other on a metaphysical scale. A thinker competent to grapple with this subject is Rev. Konstanty Michalski, a respected scholar who spent several months in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp during the war. He presented his profound analysis of the essence and sources of the struggle between love and hatred in his book Between Heroism and Beastliness, which was first published after the author’s death in 1949. Although more than 70 years have passed since then, the reflections it contains are still relevant today.

17

Być ojcem dziś i za drutami obozu koncentracyjnego. Refleksje po lekturze Bajek z Auschwitz

63%

Skrocka D.

Język. Religia. Tożsamość

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2017

|

issue 2(16)

2013-213

EN

The story of fathers who were imprisoned behind the barbed wire of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp is an example of paternity understood as an attitude of love and responsibility towards children. These fathers-prisoners of the camp were deprived of an ability to look after their own children, so they considered that writing fairy tales for their daughters and sons will be the proof of memory of their children but also an attempt to get closer to them through words. It is something that seems unrealistic in conditions which can be called hell on earth. Nevertheless, this idea has become a reality and so fairy tales, with colorful illustrations and texts written in meticulous calligraphy, were composed. Their authors were Polish prisoners, who worked slavishly for the SS offices where plans for the further expansion of the camp were made. Owing to this office work prisoners had access to paint, carbon paper and copying devices. Those fairy tales are a testimony to paternal love and hopes for a better world. They do not lack of educational messages or awareness of dangers and threats which life can bring.

18

Przestrzenie wolności: między heroizmem a konformizmem

63%

Wieczorek K. T.

Paedagogia Christiana

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2018

|

vol. 1/41

27-50

PL

Doświadczenie wolności może wiązać się z różnymi sytuacjami życiowymi. Zdaniem J. Tischnera, podstawowym rodzajem doświadczenia wolności jest stopniowe wyzwalanie się spod ograniczeń. Takie doświadczenie stało się zbiorowym udziałem polskiego społeczeństwa w okresie transformacji. Pierwszy nurt przemian polegał na stopniowej przebudowie ram ustrojowych w kierunku poszerzania przestrzeni wolności obywateli. Drugi wiązał się z powolną przebudową świadomości. Do wolności trzeba bowiem dojrzeć, by móc korzystać z oferowanych przez nią możliwości. Artykuł jest próbą analizy relacji i napięć między tymi dwiema ścieżkami budowania przestrzeni wolności. W ramach tej analizy ukazano przemiany sposobu rozumienia dwóch skrajnych podejść do eksploatacji wolności – heroizmu i konformizmu.

EN

The experience of freedom can involve various life situations. According to J. Tischner, the basic type of experience of freedom is a gradual liberation from limitations. Such has been the collective experience of Polish society during the period of transformation. The first trend of changes consisted of the gradual reconstruction of the political system aiming at the extension of the area of citizens’ freedom. The second one involved a slow remodeling of consciousness. One has to mature to freedom in order to be able to use opportunities offered by it. The article is an attempt to analyze the relations and tensions between those two ways of building the space of freedom. Within the analysis the changes in the way of understanding two extreme approaches to exploitation of freedom – heroism and conformity.

19

Poza girl power: dziewczyński opór, kontrpubliczności i prawo do miasta

54%

Lisiak A.

Praktyka Teoretyczna

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2019

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vol. 32

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issue 2

47-63

EN

Girlhood‟s political potential does not lie in the power of individual girls, however magnificent, but in acknowledging the commonalities and multiplicities of all girls‟ experiences. Rejecting the individualistic “girl power” paradigm opens up new, sometimes contradictory narrations and representations of contemporary girlhood. This non-heroic approach to girlhood reveals not only the intricate workings of exclusion mechanisms, but also the various inclusive tactics and resistance strategies at work. Engaging with the concepts of counterpublics, the gendered right to the city, and feminist theory more broadly, I look closely at selected examples of girl resistance from popular culture to demonstrate how girls‟ interventions in urban places usually coded as masculine can subvert cultural, gender, racial, and class codes, reappropriate narrations about themselves, and execute their right to the city. Even if some of the gestures and tactics I discuss in the paper may seem too mild to have any political power, I propose that it is exactly such unassuming forms of resistance that promise real change and deserve our urgent attention.

