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EN
Czechoslovak sociology was among the first European national sociological traditions to become established institutionally. Lectures in sociology commenced at Charles University in the 1880s, the first professorships and departments of sociology were established in 1919, and sociology was fully established as a doctoral discipline twelve years later. All the other universities in Czechoslovakia (with the notable exception of the German University in Prague) followed suit (usually after five or so ‘test’ years), as did polytechnics and independent colleges specialising in social studies, where, admittedly, attempts to establish departments of sociology were only partly successful. Using archive sources, this article analyses in detail the various processes involved in the establishment of sociology at individual universities and colleges, describes the forms and content of sociological education offered and conducts a prosopographical analysis of students in this field. On average, five students graduated in sociology in Czechoslovakia each year during the interwar period, and the number of dissertations written in sociology experienced a real boom shortly after the Second World War. The number of annual graduates rose to 23 between 1945 and 1948 and to 42 between 1948 and 1953, and this despite the fact that after the coup in 1948 the communist regime declared sociology a ‘bourgeois pseudoscience’. Consequently, only a very small number (5 percent) of the post-coup graduates were able to apply their sociological knowledge in their careers, and most of those who were able to did so rather late in their careers; the great majority of earlier graduates were not allowed to apply their knowledge at all. However, in Czechoslovakia it was nothing new for graduates of sociology to be unable to apply their education in their field, since the interwar and immediate post-war academic elites were made up largely of graduates of other fields, who were often unwilling to make room in academia for their younger colleagues.
EN
The post-war history of Romanian sociology followed a tortuous path, similar to the evolutions within other countries of the Soviet Bloc. Defined as a “bourgeois” and “reactionary” social science, sociology was purged from the academic field for almost two decades. Its subsequent re-institutionalisation in the mid-1960s was a process largely influenced by social evolution in Romania (industrialisation, urbanisation, and the collectivisation of agriculture), but also by the desire to re-connect the Romanian social sciences to the international field of dialogue and debates. My paper discusses not only the institutional articulation and development of sociology in communist Romania, but also how the discipline was re-imagined and re-contextualised by the regime.
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PL
The article presents the biography and the scientific oeuvre of eminent Polish historian of ideas, Jerzy Szacki, who died on 25 of October 2016.
EN
This article focuses on Czech sociologists who left Czechoslovakia immediately after the communist coup in February 1948 and their subsequent academic and personal fates in exile. Attention is devoted principally to Otakar Machotka (1899–1970), a prominent figure in both Czech political life and pre-Marxist Czech sociology with strong personal and methodological ties to the Chicago School; this article’s research draws on his correspondence and on other archived sources. Machotka’s special circustances worked to his favour in the United States where he was offered excellent academic positions. However, Machotka was opposed to the sociological mainstream(s) of his time and (unsuccessfully) attempted to establish his own school between sociology and social psychology. After that he accepted a tenured position at a marginal non-research university and failed to gain an audience in wider American or international academia. On a personal level, he preferred to focus on his family and social work rather than to take part in the academic game. In this he was perhaps influenced by the bleak fates of two of his colleagues in exile, František Rouček (1891–1952) and Zdeněk Ullrich (1901–1955), both of whom gave priority to their professional careers, which took them to Africa, where they both met an early death. Members of the youngest cohort of Czech post-February 1948 exiled sociologists, however, enjoyed happier fates, gaining some international academic renown, but only after graduating (anew) from western universities.
