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Ustrój Prus Książęcych w pierwszej połowie XVII wieku

100%
Kamieński A.
Studia Administracyjne
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2009
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issue 1
191-211
PL
Ustrojem Prus Książęcych w czasach wczesnonowożytnych interesowali się już od dawna historycy państwa i prawa. F. Arndt i T. Grygier poświęcili swe prace kwestiom związanym z organizacją i funkcjonowaniem najwyższego organu władzy wykonawczej – Izby Wyższej Rady Księstwa (Oberratsstube, zwane później Preussische Regierung). Historię administracji Prus Książęcych, zwanych później Prusami Wschodnimi, omówił A. Horn, a działalność urzędów starostów dziedzicznych – J. Skibiński . Ustawę o rządzie (Regimentsnottel) z 1542 r., która obowiązywała w Księstwie Pruskim także w XVII stuleciu, scharakteryzował J. Małłek . Z kolei K. Breysigowi zawdzięczamy zarys dziejów sejmu krajowego Prus Książęcych obejmujący okres XVI stulecia i pierwszej połowy XVII wieku . Badacz ten skupił się jednak na kwestiach historycznych, przedstawił tylko niektóre normy prawne regulujące tryb działania sejmu i nie określił w sposób precyzyjny miejsca parlamentu wśród innych organów władzy w Prusach Książęcych.
EN
The system of Ducal Prussia in early modern times has been an object of interest of historians of state and law for a long time. However, due to gaps and lack of publication concerning this issue there is a need to re-examine the system of Ducal Prussia in the first half of the 17th century. This article does not aspire to clarify all matters concerning the system of government and rights of institutions representing legislative, executive and judicial powers of the time. It only constitutes an attempt to systematise and supplement research inquiry to date. Its main goal, apart from bringing a few new details on the functioning of separate governing bodies to light, is to show the transformation in the system of Ducal Prussia in the broader context, taking external factors into consideration.
2
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Fürstenberští úředníci na křivoklátském panství 18. století

80%
Hrbek J., Reischlová D.
Folia historica Bohemica
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2018
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vol. 33
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issue 2
333–365
EN
The article deals with the history of the Křivoklát estate at the end of the Early Modern Age when new administrative procedures were incorporated into its management. One of them was a bureaucratization of the administrative apparatus of the nobility that put ever-growing demands on both current and newly hired clerks (and also on foresters) when it comes to education and fulfilling of work duties. With the vision of improvement and overall modernization of the estate, control mechanisms were being improved and the employees were also given new existential certainties. All this contributed to the constituting of the clerical staff as a specific socio-professional group that could be relied on not only by the owners of the estate but with respect to delegated competences also by the enlightened state.
3

Powstanie Zakładu Historii Administracji Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego

80%
Koredczuk J.
Prawo
|
2014
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issue 316/2
17 - 26
EN
The author presents the origins and circumstances of the creation of the Department of History of Administration at the University of Wrocław, the first failed attempts of its establishment in 1970 and 1972 and a successful completion in 1984. The author discusses it against the background of the emergence and development of similar research units in Poland and the role and importance of history of administration as an academic discipline, its place among historical and legal subjects and as one of the subjects of teaching in the context of administrative studies. It is associated with organizational and didactic changes that took place during this period at the Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Wrocław, which ultimately led to the establishment of the Department. The author also shows the role played in the creation of that Department by the leadership of the Institute of History of State and Law, and especially prof. Alfred Konieczny, the initiator of creation and the first head of this Department.
4
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Administracja szkolnictwa powszechnego i średniego w II Rzeczypospolitej

