Search results

1

Contested minorities – the case of Upper Silesia

100%

Gierczak D.

Environmental & Socio-economic Studies

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2015

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vol. 3

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issue 2

41-51

EN

Upper Silesia in terms of ethnicity is a typical example of a historical region in Europe, but in fact, one of the few exceptions in contemporary Poland, where its mixed ethnic and religious structures have at least partly survived until today. While their existence had been denied by Nazi Germany (1933-1945) as well as by the Polish People's Republic (1945-1989), the emancipation of the German and Silesian minorities after the democratic changes of 1989 have evoked strong emotions in the ethnically almost uniform country. Nonetheless, the recent situation of minorities has improved as never before. Minority organisations has been officially recognized and German finally has become the second language in some municipalities of Upper Silesia, but the largest ethnic group in the whole country, the Silesians, have still experienced no formal recognition as a national minority. This article deals with the demographic aspects of the ethnic groups in Upper Silesia since the 19th century until recent times. The census results concerning the ethnic minorities or languages in Upper Silesia have been contested since the first records of that kind have been taken. The outcomes of the both last censuses of 2002 and 2011 concerning the minority question reflected for the first time a much more realistic picture of the status quo. Furthermore, they showed that the idea of Silesian identification found an unexpected high number of supporters. This fact indicates an emerging meaning of regional identification amid significant changes of cultural values in Polish society.

2

Charakterystyka imion nadawanych dzieciom w Krasiejowie w latach 1831-1910

100%

Moj M.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2015

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issue 3(356)

153-167

EN

The article presents an analysis of the names given to children in the village of Krasiejów in the years 1831-1910. Through exposition of the issue of the choice of first, second and third names documented in the register books in Krasiejów the author seeks to determine the frequency and scale of conferring particular names as well as the factors that influenced the decision of the parents. The object of the article is to analyze the seasonalness of the occurrence of male and female names, a phenomenon linked directly to the Catholic calendar. The most and least frequent first and second names are discussed. One of the aspects dealt with is the choice of names for illegitimate children.

3

Demographic conditions of the functioning of peasant families at the turn of the Middle Ages

89%

Guzowski P.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2013

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vol. 73

EN

Demographic conditions of the functioning of peasant families at the turn of the Middle Ages(Summary)The main aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of applying judicial sources to a demographic analysis of 15th- and 16th-century peasant families. The appearance of village court records is connected with the promulgation of German law on Polish lands and the emergence of the institution of local government headed by the bailiff, who together with peasant aldermen performed judicial duties. Over 70% of the village court records deal with the land market, rents, wills, matters of inheritance, loans and liens, criminal and moral cases, and disputes among neighbours. The subject of study in the present article is one of the oldest Polish village court records from the village of Trześniowa, 1409–1609, published by Helena Polaczkówna. The study focuses on three problems: the duration of the peasants’ economic activity, the size of families and territorial selection of spouses. The average duration (mean) for the investigated period was 24 years but the median was only 21, with visible discrepancies between particular subperiods. Peasants who remained active the longest were those who began their activity in the 15th century (mean – 25, median – 24). One hundred years later, this period was several years shorter (mean – 21.5; median – 20). The variations in the durations of peasants’ economic activity can also be observed in the social dimension. The average duration of the economic activity of members of the peasant elite (bailiffs, aldermen) amounted to 26 years (median – 25) and was significantly higher than among peasants who never performed any official functions. The average number of children registered in the court roll fluctuated throughout the period under investigation. In the case of 45 families whose children reached maturity in the 15th century, the mean was 1.7. In the following century the average rose to 3 children per family. However, among the offspring recorded in the court records there was a marked disproportion regarding gender, to the advantage of men, so women who are missing in the source should be added in order to achieve a balance. The observation of the reconstructed families in Trześniowa points to substantial differences in the number of children reaching adulthood in both groups of the peasant population. Throughout the entire investigated time period, in elite families the average number of children reaching adulthood amounted to 3.8 whereas among other peasants it was one child less. Trześniowa’s inhabitants married citizens of towns located at some distance from their family village – marriages were concluded with people living within 80 km of Trześniowa.

