The author considers the questions relating to the formation of lawyers’ professional traits from the point of view of the significance which human capital and investment in this capital hold in contemporary times. It follows from the analyses, which were carried out, that the dire need for taking up actions with the aim to shape lawyers appears one of the most vital tasks. This requires taking into account visible trends in the changing job market. Another aspect results from the need for multilevel qualifications and conditions behind lawyers’ actions and their decisions. Thus, colleges of higher education which educate prospective lawyers, as well as lawyers’ corporations, are confronted by challenges of forming, in young people, features that are indispensable for them to be valuable lawyers and not only executors of simple activities. The author points to the fact that lawyers need shaping because, among others, during their whole social lives and realization of professional tasks their personality traits and potential related to communication will constantly manifest through accepting and following or rejecting and opposing values, principles, reflexions, empathy, sensitivity, the farthest-fetched imagination, objectivism, cooperation, dialogue, distancing themselves from political disputes, etc. Students of the art of law should be characterized by a changed mentality, new vision of law – service to man, and realization of standards of law, as well as perception of the importance of knowledge, skills, attitudes and competences.
Local labor markets in Poland are very varied. Each of them has its own unique character, but in the article author is trying to create and use a synthetic index of development. This index was calculated for each county in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodship on the base of statistical data and then used for calculating coinciding with indicators of dynamics of local labor market. The results show weak or moderate connections, but reveal some synergic effects and point to same fields of potential effects.
The aim of this study is a comparative analysis of European Union countries in terms of human capital. Determination of the stock and prospects of human capital development is an important issue today, both in economic theory and business practice. In this study soft modeling method was used. It allows measurement of unobserved variables.
This paper develops the value based model of a firm from a conventional accounting based approach to on e that acknowledges individuals' human capital and firms' competences as fundamental creator s of value. Both have distinctive characteristics, but may be integrated from the perspective of their holders through various contracts, which then constitute cont ractual assets enhancing a firm ´ s capital. Product ownership constitutes another vital component of value determination and is one of the reasons firms enhance its value, either by taking protective action, or by designing hard to replicate strategies. Thi s paper a ddress es a current issue and presents potential means by which to determine firms' strategies in highly competitive business environments driven primarily by innovations, as well as for the design of appropriate types and terms of contracts. In it s reasoning, the paper is exceptional by aggregating the findings of firm theory with those of modern financial theory, proposing real and embedded options within an appropriate quantitative framework.
If investments into human capital (HC) are as convenient as theory says why some people do not invest in the development of their HC and why other people with resources do not stimulate people without HC to invest including lending money for such investments? The paper tries to answer the question by identifying selected barriers causing lenders do not give money (resources) to the investments and potential borrowers are not willing to borrow them. From our point of view statistical discrimination and phenomena described as “acting-white” in the case of Afro-American community belong among the most important barriers, although they are not mentioned so often. The paper deals with both of the barriers and suggests how to solve them.
Improving the lives of citizens requires modern management architects to implement modern solutions in various areas of social life. Undoubtedly, local government administration, as the closest public authority to man, must be efficiently managed in order to effectively manage others. The influence of international cooperation on the development of states and organizations is as old an issue as international cooperation itself. However, the subject matter discussed in this article is current and important for the area of management sciences, because it treats this as a contemporary development of human resources management in local government administration within similar but different legal and organizational systems functioning in the European Union. Therefore, this article presents the main research problem, which will concern the elements of international cooperation, which are covered by local government administration bodies in the district of Żywiec, affect the management of human resources and their development and what changes are introduced in ZZL of local government administration. The subject matter required conducting research on the basis of the phenomenological trend in order to better understand the processes taking place with the participation of the human factor.
The article deals with relationships between human capital and social capital. Often is mentioned that presence of social capital is key condition of success investment in human capital. The article presents opposite view – investments in human capital are necessary condition investments in social capital (at least in individual social capital). The three main form of social capital (bonding, bridging and linking social capital) are described at it is shown when generating each form can generate individuals profit and utility – in each case individuals must also invest in their human capital. Investments in human capital can also respond to the situation when investments in social capital become obsolete or devalue.
