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ZNISZCZENIE KOŚCI LUDZKICH PRZEZ JOZJASZA W BETEL (2 KRL 23,16-19) W ŚWIETLE MEZOPOTAMSKIEJ PRAKTYKI ZAQIQU ORAZ TAKTYKI WOJENNEJ KRÓLÓW ASYRYJSKIC

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Bednarski M.
Studia Ełckie
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2017
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vol. 19
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issue 3
327 - 347
EN
Description of destroying graves and the burning of human bones in Bethel (2 Kings 23,16-19) is unique compared to other reforms undertaken by the kings of Judah and by King Josiah (2 Kings 22-23). From the point of view of syntactic and grammatical, this description is diametrically opposite from other parts of the activities of King Josiah. We do not see a direct connection be-tween the found the Book of the Law and the activities at Bethel. Also lacks explicit references to the idea of centralization of worship in Jerusalem. It seems that in connection with the activities at Bethel we are not dealing with religious reform, but more with a political action. For the living, “graves serve not only to hold the remains of the deceased, or to memorialize the existence of an individual but – significantly – a grave or collection of graves might also serve to mark the boundary of a given place or to signal possession or owner-ship of a territory” (Francesca Stavrakopoulou). The destruction of graves and their contents, is a sign of the extension of borders and military conquest. We can see parallels between the actions of Josiah and his contemporary rulers of Assyria. This is particularly evident in the activities of the king of Assyria Ashurbanipal, who reigned in the era of King Josiah. His military campaigns were characterized by particularly demonstrative destruction of graves and human bones, which resulted from the Assyrian anthropology. According to the Assyrian outlook of life, the dead could reach after the death of two states: the state etemmu, when they could influence the world of the living positively or negatively and state zaqiqu, when they were deprived of all power. Both states had their relationship with the fate of the bones of the dead. It seems that some elements of both anthropology Assyrian and Assyrian psychological warfare influenced the description of the activities of King Josiah at Bethel.
2
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Archaeological excavations in Żarska Cave (Żary, Krzeszowice commune, Kraków district) in 2011

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Wojenka M., Wilczyński J., Sobieraj D.
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
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2011
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vol. 3
143-156
EN
Archaeological excavations in the Żarska Cave, carried out in 2011 yielded artefacts dated to the Eneolithic (Baden culture), the Roman Period (Przeworsk culture), the Middle Ages and the post-Medieval period. The fieldworks were focused on the terrace situated in front of the cave entrance (trench 1/2011), but some works were also conducted in the main chamber of the cave, where recent piles of earth were sifted. Both of the two stages of the survey led to the revealing of artefacts including fragments of pottery single flint artefacts and faunal remains. It is worth noting the discovery of human remains, which suggests the presence of a burial site, probably located primarily in the cave’s interior. The results of works conducted in 2011 indicate that the earlier opinions which assumed the lack of archaeological artefacts in the Żarska Cave should be revised. The excavations will be continued.
3
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Przejawy słowiańskiej i skandynawskiej obrzędowości pogrzebowej doby "plemiennej" na cmentarzysku w Myszęcinie na Ziemi Lubuskiej

75%
Pawlak P.
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
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2018
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issue 59
223-238
PL
The article presents the results of research into an early medieval burnt offering grave field inMyszęcin, Świebodzin county. The field contained pit graves, some of which are reminiscent ofthe Alt Käbelich-type graves popular especially in the north-western part of theWestern Slavic Territory. On the basis of artefacts discovered in the grave pits and on the surface of the grave field, primarily as a result of an analysis of ceramics, the graves can be dated back to the mid-8th and the 9th centuries.
4
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Analiza antropologiczna szczątków kostnych pochodzących z grobu skrzynkowego kultury pomorskiej ze stanowiska nr 1 w Kręcieszkach, gm. Bedlno, pow. Kutno, woj. łódzkie

63%
Borowska-Strugińska B., Rychter M.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
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2018
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issue 33
55-74
EN
During the rescue research carried out in 1987, a box grave of Pomeranian culture dating back to the Hallstatt D. Found in it, in addition to numerous attachments and lids 36 large vessels, including 23 typical, referred to as urns. Bone remains were preserved only in 21 vessels. Anthropological analysis has shown that human bones come from 21 people, that is, 11 children (under 6 years), 2 children in infans II age (6–14 years), 7 adults (3 men, 3 women and one adult). Only in four cases, lesions were observed.
PL
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