80%
Sieciński W.
Studia Administracyjne
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2018
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issue 10
157-169
EN
After Poland had regained its independence in 1918 the social interests in education and upbringing started to grow significantly. The school systems inhereted from the states during the times of partioned Poland needed to be unified in the whole country. The general opinion was that some basic legislative acts are required in the newly independent Republic of Poland to eliminate the differences between the regions and to provide a cohesive and uniform organisation of schools and education in the whole country. The Minister of Religious Confessions and Public Education was in charge of the educational administration. In order to be able to supervise the educational administration the country was divided into ten school provinces supervised by province superintendents. The school provinces were divided into districts adminstrated by district superintendents. All the school systems inhereted from the time of the partioned Poland were unified by a legislative act of 1932. According to the reform implemented there were primary schools, secondary schools and higher schools. In terms of financing education the schools were public and private. The base was the seven-year primary education. However, to be able to classify the schools of that time according to the new organisational model it was necessary to implement a threestage structure of primary schools. The schools were divided into three stages teaching the following curriculums: − primary curriculum (classes I – IV), − higher curriculum (classes I – VI), − complete curriculum (7 classes). The reform of the secondary education introduced middle schools lasting four years and upper-secondary schools lasting two years. A prerequisite for pupils to be admitted to middle schools was a successful completion of the six-year primary school (and passing an examination). After completing a middle school and passing an entrance examination pupils were entitled to continue the education at secondary schools. The completion of the secondary education entitled them to take the Matura examination and then to apply for a place at a higher school. The Law of 1932 also enabled to organise vocational schools under similar terms.
PL
Po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości w 1918 r. wzrosło zainteresowanie społeczne sprawami oświaty i wychowania. Odziedziczone po państwach zaborczych systemy edukacji wymagały ujednolicenia na terenie całego państwa. Powszechne było przeświadczenie, że w odrodzonym państwie polskim niezbędne są podstawowe akty rządowe likwidujące dotychczasowe zróżnicowanie dzielnicowe i zapewniające zwartą oraz jednolitą organizację szkolnictwa i oświaty w całym kraju. Kierownictwo administracją szkolnictwa należało do ministra wyznań religijnych i oświecenia publicznego. Dla celów administracji szkolnej kraj został podzielony na 10 okręgów szkolnych z kuratorami na czele. Okręgi dzieliły się na obwody szkolne pod kierownictwem inspektorów szkolnych. Odziedziczone po państwach zaborczych systemy edukacji zostały ostatecznie ujednolicone na mocy ustawy w 1932 r. Przeprowadzona reforma podzieliła szkoły na powszechne, średnie i wyższe. Ze względu na źródło finansowania wyróżniono szkoły publiczne i prywatne. Zasadę stanowić miało siedmioletnie nauczanie w zakresie szkoły powszechnej. Jednak w celu zakwalifikowania istniejących szkół do nowego modelu organizacyjnego wprowadzono trójstopniowy podział szkół powszechnych, na szkoły realizujące: − program elementarny (klasy I–IV), − program wyższy (klasy I–VI), − program pełny (7 klas). Na średnie szkolnictwo ogólnokształcące składać miały się po reformie 4-letnie gimnazja oraz jako szczebel wyższy – 2-letnie licea. Do gimnazjum przyjmowano (po złożeniu egzaminu) uczniów, którzy ukończyli 6 klas szkoły powszechnej. Po ukończeniu gimnazjum i zdaniu egzaminu wstępnego można było kontynuować naukę w liceum, po której ukończeniu możliwe było przystąpienie do egzaminu dojrzałości, a następnie podjęcie studiów w szkole wyższej. Ustawa z 1932 r. umożliwiła zorganizowanie na analogicznych zasadach szkół zawodowych.
5
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The scope and meaning of the term “police” in the political literature of the late Republic of Nobles