The purpose and result of the presented article is the identification and priority-setting for non-formal adult education in the context of human development indicators, based on analysis of existing global theories of human capital, human potential, human development: to monitor the educational needs of adults at all levels and in different social, age groups; to systematize current and future educational needs of adults and labour market destinations of job qualification and the development of relevant hard skills of adult learning and life qualification and soft skills development of adults; to explore the existing non-formal market of educational services in terms of demand customers, and positions proposals with providers; to justify by the example of separate regions of interaction of the enterprises and institutions with providers of non-formal education; to perform organizational, didactic and methodological principles of teaching adults in non-formal education; to prove the necessity of recognition of non-formal learning based on the justification of compliance with key professional competences and social recognition; to define the quality criteria for adult learning at all levels in terms of informal education and to systematize the criteria of quality of training of the individual and their impact on the leading indicators of human development in general. The leading research methods used in the article are: analysis, generalization, systematization of theoretical and statistical studies of different levels and practical experience. The practical importance of the findings of outlined objectives; prospects for their justification at certain levels: personal (nano) – the level of the individual; corporate (micro) – level of enterprises, institutions, other institutions and organizations; regional (meso) – level of industries, regions of different subordination; national (macro) level – the level of the country; continued use of these indicators for measuring the results of non-formal adult learning in the context of human development.
The purpose of this article is to verify whether income inequality impedes the accumulation of human capital in OECD countries during the years of 1990–2010. The article reviews theoretical findings that suggest a negative impact of income dispersions on human capital, and subsequently, it presents estimations of a dynamic model of human capital accumulation. The results of the study reveal a negative and statistically significant relationship between income inequality and human capital inflow measured as student skills test scores.
The article deals with the study of the role of human and social capital in shaping the processes of regional development in Poland in 2002–2014. The study is aimed at seeking answers to the question whether and to what extent the characteristics of human and social capital development impeded or fostered the achievement of convergence in living standards (GDP per capita) in regional systems (NUTS-2). The following tools were used: multidimensional statistical exploratory analysis – the cluster analysis (Ward’s, k-means), linear ordering – as well as correlation analysis and measures of statistical dispersion. The analysis confirm a stronger link of the processes of economic development in Polish regions with human capital than in those with social capital, whereby there is evidence indicating that it was rather a higher level of the economic development that stimulated changes in human capital and the reverse impact of human capital on the change in the GDP per capita was weaker. When it comes to the educational component of human capital, it can be assumed that this component of human capital could have had a more polarizing than converging impact. The social capital did not mitigate nor strengthen the polarizing impact of human capital. There was, therefore, no confirmation to the hypothesis that intangible factors – human and social capitals – contributed to the convergence in living standards among regions in Poland in 2002–2014.
Charakteryzując kapitał ludzki podkreśla się, że jest on tym, co wytwarza się i dodaje do życia ludzkiego. Przejawia się on m.in. w umiejętnościach, wiedzy, zdolnościach, zdrowiu. Zasób ten może być większy lub mniejszy, można go kształtować i rozwijać poprzez inwestycje w człowieka, ale podlega on też deprecjacji. Rozważania w artykule koncentrują się na kwestiach związanych z inwestowaniem przez gospodarstwa domowe w kapitał swoich członków. To właśnie efektem działań podejmowanych przez gospodarstwo domowe związanych z potrzebami jego członków jest tworzenie kapitału ludzkiego zarówno w wymiarze ilościowym, jak i jakościowym. Obszarami dokonywanych inwestycji, które uwzględniono w artykule, są edukacja, zdrowie i kultura.
EN
While characterising the human capital, there is emphasised that it is what is produced and added to the human being's life, is manifested, inter alia, in skills, knowledge, abilities, health. This resource may be bigger or smaller, it can be formed and developed through investment in the human being but it also is subject to depreciation. The deliberations in the article are focused on the issues connected with investing by households in their members' capital. The very effect of activities undertaken by the household connected with its members' needs is creation of human capital both in quantitative and qualitative terms. The areas of carried out investments taken into account in the article are education, health and culture.
