Search results

1

Filozofia a działalność człowieka

100%

Szumakowicz E.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2022

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vol. 50

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issue 1-4

309-332

EN

The aim of this article is to show how the philosophical thinking finds its way into human life and activity, into the various and mutually incomparable domains of it. Four of them are chosen and discussed from the point of view of philosophical engagement: (1) the existential – human sphere, (2) Nature, (3) the universe of mathematical objects, and (4) the social sphere. The author wants to show that a philosophical attitude enables us to perceive a more profound layer of sense in the investigated subject matter, and to understand better the meaning of scientific discoveries. The sphere of social relations and interactions deserves special attention. Interpersonal communication and any interaction is essentially based on the transcendental subjectivity investigated in the history of philosophy by Descartes, Kant, and Husserl. The author suggests that, as a result, a certain level of philosophication of sociology is in needed, a kind of sociosophy. Within such a perspective interpersonal interactions and communication appear to be clashes of individual worlds, transcendentally constituted by transcendental subjects (compare L. Wittgenstein’s saying: The world is always my world ). Of course, such an approach may evoke a critical positivist reaction under the banner of Ockham’s razor. But, on the other hand, some observable triviality of today’s sociology does not leave the other side without a chance.

2

ŻYCIE LUDZKIE JAKO PRZEDMIOT OCHRONY PRZEPISÓW PRAWA ZE SZCZEGÓLNYM UWZGLĘDNIENIEM MOMENTU OBJĘCIA OCHRONĄ

100%

Borkowska K.

Security, Economy & Law

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2018

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issue 1/2018 (XVIII)

EN

Human life has the highest possible value and is particular interest to various branches of law. It allows the unit to use other civil rights and civic freedom. In this article authoress analyses the level of the protection of human life through the provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland and regulations of the international law with emphasis on the issue of the beginning of the legal protection of human life. In order to thoroughly analyse the legal regulations the authoress uses numerous examples of the case-law. The research purpose of the article is to show the complexity of the problem of the beginning of the legal protection of human life and the lack of the conclusive verdict of the supranational jurisdictional bodies in this matter.

3

O starości i jej uciążliwościach w Speculum naturale Wincentego z Beauvais (ok.1194-1264)

100%

Wojciechowska B.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2015

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vol. 22

36-42

EN

The stages of human life and the corresponding physiological changes have been described in many ways since ancient times. Although old age was characterized by physical and mental weakening (senility), it was portrayed as an age of wisdom which contrasted youth dominated by passions. Vincent of Beauvais devoted a few extensive chapters of Speculum naturale to the last stage of life and cited works of Cicero, Aristotle, Horace, Virgil, St. Jerome, St. Ambrose, Avicenna, Isidore of Seville, which gave him a place in the intellectual tradition of his era. According to him, the advantages of old age were moderation in pleasures, lower libido, wisdom, maturity of advice, common sense and reconciliation to death. The negative aspects of senility were diseases, discouragement and drowsiness. The physical weakness of the body affected the stability of mind. Vincent recognized old age as a natural period in human life and characterized it from the philosophical and medical points of view. He chose those pieces of writings which he considered important and representing different aspects of old age. He advised on nutrition, strengthening of the body and mental energy. Vincent emphasized that old age should be considered as fate. Therefore, there is no reason to fall in despair and wallow in hopelessness, but prepare for death through a wise life.

4

Values development in teaching process

88%

Lisnik A., Grenova K.

Scientific Bulletin of Chełm - Section of Pedagogy

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2014

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issue 1

13-19

EN

The value of human life currently ranks among the topics which are often discussed by general public as well as by experts of various scientific faculties. It also belongs to subjects that have been perpetually dividing society into two camps. The first one consists of those for whom life is sacred, refusing any human interference and influence. The second one is a group of those for whom quality of life is more important and when, in their view, a human life does not happen to be good enough and further suffering only “derogates” its dignity, such life is allowed to be terminated. Natural law, which exists in every human, is divided into those who stand on the side of life and its dignity and to those who believe the human was created in the image and likeness of God. Therefore, it is important to talk about the value and dignity of human life, especially with children and young people who currently receive a great amount of often conflicting information which they cannot properly evaluate. Besides family, which is supposed to be the first source of information on fundamental issues of human life, young people acquire information that may affect their thinking and acting also in school, mainly during religion and ethic education lessons.