70%
Malec J.
Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego
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2020
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vol. 23
142-156
EN
The term “police” (Polish: policja) derives from the Greek politeia, originally meaning the state system. Starting in the fifteenth century, and especially in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it became synonymous with the word “administration” sensu largo. In Poland, from the eighteenth century onwards, despite the lack of reception of the principles of the Western European police science, it also began to be used in this sense. Attempts to defi ne “police” were made by Polish political writers, from Stanisław Leszczyński to the authors of the political reform of the state at the Four-Year Sejm. The term was understood broadly, in the case of most writers as meaning the internal order of the state, but also in the sense of the so-called service administration, thus the fi re police, building police, medical police, road police, etc., i.e. everything that contributed to the welfare of society. The administration of justice was oft en included in the scope of police responsibilities. Both supporters and opponents of state reform, admirers of the republican form of government and proponents of the idea of a strong state modelled on absolute monarchies wrote about the police. Most Polish authors, however, understood the police not as a means to strengthen state power, but as a way to ensure “proper order”, i.e., security, peace and the comfort of the public.
6
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Převzetí moci : Státní správa v počátcích Československé republiky 1918-1920 na příkladu Čech

51%
Klečacký M.
Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)
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2018
|
vol. 116
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issue 3
693-732
EN
This study deals with the process of the takeover of the political administration as the most important branch of the Austrian state administration on the territory of the Czech Lands by the Czechoslovak state, both at the level of individual district units (okresní hejtmanství) as well as at the level of the Governor’s Office (místodržitelství) between 1918-1920. It primarily focuses on personnel changes, which are used to document the degree of continuity between the Austrian and Czechoslovak administrations.
7

Artykuł recenzyjny monografii Grzegorza Smyka Administracja publiczna Królestwa Polskiego w latach 1864–1915 Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin 2011, s. 456

51%
Malec D.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
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2012
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vol. 5
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issue 4
375–379
EN
The monograph written by Grzgorz Smyk and devoted to public administration in th Kingdom of Poland in 1864-1915, shows – against a broad comparative background – the problems of organizing and shaping of the administrative organs as well as the doctrinal basis of the functioning of administration and the transformation of the latter. The author of the monograph verifies the thesis, firmly formulated in the research, on the full Russification and unification of the discussed administration with that of the Russian Empire. In his discourse the author exploits abundant source material, particularly the normative one. The conclusions to which he arrives are based on large bibliography and wide formal and dogmatic analysis. The discussed volume is characterized by the original, innovative internal outlay that refers to the systematics of the general part of administrative law.
8
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Field administrative bodies of the Polish army in matters of food requisitioning during the November Uprising in 1830–1831

51%
Konarski M.
Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego
|
2022
|
vol. XXV
|
issue 25
37-59
PL
W artykule przedstawiono organizację i działalność administracji żywności wojska, którą przez większość czasu w okresie powstania listopadowego wykonywała Służba Intendentury Generalnej Wojska. Przez 10 miesięcy powstania administracja żywności przeszła kilka zmian organizacyjnych, a jej wykonywanie powierzono różnym organom. Rozważania dotyczą zagadnień organizacji tej administracji ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem charakterystyki działalności jej polowego aparatu administracyjnego, który został powierzony komisarzom wojennym przy poszczególnych dywizjach wojska oraz komisarzom obwodowym jako cywilnym organom rekwizycyjnym w poszczególnych obwodach administracyjnych będących ogniwami administracji żywności wojska. Natomiast w celu szybkiego uskutecznienia uchwalonych przez sejm w czerwcu 1831 r. rekwizycji żywności, nadzór nad nimi powierzono specjalnie ustanowionym komisarzom nadzwyczajnym. Poza charakterystyką kompetencji przyznanych tym wszystkim funkcjonariuszom autor dokonuje analizy procedury prawnej stosowanej przez nich do czynności rekwizycji żywności i furażu dla wojska na tle ówczesnych wydarzeń.
EN
The article concerns the organisation and activities of the army food administration, which for most of the time during the November Uprising was carried out by the Army General Commissariat Service. During the 10 months of the uprising, the food administration underwent several organisational changes, and its execution was entrusted to various bodies. The discussion undertaken is related to issues concerning the organisation of this administration, with particular emphasis on the characteristics of the activity of its field administrative apparatus, which was entrusted to War Commissioners at individual army divisions and to Regional Commissioners as civilian requisitioning bodies in individual administrative regions which were links of the army’s food administration. On the other hand, in order to make the food requisitions enacted by the Sejm in June 1831 effective and rapid, Extraordinary Commissioners were established and entrusted with their supervision. In addition to the description of the powers conferred on all these officers, the author analyses the legal procedure applied by them to the requisitioning of food and fodder for the army against the background of events at the time.
9
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Podziały administracyjne Polski w latach 1944–1998. Z badań nad ustrojem ziem polskich w XIX i XX w.