PL

Demographic conditions of the functioning of peasant families at the turn of the Middle Ages (Summary)The main aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of applying judicial sources to a demographic analysis of 15th- and 16th-century peasant families. The appearance of village court records is connected with the promulgation of German law on Polish lands and the emergence of the institution of local government headed by the bailiff, who together with peasant aldermen performed judicial duties. Over 70% of the village court records deal with the land market, rents, wills, matters of inheritance, loans and liens, criminal and moral cases, and disputes among neighbours. The subject of study in the present article is one of the oldest Polish village court records from the village of Trześniowa, 1409–1609, published by Helena Polaczkówna. The study focuses on three problems: the duration of the peasants’ economic activity, the size of families and territorial selection of spouses. The average duration (mean) for the investigated period was 24 years but the median was only 21, with visible discrepancies between particular subperiods. Peasants who remained active the longest were those who began their activity in the 15th century (mean – 25, median – 24). One hundred years later, this period was several years shorter (mean – 21.5; median – 20). The variations in the durations of peasants’ economic activity can also be observed in the social dimension. The average duration of the economic activity of members of the peasant elite (bailiffs, aldermen) amounted to 26 years (median – 25) and was significantly higher than among peasants who never performed any official functions. The average number of children registered in the court roll fluctuated throughout the period under investigation. In the case of 45 families whose children reached maturity in the 15th century, the mean was 1.7. In the following century the average rose to 3 children per family. However, among the offspring recorded in the court records there was a marked disproportion regarding gender, to the advantage of men, so women who are missing in the source should be added in order to achieve a balance. The observation of the reconstructed families in Trześniowa points to substantial differences in the number of children reaching adulthood in both groups of the peasant population. Throughout the entire investigated time period, in elite families the average number of children reaching adulthood amounted to 3.8 whereas among other peasants it was one child less. Trześniowa’s inhabitants married citizens of towns located at some distance from their family village – marriages were concluded with people living within 80 km of Trześniowa.

4

Małżeństwa Żydów w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim w latach 1808–1870

88%

Jankowski T. M.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2015

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vol. 37

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issue 3

39-91

EN

The article is the first part of statistical analysis of marriage records of Jewish people from Piotrków Trybunalski for the period of 1808–1870. The author rises issues related to the age of entering into a marriage taking into consideration: social and economicfactors, permanent celibacy, prospective spouses’ origins, seasonality, and remarriage patterns. One of the most significant conclusions is the age of concluding a marriage which is the first one for both parties, it is assigned about 20 for women and 22 for men – distinctly lower than in non-Jewish urban communities in the 19th century, like in Piotrków Trybunalski. The author points out diversity in matrimonial customs among Jewish communities of Poland of that time. The statistical evidence from Piotrków Trybunalski does not provide full explanation of the observed differences. Both frequent marriages of widowers with single women, and the duration of widowhood among the group being studied fit into a model investigated in other (non-Jewish) communities, and are contrary to traditional Judaism recommendations.

5

Marginalizacja mniejszości narodowych w II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na przykładzie powiatu bialskiego

75%

Madej A.

Facta Ficta. Journal of Theory, Narrative & Media

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2021

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vol. 7

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issue 1

25-41

EN

Marginalization of national minorities in the Second Polish Republic has been primarily discussed in the context of the eastern part of the state and borderland areas. In Biała Podlaska Poviat, located almost in the centre of the country, where the scale of ethnic and nationality-related problems was smaller, one could think that actions aimed at restricting the role played by ethnic and national minorities in the local community, were non-existent. This paper aims at demonstrating that in Biała Podlaska poviat, marginalization of citizens of non-Polish origin also happened, and was, among other, conducted by state and self-government institutions. In order to reconstruct the nation-related structure of the poviat, Anna Madej and Arkadiusz Zawadzki used available statistical sources and employed related research methods. The examination of the statistical sources showed that deficiency of statistical material indicates marginalization of minorities, as the registration formula used by the state institution General Statistical Office, and performed by local administration led to obtaining results inconsistent with the actual situation. It is visible when comparing information earlier than 1818 and the information related to 1940. Additionally, numerous archival sources, both normative and diary ones, testify to realization of consistent policy aimed at Polonization. It seems that regardless of the political party wielding power and the actual state policy trend regarding national minorities, the local state apparatus in Biała Podlaska poviat realized the concept of Polonization of the Ukrainian, Belarussian as well as quite large „local” population. The most drastic example of this was the process of revindication of Orthodox churches by the Catholic Church and using them as churches, public buildings or pulling them down. Efforts were also made to restrict the role Jewish minority in commercial and political life. It required using other methods, since cultural assimilation was impossible in this case. As a result, the number of Jews in the poviat increased much more slowly than in other parts of the country.

