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EN
The topic of the article is the reception of the phenomenon of James Bond in cultural writings from the times of the Polish People’s Republic. Though an average member of the Polish audience could not be directly familiar with the character (neither in literature nor in film), the scale of the popularity of the brand in the West meant that the echoes of the so-called Bondomania started to reach countries behind the Iron Curtain. Polish critics and journalists tried to acquaint their readers with the issue and explain it using various interpretative categories. The article attempts to reconstruct these categories and their hierarchy of values. Based on theses formulated by Janet Staiger (Interpreting Films: Studies in the Historical Reception of American Cinema), the author analyses the changes to Polish interpretations and opinions on the Bond phenomenon in subsequent decades and indicates the historical conditions that influenced those changes. The text focuses primarily on two periods: 1964–1971 and the latter half of the 1980s, because it was in those times that the interest of Polish critics in James Bond was particularly strong.
EN
The paper elucidates a work of Early Modern Swedish literature, entitled Polska Kongars Saga och Skald [Saga and Song of Polish Kings] and published anonymously at the royal printing house in Stockholm in 1736. This book is remarkable in several respects. In 51 chapters it portrays the rulers of Poland, from the legendary founder of the nation, Lech I, up to Stanisław Leszczyński, still in power in early 1736. The chapters are composed in a similar way, each of them containing an engraving of the monarch, a historical sketch in prose, and a concluding comment in verse. The paper starts off by discussing the attribution of Polska Kongars Saga och Skald, an issue on which Swedish and Polish scholars have held divergent views. The dispute is settled here by identifying the author as the Stockholm clergyman and occasional poet Johan Göstaf Hallman (1701–1757). The main focus of the paper, however, is an investigation of the work’s verse comments. It is argued that the delineation of Poland’s sovereigns is used primarily as a stock of exempla, being explained in terms of virtues and vices in the poems closing the individual chapters. In particular, the chapters on the medieval rulers Bolesław V (Bolesław Wstydliwy) and Ludwik I (Ludwik Węgierski) are scrutinized. As moralizing comments on the historical events, these chapters employ verse fables by Jean de La Fontaine, rendered in Swedish. With his faithful verse translations of “Le Loup & l’Agneau” and “L’oeil du Maître”, Hallman enriches the initial phase of La Fontaine reception in Sweden, which took place, it is shown, several decades after the earliest reception of Fables choisies, mises en vers in Polish. Of even greater significance, though, is the fact that the two French fables, both of them highly aestheticized according to the taste of Classicism, in the context of Poland’s history are given a clearly moral-didactic function by the Swedish clergyman. Hallman thereby inverts the most groundbreaking contribution of La Fontaine to European fable history.
PL
Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jak Cyprian Norwid rozumiał poemat Juliusza Słowackiego pt. Anhelli (1838). Norwidowska interpretacja Anhellego, którą przedstawił w swoich wykładach O Juliuszu Słowackim (1961) znacznie różniła się od poprzednich. Przed Norwidem krytycy Anhellego podziwiali jego warstwę estetyczną i doceniali wątki dokumentalne, choć nie potrafili zaakceptować jego skrajnie pesymistycznego przekazu. Natomiast Norwid zinterpretował poemat jako alegoryczne odzwierciedlenie tego, co Charles Taylor nazwałby polskim imaginarium społecznym. Podkreślając rolę metaforycznego znaczenia najważniejszych motywów w świecie przedstawionym utworu (zwłaszcza motywu Sybiru jako „bieguna ujemnego” polskiej cywilizacji, a także kreacji bohaterów jako reprezentantów określonych postaw ideowych), Norwid zinterpretował wiersz Słowackiego jako alegorię głębokiego kryzysu polskiej świadomości zbiorowej oraz obraz rozpadu społeczności narodowej. W ten sposób refleksja Norwida na temat Anhellego umożliwiła mu dokonanie krytycznej oceny charakterystycznych cech dziewiętnastowiecznej kultury polskiej i mentalności ówczesnych emigrantów.