EN
The late Miloslav Petrusek (1936–2012) was undoubtedly one of the most important figures in the history of Czech sociology. He was one of a few sociologists who revived the discipline in the 1960s and was a talented organiser and a co-founder of the Faculty of Social Sciences at Charles University in the 1990s. He was also a gifted teacher. However, owing to his busy organisational role, extensive teaching activities, and the publishing ban and restrictions he was subject to during the communist era, it is difficult to define the ‘real Petrusek’ in terms of his sociological thinking. The author argues that insight into his thought can, paradoxically, be found in the work he did during the most restricted period of his life, i.e. in the late 1980s, when Petrusek and his colleague Josef Alan published Sociologický obzor (Sociological Horizon), probably the only samizdat sociological journal in the world (1987–1989). In this journal Petrusek was not bound by external restrictions or his various other activities and he proved to be a particularly original analyst and thinker. He defined an ‘alternative sociology’, which was based primarily on the sociological analysis of literature and the performing arts as well as on his own profound knowledge of classical and contemporary sociology, which allowed him to shed light on a range of pressing contemporary social issues such as gender relations, the social perception of time and progress, the dissemination and dissolution of higher education, social stratification, and the approaching post-communist era. Petrusek contributed 83 different and, in the main, highly valued texts to Sociologický obzor that often drew attention to the crucial social issues of late modernisation (not only in reference to communist societies) and criticised the academic impotence of the ‘official’ Marxist-Leninist sociology of the time.
EN
Since the turn of the 1960s, Talcott Parsons’ social thought has met with criticism that his image of society is conservative inasmuch as he places consensus and systematic concept formation over and above conflict and ‘sociological imagination’. The hidden agenda in this criticism is political: the charges are that Parsons supposedly disavows democracy in his implicit or explicit knowledge aim, and that his sociology presumably makes society function even at the expense of freedom of the individual. Here the author argues that these accusations cannot stand if archival materials such as lecture notes, correspondence, and unpublished memoranda are taken into account. She claims that Parsons in his sociology conceptualised society from the standpoint of the real world of the day, including the major historical confrontations from the 1930s to the end of the 1970s. The first such scenario and the earliest confrontation that his work faced was in the era of the New Deal and the Second World War as the Anglo-Saxon democracies fought the racist imperialism of Nazi Germany; his ‘middle phase’ from the 1950s to the mid-1960s coincides with the Cold War at its height, the standoff between the capitalist United States and the communist Soviet Union; and his ‘late oeuvre’ has yet another agenda, namely the Watergate Affair, but also the struggle for racial equality and university reform in the United States. In his theoretical positions and in his opposition to his critics, Parsons defended liberal democracy against the powerful social and intellectual forces that put it to the test.
EN
The Marxist-Leninist ‘ideological supervision’ of Czech sociology in the 1970s and 1980s led to the de facto academic impotence of ‘official’ institutions at universities and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. However, sociological inquiry and discussion found a home, at least temporarily, in various less regulated departmental, regional and technical institutes, which came to represent the ‘grey zone’ of contemporary Czech sociology, i.e. the space between official, state-sanctioned sociological work and prohibited, dissident sociology (and where a significant number of persecuted sociologists were able to retain their jobs). One such institute, the House of Technology in Pardubice, played a particularly significant role in the 1970s and, to a lesser extent, in the 1980s. For a decade after 1969 it hosted the dissolved academic Department of the Sociology of Industry (V. Herstus, O. Sedláček, D. Slejška) and its research activities, the former Institute for Social Analysis (from Hradec Králové), and a further 20–30 external (part-time) workers. The House of Technology conducted around 150 empirical surveys, especially in the fields of the sociology of work and the sociology of organisation and published a number of books in the field of sociology and its own journal, Analýza (Analysis), which in the first few years presented theoretical discussions and later the results of empirical research. In this article the author provides a broad analysis of the organisational background and results of the various activities of the House of Technology, which, whilst significant in terms of Czech sociology at the time, were, the author concludes, unable to serve as an effective substitute for real academic work. Indeed, it was more a research than an academic institution and the main contribution it made to Czech sociology was the professional ‘life jacket’ it offered persecuted scholars.
Przegląd Socjologiczny
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2009
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vol. 58
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issue 2
107-127
PL
Autor rekonstruuje przebieg V Ogólnopolskiego Zjazdu Socjologicznego z perspektywy politycznych interesów Służby Bezpieczeństwa oraz Polskiej Zjednoczonej Partii Robotniczej. Zjazd miał miejsce w środku ery Edwarda Gierka, oficjalnie otwartego na środowiska akademickie. Polityka pozornej otwartości oraz gwałtownej modernizacji zaowocowała zresztą w akademickiej socjologii pewnymi instytucjonalnymi zdobyczami (np. założono nowe instytuty badawcze), z drugiej strony jednak sprowadziła nauki społeczne do narzędzia politycznej legitymizacji. Z tego punktu widzenia to, czego nie powiedziano podczas V Ogólnopolskiego Zjazdu Socjologicznego, staje się najbardziej interesujące. Trudno odnaleźć jakiekolwiek kontrowersje czy gorące debaty podczas Zjazdu, choć trzeba mieć świadomość, że Zjazd poddany był systematycznej infiltracji ze strony SB wyczulonej na każdy krytyczny głos. Autor wykorzystuje materiały archiwalne Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej.