6

Jedno miasto, dwa różne światy. Społeczno-przestrzenne zróżnicowanie umieralności niemowląt w Szczecinie w latach 1876–1913 (część II)

75%

Chojecki D. K.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2010

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vol. 75

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issue 2

103-150

EN

The article touches upon issues connected with infant mortality in Szczecin in the years of 1876–1913, analyzing the phenomenon with the emphasis on the social-spatial diversification. The choice of the research topic was determined by two factors. Firstly, at the beginning of the 20th century in Szczecin infant mortality was exceptionally high in comparison with other big German and European towns; secondly, the phenomenon gave rise to one of the first surveys concerning infant mortality, financed by the city in 1902. Apart from the latter – published in the magistrate records – (Bericht über die Verwaltung über der Gemeinde-Angelegenheiten der Stadt Stettin), the source material for the article is the monumental Statistics of Prussia (Preußische Statistik) and The Statistical Yearbook of the City of Szczecin (Statistischer Jahresbericht der Stadt Stettin). Archival materials kept in the State Archive in Szczecin have a complementary significance. They include the correspondence of the royal district doctors (kgl. Kreisärzte) conducted with the authorities of the Szczecin Province (Regierung Stettin). In order to limit the influence of the destiny factor, the method of aggregation of data was used. In the analysis of the population processes commonly used demographic rates and graphic representations were employed. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to show spatial differences in the shaping of different phenomena. The method of standard deviation was chosen. The basis for the description of the issues constituted a simple model of causes of infant mortality by Jörgen Vögele, with emphasis on the analysis of deaths due to disorders in the digestive system, treating their level as the marker of the influence of exogeneous environmental factors. The research showed a negative influence of the growing influx of people to the city on infant mortality. It was particularly visible at the end of the 19th century, when the development of industry in the city and nearby towns reached its peak. In that period post-natal mortality was the highest in comparison with infant mortality. It shows the role of environmental factors in the high rate of deaths of children who were under 1 year old. In the group of the aforementioned factors, the most prominent turned out to be insufficient breast-feeding. The 1902 survey demonstrated that among the youngest children who died of digestive disorders (51,5% of the total of deaths), only 0,3% were children who had been constantly breast-fed. In the group of children who died of digestive disorders the number of children of better-off parents was lower. The situation made the municipal authorities take prevention measures, including the promotion of breast-feeding among poorer population strata where infant mortality was much higher than in families of better-off parents. It is confirmed indirectly by the social-professional statistics of the natural demographic changes from the years of 1902–1913 ( the rate of deaths of children of unqualified agricultural workers was set against the rate of deaths of children of freelancers and officers – the difference amounted to 270%) and the spatial statistics of the natural demographic changes from the years 1911–1913 ( the rate of infant deaths in bourgeois districts was set against the one in workers’ areas – the difference was 130%). A clear negative correlation between the average number of rooms and infant mortality in the statistics districts of Szczecin (–0,808; p<0,001) allows the author to consider the economic factor very important in the creation of the phenomenon. However, bad housing was connected with infant deaths from digestive disorders only in half of the cases (1902), which indicates “bad habits” of parents, which are statistically more di cult to grasp. At the beginning of the 20th century together with the fall in the number of births, the increase in general wealth and the introduction of care over newborn babies, including the obligatory control of non-marital children (1910), infant mortality started to fall. However, it still remained high in comparison with other German cities. Moreover, social differences in relation to the phenomenon did not disappear, but they became stronger. It has not been explained yet why Szczecin was the leader in the disgraceful statistics.

7

Atlas historyczny Polski a badania nad stanem i strukturą ludności Polski w drugiej połowie XVI wieku

75%

Guzowski P.

Studia Geohistorica

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2022

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issue 10

189-199

EN

The article aims to trace the evolution of the concept of the Historical Atlas of Poland and, in particular, the role of estimates of the size and structure of the population in the second half of the sixteenth century on maps and in comments in the subsequent volumes of the series. Basing the study of settlements on tax registers provided an opportunity for demographic reconstructions, which were made for two regions of Poland: the Płock Voivodeship and Royal Prussia. The model of working on the atlases was changed in 1964, and minimised the importance of historical demography, limiting its role to grouping settlements according to their size.