5

Czy powinniśmy słuchać terrorystów?

88%

Czudek A.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

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2013

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issue 2(6)

49-93

EN

Recently the reports of terrorist acts, committed either by separatists or Muslim fundamentalists, have been getting more and more frequent. The sole definition of terrorism, as an act against human life or health (or its threat), conducted as a mean to terrorize and force an organized group of people (usually a nation) to fulfill the culprits’ demands, neither leads to its moral judgment nor is sufficient to find the way to prevent it. To answer those questions one has to consider such aspects as the reasons behind the attacks and the terrorists’ goals. The question about the moral interpretation of terrorism is a question whether we agree with the statement, that the end justifies the means, or not. Any apology of terrorism has to be based on utilitarian grounds. In case of the political terrorism, in some instances the terrorist act might be considered the lesser evil, while such justification does not apply to the religious terrorism. Simple calculation is not sufficient. What’s most detestable in terrorism is the fact, that it is blind, it affects both the guilty and innocent indiscriminately. Therefore the terrorist act itself should be deemed as evil and should be met with firm resistance, and the demands associated with it should be ignored or fulfilled in an indirect manner (if they are just), so that this action would not be tied to the act itself, as it may trigger another attack. It is also important to establish the limits of the counterterrorism, and to consider whether the renouncement of some rights and the impairment of some institutions is not an indirect goal of the terrorists. An unequivocal answer to the question “is terrorism solely evil?” is not possible, for it depends strongly on the point of view. The same applies to the methods of the fight against terrorism – a military act might lead to the escalation of the conflict, and at the same time ideological war might have questionable effectiveness. Important causes of the terrorism are poverty and the lack of proper education, a long-term fight against terrorism should be therefore based on their prevention.

6

Mordecai Kaplan’s Understanding of Holiness

75%

Szczerbiński W.

Verbum Vitae

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2022

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vol. 40

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issue 2

387-401

EN

The Reconstructionist category of holiness, reflecting the essence of God in traditional Judaism, is a challenge both to contemporary Jewish thought and to theological thought in general. This paper attempts to explain why and how Mordecai Kaplan - the forerunner of the most liberal trend in Judaism - embarked on a reconstruction of the biblical concept of holiness and demonstrated the consequences of his transformations. First, Kaplan’s concept of holiness is discussed, followed by his description of the notion of “sancta” as advanced by the Reconstructionists. Next, Kaplan’s understanding of holiness, which denotes the fullness of humanity rather than the essence of the personal God, as in traditional Judaism, has been presented. Thus, according to Kaplan, holiness is an anthropological and not a theological category because he understood it as a “transcendental validity” on the path to attain human self-fulfillment in this world. From the perspective of tradition, the Reconstructionist concept of holiness results in Judaism’s desacralization, which can primarily be seen in the desacralization of God, the Torah, the Chosen People, and the Sabbath. Even allowing for Judaism’s diversity of views and positions, Kaplan’s concept of holiness is truly revolutionary in modern Jewish thought.

7

Ethical Aspects of Euthanasia. Introduction to the Debate

75%

Bajda K.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2019

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vol. 9

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issue 2

121-133

EN

The subject of the study is the ethical aspects of euthanasia. The framework of the article does not allow for a comprehensive and complex analysis of the issue presented in the title. In view of the above, the purpose of the article has been limited to two aspects. The first one is the clarification of terminology and an attempt to draw out the classification of euthanasia. The second one is showing the arguments that supporters and antagonists take in the ongoing debate on the subject of euthanasia. In the author’s opinion, the subject that strictly corresponds to the subject matter in the study remains the legal regulations of individual countries regarding euthanasia. This issue has been highlighted at the end of the article and may constitute a contribution to the discussion.

