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PL
The aim of this article is to point to the factors that started the process of family names formation in the Eastern Slavonic area. It also discusses extralinguistic reasons for fixing them as permanent surnames.  The official usage of surnames by the representants of different social groups in Russia proceeded as they were receiving full civic rights. It was also connected with the development of administrative structure of the Russian State.The key factor conditioning the usage of family names by the representants of the future generations was the inheritance of grounds and other material goods within a family. It seems that two types of Russian surnames could evaluate spontaneously: 1. the family names of Russian aristocrats motivated by toponyms, and 2. the family names of craftsmen derived from names of professions and occuppations. The creation of the majority of Russian townspeople’s and peasants’ surnames was a concious and controlled process. However, it took into account the trends in forming patronymics and their tendency to become the family names.
EN
The patterns of recording the names of German residents in Kėdainiai in the nineteenth century: Introductory remarksThe article analyses the patterns of recording German surnames in the town of Kėdainiai in the nineteenth century on the basis of about 350 names extracted from archival records; all of them refer to different individuals. Although the settlers of German origin who arrived in Kėdainiai from 1629 already had their surnames, the patterns of their recording varied. This is particularly obvious in cases where members of the same family (e.g. husband and wife) were recorded side by side. In some instances, the woman’s given and maiden names were omitted. Furthermore, some record files of the magistrate indicate only the surname of the litigating spouses. Also, a person (plaintiff, defendant, etc.) mentioned in one document could be referred to in a shorter, simpler or just different form in another record of the trial. More diversity can be observed in the case of the names of female members of the German community in Kėdainiai. On the 1840 list of persons who fulfilled religious rites (received communion) in Kėdainiai (in Keydan), as well as in other parish registers, the surnames of women of German ancestry appear in the same form as those of their husbands or fathers, i.e. without Slavic suffixes (unlike in the book of acts of Kėdainiai of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries). The surnames were recorded in German by persons who were ethnic Germans or had a good command of the language. Formy zapisu nazwisk mieszkańców Kiejdan pochodzenia niemieckiego w XIX wieku. Uwagi wstępneArtykuł analizuje formy zapisu niemieckich nazwisk mieszkańców Kiejdan w XIX wieku na podstawie materiału obejmującego około 350 nazw osobowych wyselekcjonowanych z zapisów archiwalnych. Pomimo tego, że osoby pochodzenia niemieckiego, które osiedlały się w Kiejdanach od 1629 roku, miały już uformowane nazwiska, sposób ich zapisu był niejednorodny. Jest to wyraźnie widoczne zwłaszcza w przypadkach, gdy członkowie jednej rodziny (np. mąż i żona) figurują w księgach obok siebie. Imię kobiety i jej nazwisko panieńskie niejednokrotnie pomijano. Niektóre zapisy ksiąg magistrackich podają jedynie nazwisko małżonków będących stroną procesu. Zdarza się również, że osoba występująca w procesie cywilnym (powód, pozwany itd.) jest określana różnie w rozmaitych zapisach odnoszących do tej samej sprawy: forma może być krótsza, prostsza lub po prostu inna. W kiejdańskich źródłach archiwalnych zaobserwowano większą rozbieżność form zapisu w przypadku niemieckich nazwisk osób płci żeńskiej. Na pochodzącej z roku 1840 liście osób, które przystąpiły do sakramentu komunii, jak również w innych księgach parafialnych nazwiska pojawiają się w identycznej formie bez względu na płeć, tzn. bez słowiańskich przyrostków żeńskich (czyli odmiennie niż w księgach kiejdańskich z XVII i XVIII wieku). Nazwiska zapisywane były przez osoby pochodzenia niemieckiego lub dobrze posługujące się niemczyzną.
PL
Praca została poświęcona niepolskim nazwom osobowym, zgromadzonym w SNMP, zawierającym sufiks -er. Z analizy nazw własnych wynika, że są one charakterystyczne dla ludności pochodzenia żydowskiego lub niemieckiego. Podstawami derywacyjnymi onimów są: imiona hebrajskie, nazwy osobowe poświadczone w SNMP oraz w antroponomastykonach żydowskich i niemieckich, nazwy miejscowe z różnych części Polski – zniemczone i w rodzimej postaci, nazwy miejscowe z różnych części Europy, a także appellativa niemieckie i jidysz. Obce nazwiska z sufiksem -er realizują kategorie kognitywne, takie jak: pokrewieństwo, pochodzenie oraz wygląd i charakter. Reprezentują czasem dwie lub trzy kategorie jednocześnie, wchodząc tym samym w relacje homonimii.
EN
This article is devoted to non-Polish personal names gathered in the SNMP and containing the suffix -er. The undertaken analysis shows that these names are characteristic of people of Jewish or German origin.. Their derivative bases are: Hebrew names, personal names gathered in the SNMP and Jewish and German anthroponomic dictionaries, Germanized and native local names from different parts of Poland, local names from different parts of Europe and German and Yiddish appellativa. Foreign surnames with the suffix -er represent such cognitive categories as: kinship, origin, appearance and character. These surnames sometimes belong to two or three cognitive categories simultaneously and create homonymous relations.
PL
The present article, though far from being exhaustive, makes a contribution to support the standpoint, expressed by many researchers, that there is the growing need for an inclusion of elements of paleography to studies on the history of the Polish language. The article should be viewed as an attempt at an examination of the graphical and linguistic properties of the text under scrutiny (libri iuris civilis or alba civilia of the city of Poznan from the years 1575–1793) that constitutes onomastic material excerpted from historical sources. The present article demonstrates typical characteristics of linguistic features of the document; diversity of the texts is highlighted, writing ductus instantiated in the flow of writing the text is discusses, as well as individual styles of handwriting and the tendency of the city’s scribes to differentiate letters and signs graphically (multifunctionality of signs, the influence of non-Polish handwriting styles, abbreviations).