41%
Dziki T.
Studia Gdańskie. Wizje i rzeczywistość
|
2013
|
vol. 10
433-450
EN
In the 20th century many territorial reforms were introduced. The reforms in 1918 were problematic due to the re-creation of Polish independent state after more than a century of partitions by Austria-Hungary, the German, and the Russian Empires. After 1945 the estab-lishment of new administrative units was still a difficult issue since again the government had to take new Polish borders into consideration before making a decision. The adminis-trative changes between 1945 and 1946 were soon followed by another set of reforms. The major ones were introduced in 1950, early 1970s and 1998. There were also many reforms between the mentioned periods, however, those changes dealt with single cities, villages and other small administrative units. Quite frequently, especially between 1952 and 1989 (The Polish People's Republic) the reforms served political rather than social needs. The present administrative division has been valid since 1999.
10
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The Scope and Meaning of the Term “Police” in the Political Literature at the Close of the Noble Republic

41%
Malec J.
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
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2016
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vol. 25
|
issue 3
EN
The term “police” is derived from the Greek term “politei” which denotes an initial system of state. Since the 16th century, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, it has functioned as the synonym of the term “administration”. In Poland, since the 18th century, despite the lack of the reception of the assumptions of the West-European police studies, the term started to be used in that sense. Polish political writers, starting with Stanisław Leszczyński and ending with the authors of the reform of the state’s political system presented at the Four-Year Sejm, made an attempt at defining the term “police”. The term was understood in a variety of ways, for most writers it meant state’s internal order but it also denoted service administration such as fire, construction, medical or traffic police, that is all services whose aim was to secure social prosperity and well-being. The scope of police tasks often included the judiciary system. The police issue was in the scope of interest of the writers supporting the reforms as well as of their opponents, of those who admired the republican system as well as of the advocates of the concept of a strong state following the example of absolute monarchies. However, a vast majority of Polish authors did not understand the term “police” as a means of strengthening the power of the state but as a means of reassuring good order, that is social security, peace and quiet.
PL
Termin „policja” wywodzi się z greckiej politei, oznaczającej początkowo ustrój państwa. Od XV w., a zwłaszcza w XVII i XVIII stuleciu, stał się synonimem słowa „administracja” sensu largo. W Polsce od XVIII w., mimo braku recepcji założeń zachodnioeuropejskiej nauki policji, zaczął być stosowany również w tym znaczeniu. Próby zdefiniowania „policji” podejmowali polscy pisarze polityczni, poczynając od Stanisława Leszczyńskiego, po autorów reformy ustrojowej państwa na Sejmie Czteroletnim. Rozumiano to pojęcie szeroko, u większości pisarzy jako porządek wewnętrzny państwa, ale także w rozumieniu tzw. administracji świadczącej, a więc jako policję ogniową, budowlaną, lekarską, drogową itp., czyli to wszystko, co miało się przyczyniać do zapewnienia przez państwo dobrobytu społeczeństwu. Często włączano do zakresu zadań policji także wymiar sprawiedliwości. O policji pisali zarówno zwolennicy reformy państwa, jak i jej przeciwnicy, admiratorzy republikańskiej formy rządów oraz głosiciele idei silnego państwa na wzór monarchii absolutnych. U większości polskich autorów policja była rozumiana jednak nie jako środek do wzmocnienia władzy państwowej, lecz sposób zapewnienia „dobrego porządku”, czyli bezpieczeństwa, spokoju i wygody publicznej.
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