PL

Celem artykułu jest prześledzenie ewolucji koncepcji Atlasu historycznego Polski, a w szczególności roli szacunków liczby i struktury populacji w drugiej połowie XVI w. na mapach i w komentarzach w kolejnych tomach serii. Oparcie badań nad osadnictwem na rejestrach podatkowych dało szansę na rekonstrukcje demograficzne, które zostały wykonane dla dwóch regionów Polski: województwa płockiego i Prus Królewskich. Zmieniony w 1964 r. model prac nad atlasami zminimalizował znaczenie demografii historycznej, ograniczając jej rolę do pogrupowania osad według ich wielkości.

8

Małżeństwa mieszkańców katolickiej parafii Mosty koło Jabłonkowa w „długim wieku XIX”

75%

Turoň L.

Wieki Stare i Nowe

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2019

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vol. 14

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issue 19

183-202

PL

Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie kwestii związanych z zawieraniem małżeństw w katolickiej parafii w Mostach koło Jabłonkowa w XIX wieku. W tekście omówiono liczbę zawieranych małżeństw oraz ich okoliczności, wpływ sytuacji społecznej i gospodarczej na liczbę małżeństw w latach 1791-1910. Punkt wyjścia dla rozważań stanowią badania metryk ślubnych. Ważnym celem opracowania jest wykazanie przydatności analizy demograficznej dla wyjaśnienia przyczyn i konsekwencji przemian demograficznych w kontekście postępującego procesu industrializacji.

EN

The article was written based on parish registers kept in Zemský archiv v Opavě and sources published in the 19th century. Issues regarding demographics in the territory of the Catholic parish of Mosty koło Jabłonkowa, such as: crude marriage rate, ratio of first, second and subsequent marriages, the age of newly‑weds at the moment of entering into marriage, seasonality of marriages, and the number of children born inside a single marriage.Overall coefficients related to entering into marriages in the Mosty parish were mostly higher than average values for Czech lands and Austrian Silesia lands. In Mosty the most numerous were first marriages whose number attained maximal value in the late 1860s and early 1870s and at the beginning of the 20th century. It reflects the general tendency of gradual decrease in percentage of remarrying observed across Czech lands in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Data from Mosty on the age of newly‑weds at the moment of entering into marriage are analogous to the results regarding the entirety of Czech lands, yet the lowering of the age of entering into first marriage in the 1870s and at the beginning of the 20th century was characteristic of the parish in question. The findings of investigation into seasonality of marriages in Mosty in the years 1791-1910 are in line with the results obtained for Czech lands and Austrian Silesia - the marriages were concluded most frequently in February and January, often also in autumn (November). The lowest number of marriages was recorded in April, March, and December. Over the entire studied period (1791-1910) in the Catholic parish of Mosty on avarage 4.8 children were born per marriage, which was roughly the same as the results for Czech lands in general.

9

Tabella Miast, Wsi, Osad Królestwa Polskiego z wyrażeniem ich położenia i ludności alfabetycznie ułożona w Biórze Kommissyi Rządowey Spraw Wewnętrznych i Policyi z 1827 r. Znane źródło w nowej postaci

63%

Narojczyk K.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2021

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vol. 43

29-59

EN

A vast, two-volume list of all the towns and villages of the Kingdom of Poland was published in 1827, with the number of houses and residents, and the type of ownership specified in it. It was the only official publication issued by the then central statistical body of the state – The Statistical Office of the Government Commission for the Internal Affairs and Police. Due to the alphabetical order of the entries, with the absence of any territorial grouping or partial summaries, this potentially valuable source for historical and demographic studies has been of only marginal use to historians. An attempt was made at its digitisation and at entering the data into the database system in 2020. This paper presents the historical background of creating this list and uses selected examples to present new, previously unavailable data exploration and analysis opportunities that are offered by an electronic form.

PL

W roku 1827 ukazał się obszerny, dwutomowy spis wszystkich miejscowości Królestwa Polskiego z wyszczególnieniem odnotowanej w nich liczby domów i mieszkańców oraz typem własności. Było to jedyne oficjalne wydawnictwo opublikowane przez ówczesny centralny organ statystyczny państwa – Biuro Statystyczne Komisji Rządowej Spraw Wewnętrznych i Policji. Zastosowanie alfabetycznej kolejności wpisów, przy braku jakiegokolwiek grupowania terytorialnego i podsumowań cząstkowych sprawiło, że to potencjalnie wartościowe źródło do badań historyczno-demograficznych było wykorzystywane dotychczas przez historyków marginalnie. W roku 2020 podjęto prace nad jego digitalizacją i wprowadzeniem danych do systemu bazodanowego. W artykule naświetlono historyczne okoliczności powstania tego wykazu oraz zasygnalizowano, na wybranych przykładach, nowe, niedostępne dotychczas możliwości krytyki i eksploracji danych, jakie stwarza ich postać elektroniczna.

