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EN
The article attempts to juxtapose the Polish picaresque literature of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and contemporary Polish hip-hop lyrics. It focuses on a dialogue between products of cultures that are distant from one another temporally. Intertextuality, as a research tool, creates an interesting way of looking at such seemingly dissimilar cultural phenomena, and the result of these investigations shows a clear dialogism of these texts.
PL
The paper deals with names of people in the speech of the youth environment. Language of young people is characteristic with vast quantities of expressive elements and serves the emotional evaluation of world, rather than only handing over concrete information above all. Features of this local dialect day by day, more and more are growing stronger. It is more saturated with emotions, full of borrowings and firmly made vulgar. The author is showing that the carelessness and the too loose approach towards the matter of applicable standards are also typical of young people.
EN
The aim of the study presented in this article was to verify the presence of the assumptions of anti-discrimination education in the lyrics of songs featured on the album “Hip-Hop racism stop! #1”, a project launched as part of a Polish campaign called “Music Against Racism”. The study involved using the content analysis method in an interpretative paradigm according to the contextual theory of meaning. The main conclusion is that the use of songs as a form of educational support can be a valuable element in the anti-discrimination education, but it is crucial to call for “negotiating with young people the content of existing culture”, which may provoke discussion with students about the ways in which words are used to form a specific image of the world. Another important conclusion is the “paradox of violence” referring to a tendency to appeal for the rejection of violence, while at the same time using violence-provoking words.
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2017
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vol. 10
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issue 2
283-289
EN
The article is a critical discussion of Tomasz Kukołowicz’s book Raperzy kontra filomaci, which is an important voice in the discussion on rap. The publication was devoted to the connections between the creative imagination of contemporary Polish rappers and the artistic activity of Vilnius philomaths. The author in her review focuses mainly on the part devoted to the subculture, the elaboration of which raises the greatest doubts. 
EN
In the times of liquidity, cultural globalization, and homogenization, there are more and more visible tendencies to emphasize and promote local cultures and identities. A good example of such tendency is Donatan’s work. This Polish producer of hip-hop music made some sociological experiment when he asked renowned Polish hip-hop artists to express their perception of Slavic culture and identity so as to create an album – “Równonoc. Słowiańska dusza” (“Equinox. The Slavic Soul”). One of the music videos called “My, Słowianie” (“We, the Slavs”) had been watched above 10 million times during its first week on You Tube, and five months later it had more than 40 million viewers! It stimulated many cover versions, parodies, and memes – not only in Polish media but also in several Western European countries. In this research we focus on the lyrics and videos to show how Polish hip-hop artists interpret and create the image of the Slavs and the Slavic culture. Do the “racy music videos” really mock stereotypes, as we could learn from the BBC reporter? Or maybe they preserve them? If in the past the Slavic culture was portrayed with the images showing piety, simplicity and a rural idyll, how it is done nowadays? And what comes from it?
PL
In the times of liquidity, cultural globalization, and homogenization, there are more and more visible tendencies to emphasize and promote local cultures and identities. A good example of such tendency is Donatan’s work. This Polish producer of hip-hop music made some sociological experiment when he asked renowned Polish hip-hop artists to express their perception of Slavic culture and identity so as to create an album – “Równonoc. Słowiańska dusza” (“Equinox. The Slavic Soul”). One of the music videos called “My, Słowianie” (“We, the Slavs”) had been watched above 10 million times during its first week on You Tube, and five months later it had more than 40 million viewers! It stimulated many cover versions, parodies, and memes – not only in Polish media but also in several Western European countries. In this research we focus on the lyrics and videos to show how Polish hip-hop artists interpret and create the image of the Slavs and the Slavic culture. Do the “racy music videos” really mock stereotypes, as we could learn from the BBC reporter? Or maybe they preserve them? If in the past the Slavic culture was portrayed with the images showing piety, simplicity and a rural idyll, how it is done nowadays? And what comes from it?
