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Zeszyty Prasoznawcze
|
2012
|
vol. 55
|
issue 4
54-83
EN
Although Kraków is regarded as the cradle of Polish press (Merkuriusz Polski dzieje wszystkiego świata w sobie zamykający dla informacyjej pospolitej was the first printed and systematically published newspaper, from January 3rd to May 5th, 1661), its role in the history of Polish journalism had been very small until the beginning of the 19th century. Before the establishment of the Free City of Kraków (or the Republic of Kraków) in June 1815, several periodicals – most of them short-lived – were published by printers or book dealers. The role of professors of the Academy was important here. The publishing activity was inaugurated by Feliks Radwański (1756–1826), an alumnus of the Academy which he was associated with for many years. In order to promote his ideas, Radwański published, in 1806–1807, at his own expense, Dziennik Gospodarski Krakowski. It was the first paper of its kind in the history of the Polish periodical press. The author wrote about the application of plaster in bricklaying, about the cultivation of potatoes (until then unknown in our country), about new agricultural tools, farming, and the necessity of establishing agricultural schools. These pro posals were premature, too modern to fi nd followers willing to utilize them in middle-sized farms. This was the reason why Radwański discontinued this interesting publication. Jerzy Samuel Bandtkie, who published Kraków’s fi rst historical journal, Miscellanea Cracoviensia in 1814–1815, is, however, considered to be the pioneer of periodical press in Kraków. He also published Rozmaitości Naukowe in 1828–1829 and 1831. Antoni Z. Helcel published Kwartalnik Naukowy (1835–1836), regarded by scholars as the best periodical specializing in the humanities. Rocznik Towarzystwa Naukowego z Uniwersytetem Krakowskim Połączonego (1817–1872) is worth mentioning among academic journals.
EN
After 1989, when the borders were opened and the censorship, which had blocked the independent cultural activity, disappeared, free market appeared in Poland. The impor-tant proponents of the cultural life, particularly in literature, were groups of artists con-tributing to cultural periodicals. The 1990s saw a flurry of cultural magazines. Nowa-days, they play an important role in Polish cultural life. They promoted a lot of promi-nent authors and originated the most interesting literary phenomena in Poland after 1989. Many of these periodicals are still published, but many titles disappeared, often due to economic reasons. In the last twenty years, cultural periodicals were published by associations and foundations and they were funded from various sources, mainly local and ministerial grants. In 2011, the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage granted subsidies to 47 periodicals, but the regulations of their allocation and hardly take into account the artistic value of the periodicals.
3
88%
EN
The article consists of several parts. The first one introduces the formation of Polish music press since its inception – from the times of the country’s partitions. In addition, the author describes the history of this press group in the interwar period, during the Second World War, in the communist period and after the political transition in 1989. Further, Joanna Mikosz presents a definition of music press and depicts the contempo-rary Polish press market, taking various criteria into account, such as: subject matter, type of music, the recipient, functions, the frequency of publication and circulation.
XX
“Kurier Łódzki”, boasting a rich publishing tradition, was one of the most important daily newspapers in the Interwar period. Thanks to, among others, “Kurier’s” owner, Jan Stypułkowski and his activities, Łódź soon stopped being regarded as a mere pro-vincial publishing centre. Spreading over the country, Łódź's daily papers won a reader-ship in many regions of Poland. Stypułkowski's publications, including “Kurier Łódzki”, the paramount title, exerted a significant influence on the development of press in Łódź. Stypułkowski's daily newspaper consistently followed its editorial policy, as the news-paper evolved. Nonetheless, “Kurier” continued to present the national and Catholic values. Its attitude towards national minorities, especially to the Jewish one, was un-equivocal. The anti-Semitic rhetoric was the most pronounced in the first years of the Second Polish Republic. Although it was gradually becoming more substantive and factual, it could hardly be defined as objective.
EN
Wanda Malecka’s literary work remains a proof of her gradual acknowledgment of woman role in society. In the 1810’s and 1820’s she was experimenting with different Enlightment era literary genres, such as dialogue, fable and anecdote. The representation of femininity portrayed in those works was consequently mocking. The romantic poem “Wyjątek z historycznego poematu Wanda” marks the second phase, as it brings heroic lead female character, attributed with male features and desires. In the 1830’s the author focused on short sentimental novels, where the issues concerning gender inequalities were most visible.
PL
Twórczość literacka Wandy Maleckiej poświadcza jej stopniową emancypację intelektualną i uwrażliwienie na kwestie dotyczące pozycji kobiet. Przełom drugiej i trzeciej dekady XIX w. był dla niej okresem poszukiwań formalnych wśród gatunków oświeceniowych: dialogu, bajki, anegdoty. Prezentowany w nich obraz kobiecości pozostawał stereotypowo prześmiewczy. Drugi etap łączy się z powstaniem Wyjątku z historycznego poematu Wanda, tekstu poetyckiego, wystylizowanego zgodnie z estetyką romantyczną i przynoszącego kreację silnej, niemal androginicznej postaci kobiecej. Wreszcie lata 30. zostały zdominowane przez sentymentalną nowelę, najodważniej dotykającą kwestii nierówności płci.
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