According to Plutarch, the theory of psychological disharmony relies on the Platonic music harmony. When Plato refers to music harmony, he means the kind of harmony where the concept of God is the source through which all beings emanate. The mental passions define the quality of human character and consequently develop the social man. As far as the Aristotelian ethical theory is concerned, morality does not condemn the passions, because it has a clear ontological and anthropological basis. The Stoics stress that a trait of the human soul is sociality, and that happens because all human beings are under the law of sympathy and constitute a whole. At medieval times, Boe-thius portrays the middle age social conditions which also resemble with our postmod-ern societies.
Cílem tohoto článku je objasnit, v čem spočívá chápání osoby jako bodu přičitatelnosti. Být osobou v právu z tohoto pohledu znamená být „jakýmsi bodem“, kterému přičítáme práva a povinnosti. To, co dělá osobu bodem přičitatelnosti, je podle autora právě přičitatelnost. Z tohoto úhlu pohledu je také přičitatelnost totožná s právní subjektivitou, respektive právní osobností. Osoba však není jen pouhým statickým bodem přičitatelnosti již existujících práv a povinností, nýbrž také a především subjektem, který vznik právních povinností způsobuje. Z toho plyne, že osobu nelze chápat jen jako personifikaci již existujících povinností a práv, nýbrž je třeba jí z dynamického hlediska také přičítat oprávnění, respektive dovolení právě k tomu, aby práva a povinnosti mohly vznikat. Tuto dynamiku však nezpůsobuje pouze to, že k tomu má osoba teoreticky „kompetenci“ (že je jí to dovoleno), nýbrž i to, že je jí také přičítán rozum a vůle. Osobě jako bodu přičitatelnosti je takto nutné přičítat: i. rozum a vůli, ii. oprávnění stanovit jiné osobě povinnost, iii. právo požadovat po jiném splnění existující, tj. platně stanové povinnosti (tj. být oprávněným subjektem) nebo iv. povinnost vykonat existující tj. platně stanovenou povinnost (tj. být povinnostním subjektem).
XX
The aim of this article is to elucidate the conception of a person as a point of imputation. To be a person in law, in this perspective, means to be an „item“ to which one can impute rights and duties. What makes a person a point of imputation is, in the author’s view, the concept of “imputability”. From this perspective imputability is also identical with the legal personality or personhood. However, the person is not just a static point of imputation of some existing rights and duties. It is also and foremost an entity which causes the creation of legal duties. It follows that a person cannot be understood only as a personification of the existing duties and rights but, from a dynamic point of view, one should impute a right to create these rights and duties to this person as well. This dynamics, however, cannot be caused by the mere fact that the person theoretically has this „competence“ (i.e. the person is entitled to create rights and duties) but also by the fact that one can impute an intellect and will to it. In this respect we must impute four qualities to a person in law: i. intellect and will, ii. right to impose a duty on another person, iii. right to ask for an enforcement of an existing duty (i.e. to have a claim-right) iv. obligation to fulfill an existing duty (i.e. to have a duty).
Nowadays, as animal studies are being developed, there arises a question of the supreme form of equality in rights, that is subjectivity, in the case of animals. Since art and literature make possible what is impossible for scholars, Tawada is trying to look at human beings with the bear’s eye, granting her heroes subjectivity and the capacity for rational thought; therefore, they are able to judged human beings. Today, when men’s cruelty is criticized and more or less effectively reduced it, but the human being still believes that he is impenetrable for the animals. Tawada says: That is our great fault. We can learn a lot about ourselves from them.
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.