EN
The author reconstructs the course of the 5th All–Poland Sociological Convention from the perspective of the political interests of the Security Service (SB) and the Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR). The convention took place in the midst of the Edward Gierek era – officially conducive to academic circles. The politics of apparent openness and sudden modernization resulted in some important institutional benefits for academic Sociology (e.g. new research institutes were funded) yet reduced the social sciences to the functional tool of political legitimacy. From that point of view, what was lacking in the essence of 5th All–Poland Sociological Convention becomes the most interesting topic. One can hardly find any controversies or hot disputes during the convention, but it should be also borne in mind that the Convention was subjected to systematic infiltration of the SB sensitive to any unorthodox voices. The author uses the archival records of the Institute of National Remembrance as source.
EN
This article is a survey of “sociology-related topics” discussed in "Roczniki Nauk Społecznych” [Annales of Social Sciences] throughout the past sixty years, in the forty volumes of the journal. At first, “Roczniki” were dominated by legal studies. In time, more and more papers were included in sociology of religion. Other numerous publications represent such fields of sociological research as: sociology of morality, sociology of the family, sociological theory, research on the media and on the notion of identity.
Stan Rzeczy
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2016
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issue 1(10)
283-315
PL
Artykuł dotyczy stosunków między czeskimi i polskimi środowiskami socjologicznymi. W obu krajach po I wojnie światowej socjologia uległa instytucjonalizacji, została zlikwidowana przez komunistów, by odrodzić się w okresie poststalinowskim. Prawdą jest, że w komunistycznej Czechosłowacji swobodnie rozwijała się tylko przez krótki okres w latach 60. XX wieku. Mimo wzajemnego zainteresowania socjologów obu krajów ich wzajemne kontakty nie były szczególnie intensywne – za wyjątkiem lat 60. Czesi zazwyczaj interesowali się bardziej polskimi naukami społecznymi niż polscy czeskimi. Intensywność i asymetrię ich wzajemnych relacji można wyjaśnić zmieniającą się pozycją obu krajów w nauce międzynarodowej. Po II wojnie światowej pozostały one na półperyferiach nauki zachodniej, chociaż w okresie komunizmu należały także do rzekomo alternatywnego kręgu wschodnioeuropejskiej socjologii marksistowskiej. Wyjątkowa rola polskiej socjologii w Czechosłowacji w latach 60. stanowiła więc wynik jej roli jako pośrednika w kontaktach z wiodącą socjologią zachodnią.
EN
The paper deals with relations between Czech and Polish sociological communities. In both countries, sociology was institutionalised shortly after the First World War, liquidated by the Communists, and renewed in the post-Stalinist period, but in Communist Czechoslovakia, it developed relatively freely only during a brief period in the 1960s. There existed a mutual interest between the sociologists of the two countries, although they did not have much contact, except in the 1960s. Most of the time, the Czechs were more interested in Polish social science than the other way around. The intensity and asymmetry of their relations can be best explained by the changing position of both countries within the international scholarly community. After the Second World War, they remained on the semiperiphery of the Western scholarly community, even though in the Communist period they belonged to the supposedly alternative world of Marxist sociology. The exceptional position of Polish sociology in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s was therefore the result of its role as an intermediary for accessing the dominant Western sociology.