10

Population of Wieliczka in 1788 – Household Size and Structure*

63%

Pieczara J.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2019

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vol. 41

81-122

PL

Artykuł ma na celu określenie głównych parametrów demograficznych dla mieszkańców Wieliczki w XVIII wieku oraz zestawienie otrzymanych wyników z rezultatami badań europejskich naukowców. Analiza została przeprowadzona na podstawie bazy danych utworzonej w na podstawie spisu ludności parafii św. Klemensa oraz wielickich ksiąg metrykalnych. Główne metody zastosowane w badaniu to typologia rodzinnych gospodarstw domowych Petera Lasletta i analiza średniego wieku w momencie rozpoczęcia pierwszego małżeństwa dla mężczyzn i kobiet, którzy wchodzili w sakramentalny związek do 50 roku życia (SMAM). Ludność mieszkająca w Wieliczce w 1788 roku była społeczeństwem młodym, rozwijającym się, reprezentującym typ progresywny zgodnie z klasyfikacją Gustava Sundbärga. Średnia liczba mieszkańców gospodarstwa domowego wynosiła 4,7 osób. W mieście górniczym dominowały rodziny nuklearne, na czele których stał mężczyzna. Interesująca pozostaje kwestia niewielkiej liczby jednoosobowych gospodarstw domowych. Porównując Wieliczkę z dużymi miastami, takimi jak Kraków i Warszawa, zauważono, że górnicze miasto zamieszkiwał większy odsetek dzieci i młodzieży. Przedstawiono także różnice wiekowe między grupami kawalerów i panien, wynikające z analizy wskaźników i zastosowania analizy SMAM. Ostatecznie, otrzymane rezultaty dla górniczego miasta zostały porównane z wynikami dla innych regionów i krajów europejskich, co pozwoliło postawić tezę, że Wieliczka reprezentuje przejściowy europejski model małżeństwa.

EN

The article aimed to determine the main demographic parameters for the inhabitants of Wieliczka, a mining town, in the 18th century, and to compare the results obtained with the results of studies by European researchers. The analysis was carried out via a database created on the basis of a census in the parish of St. Clemens, and Wieliczka birth, marriage and death certificates. The main methods used in the study were Peter Laslett’s typology of family households and Cezary Kuklo’s modification of it, and the Singulate Mean Age At Marriage (SMAM). The population living in Wieliczka in 1788 was a young, growing society of the progressive type according to Gustav Sundbärg’s classification. The average number of people living in a household was 4.7. Nuclear families run by a male head dominated in Wieliczka. The issue of a small number of single-person households is interesting. In comparison with other cities, it was noticed that a larger percentage of children and young people lived in Wieliczka than in large national cities, i.e., Krakow and Warsaw. Also given are the age differences between bachelors and spinsters resulting from an analysis of metrics and the SMAM study. Finally, the results for Wieliczka were compared with the results from European countries, which led to the conclusions that the European marriage model is too radical to capture specific local demographics in Europe.

11

Parish Registers in the Archival Fonds of the State Archives in Szczecin

63%

Gaziński R.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2020

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vol. 42

177-197

PL

W artykule wskazano na wartość, jaką dla badań demograficznych przedstawiają ewangelickie księgi metrykalne przechowywane w Archiwum Państwowym w Szczecinie. Zaprezentowano również strukturę wewnętrzną pomorskich i nowomarchijskich ksiąg metrykalnych z ukazaniem zmian zachodzących w zawartych w nich zapisach na przestrzeni ponad 350 lat (od końca XVI do połowy XX w.). Materiał ma również zachęcić potencjalnych naukowców do wykorzystywania opisanych źródeł w pracy badawczej.

EN

The article aims to show the value that Protestant parish registers kept in the State Archives in Szczecin have for demographic research. The paper will also examine the internal structure of the Pomeranian and New Marchian parish registers, showing the changes that took place in the records over a period of more than 350 years (from the end of the 16th century to the mid-20th century). The material is also intended to encourage academics to use the sources in their research work.