8

Kicz jako zagrożenie w kształtowaniu własnego życia i w realizacji życiowych celów

75%

Jaszczurowska E., Laszczak M.

Polonia Journal

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2022

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issue 15

65-85

EN

The desire to be able to live more comfortably, much easier and in pleasant way makes kitsch easily permeate into life. Kitsh start shaping choices and is responsible for people’s thinking about themselves and their future. It would not be so dangerous if they would exist unchallenged patterns and valid norms that men could be referred to them if necessary. Even in the last century, unchanging values one could find in the school, family life, science or art. However, much has changed in the twenty-first century. The rank and impartiality of science were questioned. Art – attracted by chance of easy popularity, was seduced by kitsch. Unattractive school pedagogy together with a family are in a constant crisis. It make kitsch easier to find comfortable nestle in young heads. The consequences do not let you wait. There appears to be lowering the requirements, resignation from the effort of development. It start to be interesting to settle for a smaller and what is undemanding. When we thinking about the future, we choose life strategies „lined” with the kitsch and perpetuating shoddy templates of achieving life goals.

9

Istota śmierci w ujęciu dualistycznej koncepcji człowieka

75%

Skwarek M.

Zamojskie Studia i Materiały – Seria Pedagogika

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2013

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vol. 15

107-119

PL

Prezentowany artykuł dotyczy problematyki śmierci oraz jej sensu w ujęciu dualistycznym. Wiele osób zadaje sobie pytanie, czy śmierć jest końcem naszej egzystencji, nie tylko mówiąc o życiu doczesnym na ziemi, ale również o kontynuacji naszego życia po śmierci. Życie człowieka toczy się z nadzieją, że kiedyś czeka na nas jakiś transcendentalny wymiar bytowania, który nie oznaczałby naszego unicestwienia lecz kontynuację na doskonalszym, niematerialnym poziomie. Takie myślenie ukierunkowane w stronę nadziei o kolejnym życiu nadaje naszej śmierci jakiś sensowny wymiar.

EN

This article is concerned with the problem of death and its sense in the concept of duality. Many people ask themselves a question of whether death is the end of our existence, not only considering our worldly life but also the continuation of our life after death. Man lives with hope that some transcendental dimension of living is awaiting him in the future, which means that we are not going to be completely destroyed but will be continuing our life on a more excellent, non-material level. Such thinking is aimed at hope that there is a future life, which gives our death a meaningful dimension.

10

Ethical Aspects of Euthanasia. Introduction to the Debate

71%

Bajda K.

The Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II

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2019

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vol. 9

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issue 2

PL

The subject of the study is the ethical aspects of euthanasia. The framework of the article does not allow for a comprehensive and complex analysis of the issue presented in the title. In view of the above, the purpose of the article has been limited to two aspects. The first one is the clarification of terminology and an attempt to draw out the classification of euthanasia. The second one is showing the arguments that supporters and antagonists take in the ongoing debate on the subject of euthanasia. In the author’s opinion, the subject that strictly corresponds to the subject matter in the study remains the legal regulations of individual countries regarding euthanasia. This issue has been highlighted at the end of the article and may constitute a contribution to the discussion.

11

Odpowiedzialność rodziny za dar życia ludzkiego

71%

Pryba A.

Teologia i Moralność

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2017

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vol. 12

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issue 2(22)

231-242

EN

Human life is endangered. In the modern world, there is a confrontation between the ‟culture of life” and the ‟culture of death”. How should a person behave in this context? He should choose life. This attitude results from the truth that God himself is the creator of human life and its nature. Man as a man and woman received a special vocation to live in marriage and family. It is in them that creation of a community of life and love is to take place. Marriage is the foundation for the family. Parenthood, in turn, should be the fruit of mutual spouses’ personal giving and their cooperation with God the Creator. Parental decision, on the other hand, should be an internal element ofa marital dialogue. The implementation of God’s plan for marriage and family leads to respect for human life and responsibility for it.