PL
The article describes different ways to identify Ruthenian (Ukrainian) women living in the eastern part of the Lublin province. The material was excerpted from the registers of the Uniate parishes of the former Chełm diocese from the period 1596–1810. During the period under study, the anthroponymic system tended towards stabilisation in the form of two-element names in accordance with the [first name] + [surname] pattern. The majority of identification formulas consist of a given name and surname derived semantically or through word formation, although there are also few examples of the use of simple surnameless formulas or more extensive, two- and three-element anthroponymic descriptions used to identify adults.
Onomastica
|
2021
|
vol. 65
|
issue 2
189-236
EN
The article is devoted to the analysis of phonetic processes in the area of vocalism in the names of the Christian population of Podlasie. The analysis showed that the absorption and functioning of Christian names in the colloquial language and dialects of Podlasie in the 16th–17th centuries in the area of vocalism were determined by the conditions for the development of Slavic phonology and phonology characteristic of the languages and dialects of the region. In the inlaut of the names, heterosyllabic vowels and diphthongs were adapted. In the analyzed period, the transformations of vowels were influenced by changes in consonantism, the quality of vowels in adjacent syllables and paroxytonic accent in Polish as well as dynamic and variable accent in Belarusian.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony analizie procesów fonetycznych w obszarze wokalizmu w imionach chrześcijańskiej ludności Podlasia. Analiza pozwoliła ustalić, że przyswajanie i funkcjonowanie imion chrześcijańskich w języku potocznym i gwarach Podlasia w XVI-XVIIw. w obszarze wokalizmu określały uwarunkowania rozwoju fonologii ogólnosłowiańskiej oraz charakterystycznej dla języków i gwar regionu. W śródgłosie imion  adaptacji ulegały samogłoski heterosylabiczne oraz dyftongi. Na przekształcenia samogłosek w badanym okresie wpłynęły zmiany w konsonantyzmie, jakość samogłosek w sąsiednich sylabach oraz akcent paroksytoniczny w języku polskim i dynamiczny i ruchomy w białoruskim.
EN
This article discusses the historical anthroponyms of the peasantry around Brańsk in the Podlasie region based on lexemes zachodzić, przychodzić. In this research were used the personal names excerpted from the historical records (16th–mid-19th century). It was established that in the area personal names of this type become gradually less popular and finally disappeared from the anthroponymic system. The purpose of this study is to investigate this process.
Onomastica
|
2017
|
vol. 61
|
issue 1
241-253
EN
In light of the publication of the last volume of the onomasticon “Polish Anthroponymy of 16th–18th Century”, the authors reflect on the inspiration for the dictionary. They highlight the role of Professor Aleksandra Cieślikowa in shaping the concept of the volume and present stages of its creation and publication, as well as indicating the importance of describing anthroponymic phenomena in a historical and sociocultural context. The authors discuss the structure of each entry and of the whole dictionary and the sources used. The uniqueness of the onomasticon, owing to the variety of textual data referred to in the dictionary, is emphasised. The authors believe that “Polish Anthroponymy” may be a good starting point for further syntheses for other researchers.
EN
The present article discusses the problem of the development of place-name surnames of the peasant class in the area of Brańsk in the Podlasie region, which were identical with the surnames of the local gentry. Special emphasis was laid on the issue of identification formulas based on directional relation and on their possible effect on the formation of the pattern of place-name surnames among peasants. The paper also seeks to show the ways in which surnames of that type spread in the studied area. On the basis of the excerpted source material, the study shows how, within one family, often during a long period, there was a co-existence of place-name surnames, occupation-based names, and nickname anthroponyms derived from appellative or first-name bases.
PL
W niniejszym artykule omówiono problem powstawania odmiejscowych nazwisk warstwy chłopskiej w okolicach Brańska na Podlasiu, tożsamych z nazwiskami okolicznej szlachty. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na kwestię formuł identyfikacyjnych opartych na relacji kierunkowej i ich ewentualny wpływ na wytworzenie się modelu nazwisk odmiejscowych wśród chłopów. Podjęto także próbę ukazania sposobów rozprzestrzeniania się tego typu nazwisk na badanym obszarze. Na podstawie wyekscerpowanego materiału źródłowego pokazano również, w jaki sposób, w ciągu nieraz długiego okresu, koegzystowały w ramach jednej rodziny nazwiska odmiejscowe, nazwy odzawodowe oraz antroponimy o charakterze przezwiskowym zbudowane na bazach imiennych lub apelatywnych.
RU
У дадзеным артыкуле разглядаецца праблема дэрывацыі прозвішчаў сялян, утвораных ад назваў населеных пунктаў у наваколлі Бранска на Падляшшы, ідэнтычных з прозвішчамі дробнай акалічнай шляхты. Асаблівая ўвага звернута на адзінкі ідэнтыфікацыі, якія ўказваюць кірунак і іх магчымы ўплыў на фарміраванне мадэлі сялянскіх прозвішчаў ад назваў мясцовасцяў. Зроблена спроба паказаць спосабы распаўсюджвання дадзеных прозвішчаў на даследаванай тэрыторыі. Абапіраючыся на сабраны матэрыял, паказана таксама, па якіх прычынах часта на працягу доўгага перыяду суіснавалі ў межах адной сям’і прозвішчы, утвораныя ад назвы населеных пунктаў, ад назваў прафесіі, а таксама антрапонімы-мянушкі (ад асновы імён або апелятываў).
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