PL
W kontekście hip-hopu, truizmem jest stwierdzenie, że Didier Awadi jest jedną z jego wpływowych postaci. Słynny muzyk z Senegalu wykorzystuje hip-hop jako medium do upowszechnia jego wartości na świecie. Twórczość Awadiego ma na celu uświadomienie Afrykanom, że ich nieszczęście, według niego, wynika ze zinternalizowanej negatywności na swój temat. W „Dans mon rêve” uświadamia o tym, przedstawiając Martina Luthera Kinga jako historyczny punkt odniesienia i źródło inspiracji. W artykule autor stara się podkreślić, dlaczego użycie hip-hopu jako medium popkultury nie służy skutecznie temu godnemu pochwały celowi. Omówiony zostaje również prowokacyjny trop afrykańskiego pop-artysty jako współczesnego griota, zidentyfikowany dziesięć lat temu przez amerykańskich badaczy. Koncepcja kultury Stuarta Halla i teoria Guya Deborda stanowią podstawę niniejszych badań.
EN
As far as hip-hop is concerned, it is a truism that, Didier Awadi counts as one of its influential leading figures. The famous musician from Senegal takes advantage of hip-hop as medium and participates in disseminating its values in the world. Awadi’s creativity aims at conscientising Black people whose misery, according to him, is due to an internalised negativity about themselves. The artist pursues this objective in “Dans mon rêve” by staging MLK as a historic benchmark and source of inspiration to Africans. My paper attempts to highlight why the use of hip-hop as medium of pop culture does not effectively serve that creditable objective by Awadi. I also review the provocative trope of African pop-artist as a modern griot, raised a decade ago by the United States-based scholars. Theoretically, Stuart Hall’s conception of culture and Guy Debord’s theoretical complexity in his attempt to dismantle the monopoly of the spectacle inform the study.
9
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Przysłowia w polskim flowklorze

82%
EN
The article discusses the use of proverbs in Polish hip-hop lyrics. The paper talks about the presence of paremias in Polish rap songs, analyzes their formal transformations (enumerating syntactic and lexical changes in the shape of proverbs), as well as examines the exploitation of proverbial semantics with a view of presenting individual and more general values of the Polish hip-hop community.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono analizę przysłów w wybranych tekstach polskiego hip-hopu. Artykuł omawia miejsce paremii w tekstach rapu, rezentuje przekształcenia formalne (gramatyczno-leksykalne) i semantyczne proverbiów oraz bada  znaczenia wykorzystywanych przysłów w kreowaniu ideologicznego obrazu polskiego hip-hopu.
DE
Der vorliegende Beitrag ist ein Teil einer umfassenden Studie über die moderne Patchworksprache im deutschen Rap. Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind die Songtexte von Haftbefehl, Kollegah und Bushido, den deutschen Rappern mit Migrationshintergrund. Neben den typischen sozialen Problemen werden von ihnen auch Drogenkonsum, Gewalt oder Stadtleben angesprochen, was gerade für den Gangsta-Rap typisch ist. Das, was in ihren Songs eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit verdient, ist ihr puzzleartiges Spiel mit der Sprache. Diese besondere Mischung von Sprachen, Dialekten, Umgangssprache, Neubildungen oder Abkürzungen scheint ein Code zur Verschiebung der inneren mentalen Grenze zu sein, zu einer in der übertragenen Bedeutung verstandenen Eroberung der neuen Welten von Menschen mit gespaltener Seele, die emotional zwischen der alten und der neuen Heimat schweben. Die Sprachebene von Hip-Hop kann mit ihren oft in brutaler und vulgärer Weise ausgedrückten Sprachmitteln eine Art Überbrückung der Entfremdung sein.
EN
The following article is the result of a partial study of the German patchwork language in the lyrics of German-speaking rappers with the so-called migration background. In the works of Haftbefehl, Kollegah and Bushido, not only typical social problems are discussed, but also drug addiction, violence and urban life. Particular attention is drawn to a mixture of languages, dialects, colloquial language, neologisms and abbreviations, which constitute a kind of code for shifting the inner mental boundary, conquering new worlds by people with a torn soul who feel suspended between the old and new homeland. The language of hip-hop, though often vulgar and brutal, can become a bridge to overcome the sense of alienation by encouraging discussion among the fans and opponents of rap.