PL

Polityczny potencjał siły dziewczyńskości nie tkwi w sile jednostki, ale w dostrzeżeniu wspólności i wielości dziewczyńskich doświadczeń. Odrzucenie postawy heroicznej i wyjście poza indywidualistyczny paradygmat girl power pozwalają na uwidocznienie różnych, nierzadko sprzecznych ze sobą narracji i reprezentacji składających się na współczesne dziewczyństwo, co z kolei pozwala nie tylko na identyfikację kompleksowych mechanizmów wykluczenia, ale też wytworzenie inkluzywnych taktyk i strategii oporu wobec nich. W oparciu o literaturę feministyczną oraz przykłady dziewczyńskiego oporu z kultury popularnej staram się pokazać, w jaki sposób dziewczyny, dokonując interwencji w miejscach zakodowanych jako męskie, łamią kody kulturowe, płciowe, rasowe i klasowe, stawiają opór, przechwytują narracje o sobie samych i egzekwują swoje prawo do miasta. Choć niektóre z omawianych przeze mnie gestów, taktyk i strategii mogą się wydawać zbyt łagodne, żeby mieć siłę polityczną, proponuję, że właśnie tym niepozornym formom wyrażania oporu warto się bliżej przyjrzeć, stosując w ich analizie kategorię kontrpubliczności i upłciowionego prawa do miasta.

20

Wiosna Ludów. Wpływ konfliktów politycznych z połowy XIX wieku na późniejsze wydarzenia społeczne

51%

Toman A.

Studia Krytyczne/ Critical Studies

|

2020

|

issue 9

81-112

EN

In my article I paid attention to both historical and modern perceptron of the revolutions in XIXth century Europe lands.i accented the national-liberating, unifying and egalitarian aspects of these wars. I wrote about French ‘three glorious days’ on July 1830 when Luois Phillipe Bourbon reigned. I evoked Greek liberation war againsts The Ottoman Empire. I destinated voluminous space for anti-Habsburg uprisings in Austria, in the Hungarian Kingdom and in the Bohemian Kingdom. Later I dealt with the campaign of Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II, who was crownem king of united and independent Italy. Then I concentrated on the riots in the German Empire lands, which was changing into constitutional monarchy with difficulties. I presented my suggestions in the matter of the Springtime of the Peoples or the lack of it in the Great Britain and the Imperial Russia. I mentioned November 1830’s Polish uprising against Nicolai the tsar. I tried to value the matter in a rational and revisionist way, so I described both positive and negative aspects of the uprisings. Eventually, I fund they have somehow formed the modern political culture.

PL

W moim artykule zwróciłam uwagę na historyczną i współczesną percepcję rewolucyjnych wystąpień w krajach XIX-wiecznej Europy. Akcentowałam aspekt narodowowyzwoleńczy, zjednoczycielski i egalitarny. Pisałam o Francji „trzech chwalebnych dni” w lipcu 1830 za panowania króla Ludwika Filipa Burbona. Przywołałam wojnę o niepodległość Grecji przeciw Imperium Osmańskiemu. Wiele miejsca poświęciłam zrywom antyhabsburskim w Austrii, w Królestwie Węgier i w Królestwie Czech. Później zajęłam się kampanią generała Józefa Garibaldiego i Wiktora Emmanuela II, który koronował się na króla zjednoczonych i suwerennych Włoch. Następnie skupiłam się na zamieszkach w krajach Cesarstwa Niemieckiego, które z trudem przeistaczało się w monarchię konstytucyjną. Przedstawiłam sugestie w sprawie Wiosny Ludów czy raczej jej braku w Wielkiej Brytanii oraz w Imperium Rosyjskim. Nawiązałam przy tym do powstania polskiego przeciw carowi Mikołajowi 29 listopada 1830. Starałam się ocenić temat w sposób racjonalny i rewizjonistyczny, dlatego uwzględniłam zarówno pozytywne, jak i negatywne aspekty powstań. Ostatecznie uznałam, że do pewnego stopnia ukształtowały one współczesną kulturę polityczną.

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