12

The Process of Demographic Transition in Lands of the Former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Other Areas with Polish-Speaking Populations, 1865–1912

63%

Pociecha J.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2020

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vol. 42

123-146

PL

Celem pracy jest prześledzenie procesu przejścia demograficznego na ziemiach byłego państwa polsko-litewskiego, poszerzonych o obszary zamieszkane głównie przez ludność polskojęzyczną, tj. Górny Śląsk i Śląsk Cieszyński oraz Mazury Południowe. Zakres czasowy pracy obejmuje lata 1865–1912. Przeanalizowano zmiany podstawowych wskaźników ruchu naturalnego ludności, czyli: surowego wskaźnika zgonów (natężenie zgonów na tys. ludności), surowego wskaźnika urodzeń oraz surowego wskaźnika zawierania małżeństw. Źródłem danych jest praca Adama Krzyżanowskiego i Kazimierza Kumanieckiego Statystyka Polski, będąca w istocie pierwszym rocznikiem statystycznym ziem polskich. Analizę przeprowadzono ściśle według wymogów teorii przejścia demograficznego. Analizę porównawczą sytuacji demograficznej na ziemiach polskich w przededniu wybuchu I wojny światowej przeprowadzono przy zastosowaniu taksonomicznej metody Warda oraz metody k-średnich. Wyniki przeprowadzonej analizy wskazują, że proces przejścia demograficznego na ziemiach polskich przebiegał w sposób zróżnicowany i był uwarunkowany rozwojem gospodarczym oraz położeniem geograficznym tych ziem.

EN

The aim of the research is to trace the process of demographic transition in the area of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, enlarged by areas with a predominantly Polish-speaking population, Upper Silesia and Cieszyn Silesia, as well as Southern Masuria. The time frame of the work covers the years 1865–1912. changes in the basic indicators of the vital statistics of the population were analyzed: the crude death rate (death rate per 1,000 population), the crude birth rate and the crude marriage rate. The source of the data is the work of Adam Krzyżanowski and Kazimierz Kumaniecki, Statystyka Polski [Statistics of Poland], which was in fact the first statistical yearbook of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and other predominantly Polish-speaking areas. The analysis was carried out strictly according to the requirements of the demographic transition theory. A comparative analysis of the demographic situation in these lands on the eve of the outbreak of World War I was carried out using Ward’s taxonomic method and the k-means method. The results of the analysis indicate that the process of demographic transition in these lands was varied and was conditioned by their economic development and geographical location.

13

Will Anthropology Redeem the Demography?

63%

Szołtysek M.

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne

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2005

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vol. 35

14

Stan badań nad demografią Lubelszczyzny w XVI-XIX wieku

63%

Rachwał P.

Roczniki Humanistyczne

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2016

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vol. 64

|

issue 2: Historia

89-112

PL

Praca stanowi próbę podsumowania dotychczasowego dorobku badań nad procesami demograficznymi na Lubelszczyźnie w epoce przedstatystycznej, tj. do końca XIX w. Pierwszy spis powszechny odbył się na tym terenie dopiero w 1897 r. Omówiono najpierw prace XIX-wiecznych autorów. Miały one charakter syntetyczny, swoim zasięgiem objęły granice całego Królestwa Polskiego. Stopień ich uszczegółowienia pozwala jednak czasem na analizę wybranych problemów na szczeblu miejscowości, powiatów lub województw. Wzrost zainteresowania problematyką demograficzną nastąpił po II wojnie światowej, co przełożyło się na publikacje autorów skupionych w Katolickim Uniwersytecie Lubelskim. Szczególnie cenne okazały się badania prowadzone przez Z. Sułowskiego i J. Gawrysiakową. Podsumowując artykuł, autor podkreślił, iż istnieje pilna potrzeba zintensyfikowania badań nad przeszłością demograficzną Lubelszczyzny.

EN

The work is an attempt to summarize achievements to date research on the demographic processes in the Lublin region in the pre-statistical era, i.e. by the end of the 19th century. The first census took place in the area in 1897. First, the publications of the 19th century authors were discussed. They were of synthetic nature and encompassed the entire borders of the Polish Kingdom. The granularity of the information, however, allows to consider some problems at the level of the village, district or province. The increased interest in the problems of demography occurred after World War II, which resulted in publications of the authors gathered at the Catholic University of Lublin. The research by Zygmunt Sułowski and Janina Gawrysiakowa proved to be particularly valuable. To summarize the article, the author points out that there is an urgent need to intensify the research on the demographic past of the Lublin region.