PL

Życie ludzkie jest zagrożone. We współczesnym świecie dochodzi do konfrontacji pomiędzy „kulturą życia” i „kulturą śmierci”. Jak w tym kontekście powinien zachować się człowiek? Winien on opowiedzieć się po stronie życia. Taka postawa wynika z prawdy, że twórcą życia ludzkiego i jego natury jest sam Bóg. Człowiek jako mężczyzna i kobieta otrzymał szczególne powołanie do życia w małżeństwie i rodzinie. To w nim ma dokonywać się tworzenie wspólnoty życia i miłości. Małżeństwo bowiem jest fundamentem dla rodziny. Rodzicielstwo z kolei winno być owocem wzajemnego osobowego obdarowania małżonków oraz ich współdziałania z Bogiem Stwórcą. Decyzja rodzicielska natomiast winna być wewnętrznym elementem małżeńskiego dialogu. Realizacja Bożego zamysłu wobec małżeństwa i rodziny prowadzi do szacunku dla ludzkiego życia oraz odpowiedzialności za nie.

12

Kobieta i mężczyzna kustoszami Ewangelii życia w kontekście społecznego eksperymentu gender

71%

Olczyk M.

Teologia i Moralność

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2017

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vol. 12

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issue 2(22)

79-95

EN

The analysis of the mystery of life can be helpful to overcome the current crisis of woman’s and a man’s sexual/gender identity caused by radical theses of the gender ideology. In the light of biblical anthropology we can know better the multidimensional nature of human life. The life-cycle mystery is closely linked with the process of life transmitting. The woman and man have received from God the capability and mission to transmit life. This ability inscribed in the nature of the person expresses the essential feature of their vocation as beings created in the image of God. Woman and man should to be life-giving, as God is the life-giving Creator. The negation of this life-giving aspect of human nature present in the radical theses of gender ideology places this theory in obvious contradiction to the Gospel of life. For this reason the gender ideology can be considered as a serious threat not only to individual man but to all human family.

13

Tadeusza Stycznia głos w sprawie prawnej ochrony dzieci nienarodzonych

63%

Sobczyk A.

Studia Gdańskie

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2011

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issue 28

121-132

PL

Według Tadeusza Stycznia, filozofa, ucznia Karola Wojtyły i jego następcy jako kierownika Katedry Etyki Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego Jana Pawła, fakt aborcji jest potrójną śmiercią. Po pierwsze jest to śmierć dziecka, następnie matki, która decyduje się na zabicie swego dziecka, i wreszcie dotyka państwa, które własnym ustawodawstwem pozwala na aborcję. Tylko w tym kontekście można właściwie zrozumieć ten problem. Państwo powinno stanowić prawe prawo w służbie ludzkiemu życiu oraz w obronie godności człowieka. W ten sposób czasy współczesne powierzają etykom specjalne zadanie w służbie życia ludzkiego. Styczeń określa to mianem służby prawdzie czy też wolności w prawdzie.

XX

According to Tadeusz Styczeń, a philosopher and a student of Karol Wojtyła and His succesor as the Head of the Department of Ethics at John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, the fact of abortion is a triple death. First it is the death of a child, then mother’s who decides to kill her own child and finally it upsets the state, which allows abortion with its own legislation. Only in such a context is it possible to understand the problem properly: The state should make legal law in service of human life and protection of human dignity. In this way our contemporary times entrust the ethisists a special task serving human life. Styczeń defines it as service to the truth or freedom in the truth.

14

Założenia aksjologiczne oraz warianty dyskursu aborcyjnego

63%

Król M.

Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne

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2014

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vol. XCII (92)

103-127

EN

The article presents selected problems relevant for the contentious issue of abortion and related discourses indicating that one of the characteristic features of abortion discourse is its mediatization. The author aims to characterize the constraints on abortion discourses and the varied environments in which different types of such discourses emerge. Abortion discourses are sociolinguistically differentiated and may exhibit different styles and modes of expression. Although they share the scope of the subject matter involved as in all cases they are centered on abortion-related problems, the field of discourse in each case is defined by the nature of the communicative situation in which a particular discourse is embedded. All abortion discourses are underlined with particular assumptions concerning the nature of human life and its beginning, as well as the issues of the dignity and liberty of the human person. The author suggests that what really hampers abortion discourses and prevents their participants from reaching a consensus is the fact that people who engage in such disputes are faced with the incommensurability of the values which translate into decisive factors and the final arguments used by interacting discussants. Another problem is posed by the fact that the two extreme positions in the debate are formulated with the use of different styles and registers, which results in the clash of asymmetric discourses. Finally, it is not insignificant that subjectively important values are much varied and that they must coexist with two main sets or “families” of abortion-oriented fundamental values present in the polarised camps.