The main objective of this article is to examine resources of human capital on West Pomerania region and to compare its potential to other regions in Poland. The synthetic indicator of human capital resources (WZKL) were used in the study. It allowed the determination of HC potential in all provinces, particular West Pomerania. Then, based on the obtained value of the HC ratio to make the hierarchy of regions. As result was described potential of human capital on West Pomerania. As a part of the research analysis will be carried out in spatial and time dimension. The subject of spatial analysis will be West Pomerania and others regions in Poland, in particular their indicators of human capital resources. The time range of the study includes 2005 and 2012. The available literature, statistical data of the Central Statistical Office, of the BDL (the Bank of Local Data), census data and data of the WUP (Voivodeship Labour Office) sources were used to reach the assumed goal.
Artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w lipcu i sierpniu 2008 r. we wszystkich izbach skarbowych w Polsce. Celem badań, przeprowadzonych metodą ankietową, było zaprezentowanie, jakim kapitałem ludzkim dysponuje administracja podatkowa w Polsce oraz jak ten kapitał jest wykorzystywany w procesach zarządzania administracją. W artykule przeanalizowano udział urzędników służby cywilnej w procesie zarządzania administracją podatkową na szczeblu izb i urzędów skarbowych w Polsce z uwzględnieniem zmian, jakie nastąpiły w administracji w ciągu ostatnich pięciu lat. Dla potrzeb badań jako miernik kapitału przyjęto posiadanie przez pracowników oraz kadrę kierowniczą administracji podatkowej statusu urzędnika służby cywilnej.
EN
The paper presents the results of research carried out in July and August 2008 in all tax chambers in Poland, taking into account the changes which took place in tax administration in the last 5 years. The aim of the research, which was carried out with the questionnaire method, was to present what human capital the tax administration in Poland has at its disposal and how this capital is utilized in administration management processes. This paper analyses the participation of civil servants in the process of tax administration management at the levels of tax chambers and tax offices in Poland. The measure of capital assumed for the purposes of the research was a civil servant status enjoyed by tax administration clerks and managerial staff.
Kapitał ludzki stanowi podstawę rozwoju całych gospodarek i poszczególnych przedsiębiorstw. Jego poziom może rzutować między innymi na innowacyjność i konkurencyjność podmiotów gospodarczych. Dlatego tak ważne jest wspieranie jego rozwoju na każdym szczeblu, tzn. na szczeblu: jednostki ludzkiej, organizacji, jak i całego społeczeństwa. W tym obszarze duże znaczenie mają fundusze unijne, dzięki którym od lat są finansowane działania z zakresu podnoszenia poziomu kapitału ludzkiego. Nowa perspektywa finansowania 2014-2020 również przewiduje koncentrację na tym zagadnieniu. W artykule przedstawiono podstawowe informacje o kapitale ludzkim oraz miejsce działań nakierowanych na kapitał ludzki w nowej, unijnej perspektywie.
EN
Human capital is the foundation of development, both for national economies and specific businesses. It can affect innovativeness and competitiveness of all entities. That is why it is so vital to support its development on every level. The European Union funds play a considerable role in this regard – thanks to them, numerous human capital development activities have been possible. The new financial perspective 2014-2020 is also going to focus on the issue of human capital. The paper presents basic information about human capital and the significance of the activities concerning human capital in the new European budget.
The aim of this article is to compute taxonomic indicators of human capital across Polish regions (voivodships) as well as to determine their impact upon spatial distribution of basic macroeconomic categories (such as production sold per capita, gross capital assets, investment outlays per capita, wages, registered unemployment rate, number of REGON (National Business Registry Number) per 1000 inhabitants), and finally: to estimate the influence of human capital with respect to spatial distribution of taxonomic measures of economic development across the voivodships in the years 2002–2011. The article is structured as follows. In section 2 main definitions of human capital are presented along with ways of its measurement. Section 3 contains presentation of taxonomic indicators and descriptive analyses of its spatial distribution. In section 4 spatial distribution of an economic development indicator (constructed by analogy with the human capital taxonomic indicator) is discussed. Section 5 analyzes the impact of the human capital indicator upon the macroeconomic variables enumerated in the preceding paragraph. Finally section 6 concludes.