15

Egon Vielrose (1907–1984) – Demographer, Statistician, Econometrician

63%

Domański C.

|

2019

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vol. 1

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issue 340

107-114

PL

Egon Vielrose był wybitnym polskim demografem, statystykiem i ekonometrykiem. Studiował matematykę na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim oraz ekonomię w Wyższej Szkole Handlowej. Habilitował się na Uniwersytecie Warszawskim. Jego zainteresowania badawcze dotyczyły problemów demografii, statystyki matematycznej, ekonometrii i statystyki społeczno‑ekonomicznej. Ważne miejsce w jego dorobku zajmują studia z zakresu demografii historycznej, dotyczące głównie ruchu naturalnego, decydującego o rozwoju zaludnienia. Naukowy dorobek Egona Vielrose’a obejmuje ponad dwieście prac, w tym sześć książek i ponad sto trzydzieści artykułów.

EN

Egon Vielrose was an outstanding Polish demographer, statistician and econometrician. He studied mathematics at Warsaw University and economics at the Higher School of Trade and then he qualified as an assistant professor at Warsaw University. His research interests focused on problems of demography, mathematical statistics, econometrics and socio‑economic statistics. An important place in the work of Egon Vielrose is occupied by studies in historic demography, concerning mostly the natural movement which is a decisive factor in population development. The scientific output of Egon Vielrose encompasses over 200 works including 6 books and over 130 papers.

16

Umieralność niemowląt w „polskich” rejencjach Prus na początku XX wieku

51%

Chojecki D.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2015

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vol. 37

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issue 3

147-189

EN

The article presents the causes and spatial differences of infant mortality in eastern Prussia densely populated by the Polish, and the changes that phenomenon was subject to. The research has been carried out mainly on the numeric data juxtaposed and published by Dr Behr-Pinnow, on official statistical material (Preußische Statistik, Statistikdes Deutschen Reichs, Veröffentlichungen des Kaiserlichen Gesundheitsamts) and on unpublished archival material, first of all reports of Regierungsbezirk presidents. Infant mortality has been analysed at three levels of data aggregation: provinces, Regierungsbezirke, counties (Kreise). In the research the following devices have been used: coefficients, averaging of several years, (dis)similarity rates of structures (the reference standard – Regierungsbezirk Aurich), weighted linear regression, cartograms (grouping based on median absolute deviation). The article depicts the tendency for infant mortality in the ‘Polish’ Regierungsbezirke of Prussia, which deteriorated at the beginning of the 20th century, and a significant spatial diversification of the phenomenon in question, which was related to the way of farming (especially in the region of Żuławy Wiślane and the Vistula valley); however, the research has not provided any conclusive evidence of a link between a high infant mortality rate in the area in question and the socio-professional structure, the level of affluence or the infrastructure. On the other hand, thanks to linear regression models it has been proved that the intensity of infant mortality in counties depended on the ethnic composition to a significant degree (the faith did notplay any role). Parallel to an increase of the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations (those populations – it is worth mentioning – usually enjoyed lower socio-economic status compared to their German-speaking neighbours) the infant mortality rate was generally decreasing. It was at the lowest level in Greater Poland, in the counties of Kościan, Gostyn and Śmigiel (where the dominant population was Polish, Catholic and rural). All in all, it is justified to say that the Polish- and Kashubian-speaking populations that were less advanced in demographic transformation compared to their German-speaking neighbours, even before institutionalising social welfare, provided better care for babies and guaranteed a lower infant mortality rate, first of all thanks to the general and longer breastfeeding.

17

Struktura demograficzna ludności wyznania rzymskokatolickiego powiatu proszowickiego w końcu XVIII wieku

51%

Kaźmierczyk E.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2017

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vol. 39

117-139

PL

Podstawą źródłową artykułu są Spisy Komisji Porządkowej Cywilno-Wojskowej, które są dobrym źródłem do analizy struktury demograficznej ludności pod koniec XVIII wieku, szczególnie w przypadku większych terytoriów takich jak powiat. W pracy skupiono się głównie na różnicach występujących miedzy miastem a obszarami wiejskimi w powiecie proszowickim województwa krakowskiego. Populacja powiatu proszowickiego była młoda, choć średni wiek był nieznacznie wyższy dla ludności miejskiej. W miastach mieszkało więcej kobiet, ale nie była to przewaga znacząca. Większość ludności w ciągu swojego życia zawierała przynajmniej jeden związek małżeński, przy czym występowały różnice w przebiegu cyklu życia kobiet i mężczyzn. Wiele kobiet wraz z wiekiem wdowiało i nie zawierało ponownych związków. Natomiast analiza zróżnicowania populacji z uwzględnieniem płci, wieku i stanu cywilnego wskazuje, że struktury demograficzne ludności miejskiej i wiejskiej nie były znacząco odmienne, podobnie jak nie odbiegały od innych dotychczas zbadanych populacji z obszarów dawnej Rzeczypospolitej (Kujawy, ziemia wieluńska).