15

Arystotelesowsko-tomistyczna koncepcja animacji a współczesne spory bioetyczne

63%

Kulik M.

Rocznik Tomistyczny

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2020

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vol. 2

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issue 9

187-202

EN

The content of the paper is a philosophical analysis of Aristotelian-Thomistic conception of animation as a way to describe the essence of human life. The analysis is philosophical, because its aim does not consist in purely historical inquiry, but in establishment of correct conception of human life. The paper also shows that the classical dilemma between immediate and delayed animation is not anachronical quarrel, but the stances in it are analogous to the contemporary bioethical views on such problems as moral permissibility of abortion and euthanasia. According to the new interpretation Aristotle was a proponent of immediate animation and Aquinas was opting for some form of delayed animation. The critique of these stances has shown their problematic implications and their incompatibility with contemporary scientific knowledge. The aim of proposed modification is both to avoid these flaws and to maintain the essence of the classical conception. The argumentation shows that human life cannot be identified with the potentiality to perform the functions that are specific to human beings, because that potentiality can be ascribed also to the beings other than humans (e.g. reproductive cells). Human existence cannot be identified neither with the acts of reason, because it would lead to denial of the status of human being not only to the embryo and the fetus, but also to the people in their sleep. The correct conception of human life must involve both the existence of a being that has some biological individuality (a member of a specie Homo sapiens) and the potentiality to perform the acts of reason. If (as Aristotle claimed) in case of human being the act of vegetative faculty is also an act of the human soul, then a human being who performs act of that faculty also performs an act of a rational soul. Therefore he maintains its identity as a subject, although in the very moment he doesn’t perform what is most specific to the subject.

16

Etyczne i prawne aspekty stosowania preparatu medycznego ellaOne czyli tzw. pigułki „pięć dni później”

63%

Kobyliński A.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2015

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vol. 13

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issue 1

9-34

EN

The article focuses on ethical and legal aspects of the use of the postcoital contraception. In November 2014The European Medicines Agency recommended a change in classification status from prescription to non-prescription for the emergency contraceptive ellaOne. This medicinal product has been authorized in the European Union since 2009.The European Medicines Agency found that ellaOne could be used safely and effectively without medical prescription, which means that this medicinal product could be obtained without a prescription in the EU. The decision opens up a new stage of public debate about the beginnings of human life and recognition of the human embryo as a human being from the very moment of conception.

17

Tadeusza Lewowickiego pedagogiczny projekt wielokulturowości w kontekście pytań o Conditio Humana

63%

Kożyczkowska A.

Edukacja Międzykulturowa

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 3

40-51

PL

Prezentowany artykuł jest kontynuacją moich badań nad pedagogiczną myślą Tadeusza Lewowickiego. Wcześniej skupiłam się na rozpoznaniu idei człowieka i tego, jak ona istnieje w naukowej twórczości Profesora jako pedagogiczna refleksja. W niniejszym tekście podejmuję próbę osadzania pedagogicznej refleksji o człowieku w kontekście rozważań Tadeusza Lewowickiego o/ nad wielokulturowością. Moim celem jest ponowna próba rozpoznania człowieka (w politycznym projekcie wielokulturowości) poprzez pytania o Conditio Humana. Kontekstem są tu wybrane rozważania Hannah Arendt o kondycji ludzkiej jako czymś, co jest ścisłym (nie)powiązaniem człowieka i polityki. Tekst składa się z trzech części: pierwsza wprowadza w zagadnienie wielokulturowości, która jest zawsze dziełem człowieka i polityki; druga – dotyczy wpływu polityki na „życie ludzkie” (niektóre wątki, zostały już przeze mnie poruszone wcześniej, ale bez ich przywołania nie sposób pisać o „życiu ludzi”, które w pedagogice Lewowickiego jest warunkiem wyłonienia się człowieka); trzecia, ostatnia część artykułu, poświęcona jest potrzebie stawiania pytań o Conditio Humana, jako pedagogicznym imperatywie projektu wielokulturowości Profesora Lewowickiego.