PL
Zgodnie z tezą, że kompetencje etyczne stanowią ważną cechę kompetencji merytorycznych badaczy terenowych, a doświadczane przez nich dylematy etyczne mają charakter dylematów metodologiczno-teoretycznych, autorzy artykułu naświetlają problem połączenia refleksji etycznej z paradygmatem socjologii jakościowej. Argumentują, że wydzielenie jej jako specjalności normatywnej i filozoficznej, która dominuje w kodeksach etycznych, niesie ze sobą zagrożenie traktowania jej w inny sposób niż pozostałezagadnienia obecne w socjologicznych badaniach i refleksjach oraz może prowadzić do istotnej straty poznawczej. Autorzy podkreślają możliwość i potrzebę rozwijania etyki badań w paradygmacie socjologii jakościowej, poszukując inspiracji u źródeł socjologii: u Webera, Durkheima i w szkole chicagowskiej. Krytycznie odnoszą się do nadziei, że tworzenie kodeksów etycznych jest skutecznym sposobem samoregulacji środowisk naukowych, wskazując na znaczenie specyficznych historycznych, społecznych i językowych kontekstów ich tworzenia oraz osadzenie ich w normatywnej wizji życia społecznego, która nie jest zgodna z duchem socjologii interpretatywnej. W konsekwencji, opowiadają się za ujmowaniem zagadnień etycznych podkreślających podmiotowość, sytuacyjność, procesualność i komunikacyjny charakter zarówno działań badaczy w terenie, jak i działań instytucji akademickich w tym zakresie.
EN
According to the thesis that ethical competence is an important part of professional competence of social researchers and that ethical dilemmas are often experienced by them as methodological and theoretical dilemmas, the authors of the article highlight the problem of lack of link between ethical reflection and the paradigm of qualitative sociology. They argue that the separation of this topic within mainly normative-philosophical domain, which dominates in ethical codes, carries a risk of treating itdifferently than other issues of sociological investigation and can lead to a significant loss of its cognitive value. Instead, the authors emphasize the possibility and the need to develop research ethics within the paradigm of qualitative sociology, looking for an inspiration in the works of Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, the Chicago School, Norman Denzin and Martyn Hammersley among others. They are critical to the hope that creation of ethical codes is an effective way of scientific communities self-regulation, stressing the importance of specific historical, social and linguistic contexts of their creation. Consequently, the authors emphasize subjective, situational, processual, and discursive character of ethics-oriented activities, undertaken both by researchers in the field, and by academic institutions in this regard.
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W artykule zostaje podjęta próba zinterpretowania twórczości klasyka socjologii Emile’a Durkheima jako prekursora komunitaryzmu, współczesnego nurtu teoretycznego i ruchu społecznego. Rozważania dotyczą pośredniego charakteru obu koncepcji oraz zawartej w nich refleksji moralnej; analizie poddane zostaje też rozumienie jednostki i jej relacji ze społeczeństwem. Zasadnicze podobieństwo, jakie łączy francuskiego myśliciela z podejściem komunitariańskim, polega na postrzeganiu świata społecznego w kategoriach pośrednich, co sytuuje obie koncepcje pomiędzy klasycznymi dychotomiami: liberalizmem i konserwatyzmem, indywidualizmem i wspólnotowością, woluntaryzmem i determinizmem itp.
EN
The article focuses on the attempt to interpret the work of Emile Durkheim, a classic of sociology, as a precursor of communitarianism, which is a contemporary theoretical approach and a social movement. The intermediary character of both concepts and of the moral reflection included in them, as well as the understanding of an individual and its relations with a society are analyzed. The perception of the social world in intermediary categories places both approaches, the Durkheimian and the communitarian, in-between the classical dichotomies: liberalism and conservatism, individual and community, voluntarism and determinism, etc.
EN
The aim of the article is to conduct an exploratory analysis of commemorations of Florian Znaniecki in public spaces. Florian Znaniecki was one of the founders of Polish institutional sociology and one of the representatives of humanistic sociology. The text briefly presents Znaniecki’s achievements, describes his commemorations in Warsaw, Poznań, and Świątniki, as well as the history of their establishment, and then analyses these commemorations from the perspective of their impact on social memory. The research was conducted using document analysis. The research identified basic justifications used in Znaniecki’s commemorations. These are: his organizational activity, educational activity, international recognition, connection with a region or place, methodological achievements, role in science, scientific pioneering, and the diversity of his scientific achievements.