The aim of the article is to study the potential of academic mobility of the teaching staff of higher education institutions as a factor of strengthening the human capital in the context of innovative development of higher education in Ukraine. Academic staff mobility of higher education institutions is viewed as a factor of integration of Ukraine into the European Higher Education Area and into the European Research Area as well and is regarded as a necessary prerequisite of its completing. According to the professional competence approach academic mobility is an individual educational path of subjects within educational process, built according to their personality potential, values and professional orientation, aspiring to continuous self-development and permanent professional growth. The concept of mobility is firmly related to the concept of human capital. Efficiency of mobility is proved to be reasonable from the point of view of knowledge transfer, continuing education of the staff at higher education institutions, development of innovations in economy, and academic mobility can be examined as a powerful factor of the development of the teaching staff as an academic human capital of higher education institutions. The basic forms of academic mobility of the teaching staff of higher education institutions are participation in common projects, teaching, scientific research, scientific internship and continuing education and it can take place on the basis of two types of the teaching staff training: long-term and short-term training. Expediency of investments in professional skills and abilities of the academic staff does not raise doubts; however there exist risks due to the factors, which lead to fictitious human capital. There exist a group of categories of obstacles preventing the teaching staff from being mobile, namely language knowledge, legal issues, administrative burden, personal situation, lack of funding and lack of motivation among personnel which influences the human capital of higher education institutions in a destructive way. Measures to remove obstacles to the teaching staff mobility should be considered. Encouragement and rewards for academic mobility of teaching and research staff should be regarded to optimize the mobility flows.
The main aim of the article was to analyses of the opportunities and barriers to the development of individual entrepreneurship among rural youth. At first, was presented the theoretical concept of entrepreneurship. Next presented possibilities and risks of individual business development based on the results of their research conducted among the population of interest in 2009 in West Pomerania.
In the information society, knowledge is the basis of education and culture and the most important production factor. Information and communications technology (ICT) significantly promotes interaction and exchange between individuals, business enterprises and other organizations, the utilization of information, and the provision of services and access to them. This paper aims to analyze the role of human capital in contemporary society from different perspectives. It provides an up-to-date guide to the nature and role of human capital in contemporary organizations and the roles that government, business and non-government institutions can play in facilitating its development.
The aim of this article is to analyze the innovative achievements of selected economies: Polish and Czech. This issue is of fundamental significance for all post socialist countries. Post communist heritage in form of homo sovieticus is really far from innovative performance. The author assumed that innovativeness is the component of human capital whilst the conceptions of innovativeness were dealt with as the development challenge and the criterion of efficiency for contemporary economies, creating the opportunity to speed up the pace of narrowing the development gap. It is reflected in the title of the study. The methodological basis and data source are Knowledge Assessment Methodology (KAM 2009) and European Innovation Scorecard (EIS 2009). The fulfillment of this aim, in the author's opinion, relied on presenting the coordination of innovative actions of managing entities and underlining the growing significance of network structures. On the basis of the conducted empirical analysis encompassing the years 2003-2008, there was observed, mostly in Poland and to smaller extent in the Czech Republic, a low level of innovativeness and its unsatisfactory dynamics, as well as poor use of relatively numerous human capital for attaining goals. In the conclusion part of the article, there were presented problems connected with the necessity of consequent impact on the quality of human capital and level of innovativeness. In order to overcome barriers, the author postulates to establish a pro-innovative institutional order and indicates the need for systemic attitude towards these reforms.
By employing a rich sample of firm-level data in seven Eastern Europe and Central Asian countries from Europe and Central Asia, our paper investigates core as well as some specific determinants of firm innovation. We find that the likelihood of engaging in innovation for a firm increases with its core socio-economic characteristics such as size, age, capacity utilization, domestic competition and foreign ownership. In addition to the estimates of these socio-economic covariates, the ultimate purpose of our study is to obtain more in-depth knowledge about the policy implacable factors for firm innovation that the countries could focus on. These policy-related factors are: (i) access to finance, (ii) human capital, and (iii) foreign trade. In this respect, our study finds that firm’s innovation increases with better financial inclusion, greater human capital and engagement in foreign trade. We argue that these analysis and results, coupled with inclusive and targeted policies, can be used to enrich the process of private sector innovation in the region’s countries.
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