EN
Rap Genius, website dedicated to the annotation of hip-hop lyrics, is interesting phenomenon for a few reasons. First of all, it's only one made with such panache, multimedial encyclopedia devoted to interpretation; secondly, this initiative, occurrence of network creativity, is evidence for need of „collaborative close reading” in internet. Thirdly, website founded in 2009 gives a chance to new, attractive and effective model of education.
Mäetagused
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2019
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vol. 74
175-190
EN
General interpretation of youth subcultures often largely ignores the national element, and in case it is included at all, then only in the framework of local changes in global music or style or cultural and social conflicts. However, my focus in this article lies on studying Germanness in the abovementioned subcultures. I argue that punk and skinhead culture is suited for the working class rebellion because it largely overlaps with the notion of local patriotism in Germany. When looking at the cult of locality in German punk music or loyalty to local and regional beer, this is something that one can also observe among non-subculture individuals. The article exemplifies how the multitude of subcultural styles supports certain anti-glocalisation trends, and how music, style, and alcohol are used to express genuine working class values, political views, and identity concepts.
13
Content available remote

Swoi i obcy w społecznej przestrzeni subkultur

67%
PL
Autorka opisuje rolę, jaką w utrwalaniu wspólnot subkulturowych odgrywa kategoria swój/obcy, a także sposoby wyrażania i manifestowania tej kategorii warunkowane typem subkultury i stopniem jej społecznego otwarcia. Obecność bądź wykreowanie obcego umożliwia sformułowanie wyobrażeń o własnej grupie i przekonań o jej wyższości, co staje się podstawą niepisanego kodeksu postępowania jej członków. Obszarem obserwacji jest język współczesnych subkultur, w nim bowiem najpełniej ujawnia się postawa członków wspólnoty wobec świata, w nim zostały utrwalone społeczne i grupowe wyobrażenia, wartości, zasady i normy. Przedmiotem analizy w kategoriach opozycji swój/obcy są subkultury o różnym typie więzi społecznej: od otwartej subkultury hip-hopu, przez spontaniczną communitas kibiców piłkarskich aż po zamkniętą subkulturę więzienną, w której porządek społeczny oparty jest na zrytualizowanych formułach słownych.
EN
The article discusses the ways in which subcultures are strengthened by the category US THEM and the means of manifesting that category conditioned by the type of subculture and the degree of its social openness. The presence or the active creation of THEM enables one to form the image of one’s own group and the conviction of its superiority, which becomes the basis for an unwritten code of behaviour of its members. The observation is concerned with the language of contemporary subcultures, for it is there that the attitude of the group towards the world is most fully revealed, it is there that social and group conceptions, values, principles and norms have been entrenched. The analysis is concerned with subcultures of different degrees of social bond: from the open hip-hop, through the spontaneous communitas of football fans to the closed subculture of prison, where social order is based on ritualized verbal formulae.
EN
Background. One of the most important elements of physical wellness is the comfort of breathing – unlimited use of the surrounding air by the human body, without breathlessness, day or night apnea, or the ability to use the voice at full range and intensity. Comfort of breathing can be obtained for example by participation in sport or physical recreation. A large number of studies have indicated low levels of physical activity in the contemporary young generation, which limits the development of the respiratory system as well as complicates proper general physical development. Problem. Can singing in a choir, hip-hop dancing or recreational judo training improve functionality of the respiratory system in a similar way as does another form of physical activities? Material and Methods. A spirometric study involved 24 female members of the Chamber Choir of Kazimierz Wielki University, 24 female students from physical recreation practicing judo, 24 female hip-hop dancers and 26 female students from other faculties – control group. All these people were from Kazimierz Wielki University. Results. The results of the spirometric test suggest that singing in the choir, judo training and hip-hop dancing significantly improve human respiratory system. Conclusion. The results showed that the physical activity by recreational judo training improves the human respiratory system to the highest degree and it does not require special natural abilities like “ear to sing” (required in choir) and “a sense of rhythm” ( required in hip-hop dancing)
