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EN
This paper outlines the processes of Christianisation taking place in Polabia and Pomerania between the tenth and twelfth centuries. It looks at actions aimed at converting the communities and subsuming them under the structures of church organisation, closely related to the monarchy. These were shown on the basis of accounts that originated in milieus involved in the Slavonic missions: The Chronicle by Thietmar, the Bishop of Merseburg (d. 1018); The Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold of Bosau (d. 1177); and the hagiography of St Otto of Bamberg (d. 1139), composed during two decades after his death and including St Otto’s report on his first Baltic mission from 1125.
EN
This paper outlines the processes of Christianisation taking place in Polabia and Pomerania between the tenth and twelfth centuries. It looks at actions aimed at converting the communities and subsuming them under the structures of church organisation, closely related to the monarchy. These were shown on the basis of accounts that originated in milieus involved in the Slavonic missions: The Chronicle by Thietmar, the Bishop of Merseburg (d. 1018); The Chronicle of the Slavs by Helmold of Bosau (d. 1177); and the hagiography of St Otto of Bamberg (d. 1139), composed during two decades after his death and including St Otto’s report on his first Baltic mission from 1125.
EN
The article presents Jan Długosz’s views on sexual inclinations and practices of the Polish medieval monarchs, seen in terms of sinful behaviours. Juxtaposing the chronicler’s statements on the intimate sphere’s pathologies of the representatives of the Piast and Jagiellon dynasties is the starting point of conducted argumentations. Then, on the basis of the gathered material, the chronicler’s attitude towards these offences – i.e. debauchery, adultery, rapes, and sodomy/peccatum contra naturam – was examined. Thus understood sexuality of the rulers was studied in specific contexts, in which it was referred to in the Annals. This approach results from the nature of the work, which is not a fully credible source of knowledge on the topic of sexual activity in factual sense. As a historiographic work, the Annals – the author of which aimed at giving a moralising and didactic dimension – are, in turn, an excellent foundation for recognising the pattern of monarchical customs, postulated by the representative of the 15th-century Polish clergy. The conducted analysis also allowed to comment on the significance which the author assigned to information on the rulers’ certain inclinations in order to justify historiosophic vision presented in the work.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zapatrywania Jana Długosza na skłonności i praktyki seksualne średniowiecznych władców polskich, postrzegane w kategoriach grzesznych zachowań. Punktem wyjścia prowadzonych rozważań jest zestawienie wypowiedzi dziejopisa na temat patologii sfery intymnej przedstawicieli dynastii piastowskiej i jagiellońskiej. Następnie, na podstawie zebranego materiału, przeanalizowano stosunek kronikarza do takich występków jak np. rozpusta, cudzołóstwo, gwałty, sodomia/peccatum contra naturam. Tak pojętą seksualność panujących badano w określonych kontekstach jej przywołania na kartach Roczników. Podejście takie wynika z charakteru dzieła, które nie stanowi w pełni wiarygodnego źródła wiedzy na temat aktywności seksualnej w sensie faktograficznym. Roczniki jako utwór historiograficzny, którego autor dążył do nadania wymiaru moralizatorsko-dydaktycznego, stanowią za to doskonałą podstawę dla poznania wzorca obyczajowości monarszej, postulowanej przez przedstawiciela XV-wiecznego duchowieństwa polskiego. Przeprowadzona analiza pozwoliła również wypowiedzieć się na temat znaczenia, jakie kronikarz przypisywał informacjom o określonych skłonnościach panujących dla uzasadnienia wizji historiozoficznej prezentowanej w dziele.
EN
The unification and revival of the Polish Kingdom in the late 13th and the early 14th centuries, an event of great political significance, was accompanied by a remarkable development of medieval Polish historiography. It was the first time that historiographic works covered so many parts of Poland, almost simultaneously. In the chronicles produced at that time, great significance was attached to the reasons for the division of the Polish Kingdom, as well as identifying the prince who had the right to unite the Polish state and finally legitimise the royal power. This issue was equally addressed by hagiographical and strictly historiographic works (yearbooks and chronicles). This article deals with devising an ideological programme for the unification of Poland and discusses the various historiographic works in which this programme, formulated in different ways, was taken up. In the case of historiography, the political importance of the revival of the Polish Kingdom is evident both in the number of works on political themes and in the fact that unification ideas appeared several decades before the royal coronation of Vladislaus the Short, which sealed the process, as well as during the unification struggle, and even after the actual revival of the regnum Poloniae.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy końca XII w., kiedy tworzyła się Polska dzielnicowa. W 1195 r., nad rzeczką Mozgawą doszło do jednej z największych bitew w ówczesnej Polsce: wojska krakowsko-ruskie, broniące praw sukcesyjnych synów Kazimierza Sprawiedliwego do tronu krakowskiego, zmierzyły się z siłami wielkopolsko-śląskimi Mieszka III. W wojnie istotną rolę odegrał ordynariusz diecezji krakowskiej Pełka (1186–1207), a analiza relacji o jego udziale w tym starciu, spisanej przez mistrza Wincentego w Chronica Polonorum, jest głównym tematem rozprawy. The article focuses on the end of the twelfth century, the early stage of feudal fragmentation in Poland. In 1195, on the small river of Mozgawa, one of the greatest battles of those times was fought: the Cracow and Ruthenian troops, defending the succession rights of Duke Casimir II the Just’s sons to the Cracow throne, pitted themselves against Duke Mieszko III the Old’s forces of Greater Poland and Silesia. An important role in the war was played by the ordinary of the Cracow diocese, Bishop Pełka (1186–1207), and an analysis of the account of his participation in the fight, written by Master Vincentius in his Chronica Polonorum, is the main topic of the present study.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest opowieść Mistrza Wincentego Kadłubka o potrójnym zwycięstwie Lestka III nad Juliuszem Cezarem i założeniu w Polsce dwóch miast przez siostrę tego ostatniego. Posługując się materiałem porównawczym, dowodzę, że opowieść ta została zbudowana z wędrownych motywów literackich, by pokazać niezależność Polski od Cesarstwa.
EN
The article deals with the story of Master Vincentius Kadłubek about the triple victory of Prince Lestek III over Julius Caesar and the foundation of two towns in Poland by the sister of the latter. With the use of comparative material, it is proved that this story was built on the basis of travelling literary motifs to show Poland’s independence from the Empire.
PL
Artykuł analizuje konsekwencje niedocenianych w literaturze faktów, jakimi są duże odstępy czasu dzielące znane nam kopie kronik od ich zaginionych oryginałów oraz równie wielki dystans między początkami państwowości i chrystianizacji Czech, Polski i Rusi a pojawieniem się miejscowego dziejopisarstwa. The article analyses the consequences of the fact – unappreciated in the literature on the subject – of large time intervals between the originals of chronicles and their copies known to us and a similar time distance between the beginnings of the statehood and Christianisation of Bohemia, Poland, and Rus’, and the first local written chronicles.
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