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Związki Jędrzeja Śniadeckiego z farmacją

100%
Urbanik M.
Opuscula Musealia
|
2019
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vol. 26
35-44
EN
Jędrzej Śniadecki owed his first contact with pharmacy to Jan Andrzej Szaster (1746–1793), a pharmacist from Kraków and the owner of a pharmacy called “Pod Słońcem”(“Under the Sun”), the first professor of pharmacy and medical matters in Poland. It took place during Śniadecki’s studies at the Principal School of the Realm in Kraków. He broadened his knowledge of medicinal products during his studies abroad. Upon his arrival in Vilnius in 1797, he became the head of the department of chemistry and pharmacy at Vilnius University, where he taught pharmacy in the years 1797–1804. Handwritten texts of his lectures have been preserved in the Archive, thanks to which we can precisely understand their scope today. On behalf of the university, Jędrzej Śniadecki managed the transformation of the former Jesuit Pharmacy into the University Pharmacy.
2
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50 years of Soft Contact Lenses: Life and Impact of Prof. Otto Wichterle

84%
SCHOLTZ S. K., AUFFARTH G. U.
Archiwum Historii i Filozofii Medycyny
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2012
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vol. 75/1
127-130
EN
Prof. Otto Wichterle was one of the pioneers of modern soft contact lens industry; his work has made a significant impact on the ophthalmic world. 50 years ago, in 1961, Otto Wichterle produced the first soft contact lenses in his own kitchen by spin cast technique using a childrens mechanical kit Merkur and dynamo for bicycles. The same year he submitted a patent for HEMA (Hydroxy- ethylmethacrylate). Today, as a result of his fundamen- tal research millions of people around the world enjoy comfortable vision with soft contact lenses. Even after using modern Refractive Surgery techniques to improve vision, Contact Lenses are still important for people with refractive errors. They are necessary and helpful when dealing with Refractive Surgery complications (e.g. com- plications with the cut and irregularities of the cornea). In interactive discussions of treating remaining refractive errors after Refractive Surgery contact lenses will be one possible comfortable solution. Wichterle’s invention of the hydrophilic material HEMA (Hydroxyethylmethacrylate) is not only used for manufacturing soft, hydrophilic contact lenses, which he invented too, but can also be used for producing hydrophilic intraocular lenses. Wichterles inventions have changed the ophthalmic world fundamentally — in only 50 years!
PL
Profesor Otto Wichterle był jednym z pionierów nowoczesnego przemysłu miękkich soczewek kontaktowych; jego praca wywarła ogromny wpływ na rozwój okulistyki. 50 lat temu, w 1961 roku, Otto Wichterle wyprodukował pierwsze miękkie soczewki kontaktowe w swojej kuchni, stosując technologię „spin cast” przy pomocy mechanicznych zestawów dla dzieci Merkur i dynama rowerowego. Tego samego roku złożył wniosek patentowy na HEMA (metakrylan hydroksyetylu). Obecnie w wyniku jego prac badawczych miliony ludzi na całym świecie korzystają z wyższego komfortu życia dzięki miękkim soczewkom kontaktowym. Nawet w czasach gdy dostępne są nowoczesne metody chirurgicznej korekcji wad wzroku, soczewki kontaktowe mają duże znaczenie dla osób z takimi wadami. Są one niezbędne w postępowaniu przy powikłaniach po chirurgicznych zabiegach refrakcyjnych (tj. zabiegach związanych z cięciem rogówki). Ponadto stosowane są w korygowaniu wad wzroku pozostałych po zabiegach refrakcyjnych. Hydro filny materiał HEMA (metakrylan hydroksyetylu) wynaleziony przez Wichterlego jest używany nie tylko do produkcji miękkich hydrofilnych soczewek kontaktowych, ale również do produkcji hydrofilnych soczewek wewnątrzgałkowych. Wynalazki Wichterlego zmieniły gruntownie świat okulistyki w zaledwie 50 lat.
3

Z historii odkrycia pierwiastków ziem rzadkich

67%
Karas M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2020
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vol. 65
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issue 4
101–121
EN
With reference to the existing literature, the article reviews the history of discovering rare-earth elements (lanthanides) from the late 18th to the mid-20th century. By outlining the main stages of this story, the author analyzes biographies of chemists, presents the geography of discoveries and the development of analytical methods in inorganic chemistry. The text also mentions the scientific errors and disputes between scholars. From the perspective of the philosophy of science, this history is an important example of the mutual relationship between empirical knowledge and its theoretical justification in science.
4

Krótka historia kodyfikacji na rzecz chemii przyjaznej środowisku

67%
Krasnodębski M.
Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki
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2022
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issue 2
33–64
EN
Since the beginning of the 1990s, environmental protection has played an increasingly important role both in the chemical industry and in the scientific work of chemists in the academic world. A noteworthy feature of the so-called green chemistry and sustainable chemistry is the emphasis that practitioners of both disciplines lay on codifying the principles, rules, and characteristics that environmentally friendly chemical reactions and processes should meet. These codifications have a complicated epistemological status: they aim to set the criteria of ‘greenness’, indicate the direction of scientific development, and build the foundations for new research programs. While the most famous of these codifications are the twelve principles of green chemistry developed in the United States in 1998, successive attempts to codify a new type of environmentally friendly chemistry have been regularly made over the last twenty years – not only in the United States but also in Germany. Starting with American green chemistry, through German ‘soft chemistry’ (sanfte Chemie) and chemistry for sustainable development, and ending with circular chemistry, this article is an attempt to familiarize the Polish reader with this new tool in the work of researchers and engineers. Its purpose is to pay particular attention to the context of the creation and interpretation of consecutive sets of rules of a new type of chemistry and the challenges related to their application.
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