EN
The aim of the article is to answer the question how Cyprian Norwid understood Juliusz Słowacki’s poem entitled Anhelli (1838). Norwid’s interpretation of Anhelli, which was put forward in his lectures O Juliuszu Słowackim (1961), was significantly different from the previous ones. Before Norwid, the critics of Anhelli admired its aesthetic layer and appreciated the documentary motifs, but could not make sense of its extremely pessimistic message. Norwid, however, interpreted Anhelli as an allegorical reflection of what Charles Taylor would have called the Polish social imaginary. Emphasising the role of the metaphorical meaning of a few motifs in the world presented (especially the one of Siberia as the „negative pole” of the Polish civilisation and the picture of characters as supporters of particular ethical views), Norwid interpreted Słowacki’s poem as an allegory of a grave crisis of the Polish collective consciousness as well as a picture of the decay of the national community. In this way, Norwid’s reflection on Anhelli gave him the opportunity to criticise the qualities of the 19th-century Polish culture and the mentality of the then emigrants.
EN
The aim of the article is to answer the question how Cyprian Norwid understood Juliusz Słowacki’s poem entitled Anhelli (1838). Norwid’s interpretation of Anhelli, which was put forward in his lectures O Juliuszu Słowackim (1961), was significantly different from the previous ones. Before Norwid, the critics of Anhelli admired its aesthetic layer and appreciated the documentary motifs, but could not make sense of its extremely pessimistic message. Norwid, however, interpreted Anhelli as an allegorical reflection of what Charles Taylor would have called the Polish social imaginary. Emphasising the role of the metaphorical meaning of a few motifs in the world presented (especially the one of Siberia as the „negative pole” of the Polish civilisation and the picture of characters as supporters of particular ethical views), Norwid interpreted Słowacki’s poem as an allegory of a grave crisis of the Polish collective consciousness as well as a picture of the decay of the national community. In this way, Norwid’s reflection on Anhelli gave him the opportunity to criticise the qualities of the 19th-century Polish culture and the mentality of the then emigrants.
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PL
Recenzja skupia się na przybliżeniu czytelnikowi treści najnowszej książki Marka Busia Idee i formy. Studia i szkice o Norwidzie. Ze względu na charakter omawianej publikacji, która w znacznej części jest zbiorem wcześniej wydanych artykułów, opisuje ich charakter i przeznaczenie. Odpowiada na pytanie, w jaki sposób Autor poradził sobie z uporządkowaniem studiów różniących się pod względem gatunkowym i kierowanych do rozmaitych odbiorów, o odmiennych kompetencjach czytelniczych. Wskazuje na rolę książki Busia względem wcześniejszych jego prac, oraz jej wyjątkową wartość, także związaną z wkładem w znoszenie bariery dzielącej książki na te, przeznaczone dla wąskiego grona specjalistów, i na popularnonaukowe.
EN
The review focuses on presenting to the reader the latest book by Marek Buś, titled Idee i formy. Studia i szkice o Norwidzie, Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, Lublin 2014. Due to the nature of the publication, which is largely a collection of previously published articles – it describes their character and purpose. It answers the question of how the author managed to organise studies that differ in terms of genre and that are addressed to various recipients with different reading competences. It discusses the role of the publication in relation to the previous researcher’s works, and its unique value, also related to its contribution to the abolition of the barrier dividing books into those intended for a small group of specialists and those for the general public.
PL
Recenzja skupia się na przybliżeniu czytelnikowi treści najnowszej książki Marka Busia Idee i formy. Studia i szkice o Norwidzie. Ze względu na charakter omawianej publikacji, która w znacznej części jest zbiorem wcześniej wydanych artykułów, opisuje ich charakter i przeznaczenie. Odpowiada na pytanie, w jaki sposób Autor poradził sobie z uporządkowaniem studiów różniących się pod względem gatunkowym i kierowanych do rozmaitych odbiorów, o odmiennych kompetencjach czytelniczych. Wskazuje na rolę książki Busia względem wcześniejszych jego prac, oraz jej wyjątkową wartość, także związaną z wkładem w znoszenie bariery dzielącej książki na te, przeznaczone dla wąskiego grona specjalistów, i na popularnonaukowe.
EN
The review focuses on bringing the reader closer to the latest book by Marek Buś, titled Idee i formy. Studia I szkice o Norwidzie, Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL, Lublin 2014. Due to the nature of the publication, which is largely a collection of previously published articles – it describes their character and purpose. It answers the question of how the author managed to organise studies that differ in terms of genre and that are addressed to various recipients with different reading competences. It indicates the role of the publication in relation to the previous researcher’s works, and its unique value, also related to its contribution to the abolition of the barrier dividing books into those intended for a small group of specialists and those for the general public.
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