PL
Celem artykułu jest eksploracyjna analiza upamiętnień Floriana Znanieckiego obecnych w przestrzeni publicznej. Florian Znaniecki to twórca instytucjonalnej socjologii polskiej i jeden z przedstawicieli tzw. socjologii humanistycznej. Tekst przedstawia dokonania Znanieckiego, opisuje jego upamiętnienia w Warszawie, Poznaniu i Świątnikach oraz historię ich ustanowienia, a następnie analizuje te upamiętnienia przez pryzmat ich wpływu na pamięć społeczną. W badaniach posłużono się metodą analizy dokumentów. Badania umożliwiły wskazanie podstawowych uzasadnień stosowanych w upamiętnieniach Znanieckiego. Są to: działalność organizacyjna, działalność edukacyjna (w tym wychowawcza), międzynarodowe uznanie, związek z regionem lub miejscowością, dokonania metodologiczne, rola w nauce, pionierstwo naukowe, różnorodność dokonań naukowych.
PL
Złożoność społeczna jest jednym z najważniejszych problemów, z jakimi mierzy się dziś socjologia. Tekst rozpoczyna się od krótkiego spojrzenia na źródła naszego dzisiejszego myślenia o złożoności, które prowadzi do diagnozy dwóch podejść do złożoności w socjologii, określonych jako jej redukcja i eskalacja. Następnie krótko zarysowana zostaje analogia między tymi podejściami a dwoma rodzajami wiedzy praktycznej wytwarzanej w odpowiedzi na problem złożoności, czyli utopiami jedności i różnicy. Tekst kończy się próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy zaangażowanie w myśleniu o złożoności nie stanowi przeszkody w jego właściwej diagnozie.
EN
Social complexity is one of the main problems which sociology is facing nowadays. The article begins with a short overview of sources of contemporary ideas of complexity, which leads towards a diagnosis of two sociological approaches to complexity, which are called “reduction” and “escalation” of complexity. Next, a short analogy is drawn between the two approaches and two kinds of practical knowledge produced as an answer to the problem of complexity, which are utopias of unity and utopias of difference. The text concludes with an attempt to answer the question whether the engagement (involvement) in our thinking about complexity is not a handicap in our efforts adequately to diagnose the problem.
PL
This text discusses the main themes of the postcolonial critique of Max Weber’s sociological theory. Beginning with a sociological interpretation of the concept of a classic figure, the author lists the reasons why Weber should be recognized as the theorist most responsible for sociology being considered in separably connected with Western imperialism and colonialism. The author first reconstructs the premises Weber used to support sociology’s claim to be a science of universal validity, then interprets his concept of the ideal type and discusses criticism of the concept, as exemplified by the works of the British sociologist Gurminder Bhambra. In analyzing postcolonial critiques of the ideal type as a methodological tool, two issues are emphasized: the normative hypostasing of the ideal type, and the disruption to Weber’s procedure of creating and critiquing the ideal type that has occurred as a result of representatives of non-Western cultures joining the dialogue and revealing the limitations of the type’s communicativeness and thus of its universal validity.
EN
Drawing on archival materials and personal testimonies, the author reconstructs the conditions under which Bourdieu came to receive the Gold Medal of the National Center for Scientific Research, France’s highest science prize, in 1993 as a signal case study of the existential predicament and institutional trappings of scholarly consecration. Bourdieu’s award speech and the ceremony at which he read it present a triple interest for the history and sociology of sociology. They illustrate how a shaping figure in the discipline personally experienced, reflexively viewed, and practically navigated the nexus of science, authority, and power. Theymark 1993 as a pivot-year in Bourdieu’s intellectual evolution, leading to a new agenda foregrounding the state as paramount symbolic power, the alchemy of group formation, and the unfinished promise of democratic politics; and they help explain why he venturedmore forthrightly into civic debate in the 1990s. Bourdieu’s ambivalent acceptance of the prize also illustrates his conception of the ‘Realpolitik of reason’ and put an emphatic end to the eclipse of Durkheim by restoring sociology to its rightful place at the scientific zenith in the country of its birth.
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