EN

The source basis for the article are the censuses of the Civil-Military Order Commission, which generally are a good source to any analysis of demographic structure at the end of the 18th century, especially in the case of bigger regions such as counties. In the article the main attention is paid to the differences between the town and the rural surroundings in the Proszowice County of the Cracow Voivodeship. The population of the Proszowice County was young, although the average age of urban population was a little higher. Women outnumbered men in towns but insignificantly. The majority of the population contracted at least one marriage, but the cycles of men and woman lives were different. Many widows did not contract new marriages. An analysis of the population diversity according to their sex, age and marital status has proved that the demographic structures of rural and urban populations were not significantly different, and neither were they different from other populations so far analysed that lived within the borders of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Kujawy, Wieluń Land).

18

The Issue of Infant Mortality in Polish Historical Research

51%

Dziuba D.

Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski

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2020

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vol. 42

9-35

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problematyki umieralności niemowląt w polskich badaniach historycznych oraz scharakteryzowanie ważniejszych prac skupiających się na powyższym zagadnieniu. Autor poddaje analizie około siedemdziesiąt pozycji naukowych, aby odpowiedzieć na zasadnicze pytanie, w jakim zakresie poruszana jest w nich tematyka dotycząca zgonów dzieci, które nie ukończyły pierwszego roku życia. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że w poszczególnych grupach prac badawczych umieralność niemowląt jest najczęściej przedstawiana w sposób ogólny oraz schematyczny. Kilkanaście prac przedstawia rzeczony problem w pobocznym nurcie zainteresowania badawczego, a tylko kilka polskich publikacji traktuje umieralność najmłodszych dzieci jako główny nurt badania i omawia zagadnienie wieloaspektowo i w szerszym kontekście.

EN

The article presents infant mortality in Polish historical research and points towards more important works focusing on the above issue. The author analyses approximately seventy academic works in order to answer the fundamental question as to what extent they deal with the issue of deaths in children under the age of one. The research shows that, in particular groups of research papers, infant mortality is most often presented in a general and formulaic manner. A dozen or so papers present this problem as a side issue in their research and only a few Polish studies have infant mortality as their main issue and discuss it in a multi-faceted and broader context.

19

The proto-industrial family and the perspectives of its demographic research in the 18th and the first half of the 19th century (an example of the village Stružinec in north-eastern Bohemia)

51%

Nekvapil Jirásková Š.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2022

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issue 1 (32)

137-161

EN

Proto-industrialization is an interesting phenomenon that has been discussed for more than half a century. The most disputed part of this theory is the demographic aspects. The submitted article focuses on research opportunities of the proto-industrial family in the 18th and 19th centuries; the research focuses on Stružinec u Lomnice nad Popelkou, a village in north-eastern Bohemia. Only a comprehensive study of demographic indicators makes it possible to establish the basic differences between the family in proto-industrial and agriculture-based areas.

20

Przyziemne potrzeby w badaniach społeczno-gospodarczych dawnej Polski

51%

Guzowski P.

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne

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2019

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vol. 49

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Contested minorities – the case of Upper Silesia

Charakterystyka imion nadawanych dzieciom w Krasiejowie w latach 1831-1910

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Małżeństwa Żydów w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim w latach 1808–1870

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Population of Wieliczka in 1788 – Household Size and Structure*

Parish Registers in the Archival Fonds of the State Archives in Szczecin

The Process of Demographic Transition in Lands of the Former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Other Areas with Polish-Speaking Populations, 1865–1912

Will Anthropology Redeem the Demography?

Stan badań nad demografią Lubelszczyzny w XVI-XIX wieku

Egon Vielrose (1907–1984) – Demographer, Statistician, Econometrician

Umieralność niemowląt w „polskich” rejencjach Prus na początku XX wieku

Struktura demograficzna ludności wyznania rzymskokatolickiego powiatu proszowickiego w końcu XVIII wieku

The Issue of Infant Mortality in Polish Historical Research

The proto-industrial family and the perspectives of its demographic research in the 18th and the first half of the 19th century (an example of the village Stružinec in north-eastern Bohemia)

Przyziemne potrzeby w badaniach społeczno-gospodarczych dawnej Polski