PL
Tło. Jednym z najważniejszych elementów fizycznego dobrostanu człowieka jest komfort oddychania czyli nieograniczone korzystanie przez człowieka z otaczającego go powietrza, bez duszności, bezdechu w dzień lub w nocy, możliwość korzystania z głosu w pełnym zakresie i pełną siłą. Problem. Komfort oddychania można uzyskiwać w różny sposób, na przykład poprzez sport, rekreację fizyczną lub też śpiewanie. Wiele badań wskazuje niski poziom aktywności fizycznej młodego pokolenia, która to sama komplikuje prawidłowy rozwój fizyczny i ogranicza rozwój układ oddechowego. Czy śpiewanie w chórze, taniec hip-hop lub rekreacyjny trening judo poprawia funkcjonalności systemu oddechowego w podobny sposób, jak robi inną formy aktywności fizycznej? Materiał i metody. W badaniach spirometrycznych wzięły udział 24 studentki z Chóru Kameralnego, 26 studentek z różnych wydziałów - grupa kontrolna, 24 studentki trenujące rekreacyjnie judo i 24 studentki trenujące taniec hip-hop. Wyniki. Wszystkie te osoby były z Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy. Wyniki: Wyniki badania spirometrycznego sugerują, że śpiewanie w chórze, rekreacyjny trening judo i taniec hip-hop istotnie poprawiają sprawność ludzkiego układu oddechowego. Wnioski. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że aktywność fizyczna realizowana przez rekreacyjny trening judo poprawia w większym stopniu sprawność ludzkiego układu oddechowego niż badane tu, inne rodzaje ludzkiej aktywności. Dodatkowo należy zauważyć że rekreacyjny trening judo nie wymaga od ćwiczących specjalnych zdolności jak „słuch muzyczny” (wymagany w chórze) lub „poczucie rytmu” (wymagane w tańcu hip-hop).
EN
The pejorative connotation of the words “hip hop” and “rap” is the result of the origin of this culture and its expressive artistic character. Due to popular aspect that characterizes the language of hip-hop fans, it is necessary to notice, citing Jean-Pierre Goudaillier that identity form of the language is the result of “[...] a revolt, which is Social and have the significance of the immediate socio-economic environment experienced in everyday life and often unfavorable.” (Comment tu tchatches!, 2001: 8). The fact that rap is seen by some as: brutal, bold, shocking, rude, vulgar etc., is the result of its appearance and its specificity, Thomas Blondeau and Fred Hanak cite an interview with Diam’s (a rap singer) which questioned: “You are known, why are you vulgar? Why do you say fuck all the time, even when you win a prize?” Answers: “But, ladies and gentlemen, I rap, fuck! I’m not a variety singer.” (Combat rap II, 2008: 212) Vulgarity is a specific line for each country rap, valves, rivalry and respect for rules play an important role in hip-hop culture. Our communication will deal with the diss rap in the Polish language as well as its instruments.
FR
La connotation péjorative des mots « hip-hop » et « rap » est aussi bien le résultat de la provenance de cette culture et de ce moyen d’expression artistique que de leur caractère expressif. En raison de l’aspect populaire qui caractérise la langue des adeptes du hip-hop, on est amené à remarquer en citant Jean-Pierre Godailler que la forme identitaire de la langue est le résultat « […] d’une révolte, qui est surtout et avant tout sociale, compte tenu de la prégnance de l’environnement socio-économique immédiat vécu au quotidien et bien souvent défavorable. » (Comment tu tchatches !, 2001, p.8). Le fait que le rap est aperçu par certains comme : brutal, osé, choquant, grossier, vulgaire etc., est le résultat de son apparence et de sa spécificité, Thomas Blondeau et Fred Hanak citent une interview de Diam’s (une chanteuse de rap) qui interrogée : « Tu es connue, pourquoi es-tu vulgaire ? Pourquoi distu “putain” tout le temps, même lorsque tu gagnes un prix ? », répond : « Mais, messieurs, mesdames, je fais du rap, putain ! Je ne suis pas une chanteuse de variété. » (Combat Rap II, 2008, p.212). La vulgarité est un trait spécifique pour le rap de chaque pays, les vannes, les jurons et les gros mots jouent un rôle important dans la culture hip-hop. Notre communication portera sur la diversité des insultes dans le rap polonais ainsi que sur l’explication de leurs significations.
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