EN

The presented article is the continuation of my research on Tadeusz Lewowicki’s pedagogical thought. Earlier, I focused on recognizing the concept of a human being and how it exists in T. Lewowicki’s scientific work as a pedagogical reflection. In this text, I make an attempt to embed pedagogical thoughts on a human being in the context of Tadeusz Lewowicki’s reflections on multiculturalism. My aim is to retry to recognize a human being (in the political project of multiculturalism) through questions about Conditio Humana. The context is provided by Hanna Arendt’s selected reflections on human condition as something closely (un)related to a human being and politics. The text is composed of three parts: the first introduces the issue of multiculturalism which is always a creation of a human being and politics; the second part concerns the influence of politics on “human life” (I have already used some motifs earlier, but without recalling them it is impossible to write about “human life” which in Lewowicki’s pedagogy is the condition for the emergence of a human being); the third, and the final part of the article is devoted to the need to ask questions about Conditio Humana as a pedagogical imperative of Professor Lewowicki’s project of multiculturalism.

18

Problem konsensu w sprawie prawa do życia

63%

Glombik K.

Sympozjum

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2021

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vol. 2(41)

45-63

PL

Wśród szczegółowych zagadnień w obszarze problematyki ochrony prawa do życia występuje zagadnienie konsensu, które jest dyskutowane głównie w kontekście legalizacji ustawodawstwa dotyczącego aborcji, eutanazji, sztucznego zapłodnienia, kary śmierci. Zagadnienie konsensu w kwestii prawa do życia jest kluczowym dla społecznych dyskusji na ten temat i wiąże się z rozumieniem natury prawa do życia, zarówno w perspektywie prawniczej, jak i moralnej. Problem ten ma także znaczenie dla przyjmowanych rozstrzygnięć w zakresie poszanowania życia ludzkiego oraz konkretnych działań i wyborów ludzi w tym obszarze. Niniejszy tekst jest próbą wyjaśnienia istoty konsensu w kwestii prawa do życia, wskazuje na kwestie problematyczne w dyskusjach na ten temat i przedstawia niektóre argumenty w procesie dochodzenia do powszechnej zgody w zakresie prawa do życia.

EN

Under particular questions in the field of the right to life occurs the problem of consent which is discussed mainly in the context of legalization of abortion, euthanasia, in vitro fertilization and capital punishment. The question of consent in filed of the right to life is important for the discussions to this theme and is related to the understanding of nature of the right to life, both in juridical and moral perspective. The common accordance in the right to life has an impact on the actual solutions in the range of respect for life and concrete activities and choices of people in this field. The presented paper explains the nature of the consent in the question of the right to life, indicates problematic aspects in this regard and shows some arguments in the process of achievement of common accordance in the problem of the right to life.

19

Egzystencja, słowo i czas w „Calidoscopio de la memoria y la escritura” Manuela Sáncheza Cuesta

63%

Polit K.

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio I – Philosophia-Sociologia

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2017

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vol. 42

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issue 2

EN

The subject of the article is a peculiar book by the Spanish philosopher Manuel Sánchez Cuesta, which is a new and original attempt to analyze human life. The author proposes us a journey into the depths of human consciousness, and therefore the problems that are touching upon are not new – the meaning of human life, death, immortality, God. But the attempts to solve them are new. These solutions go beyond the framework of all the most important previous philosophical discourses.

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest szczególna książka hiszpańskiego filozofa Manuela Sáncheza Cuesta, która stanowi nową i oryginalną próbę analizy ludzkiego życia. Autor proponuje nam wędrówkę w głąb ludzkiej świadomości i dlatego problemy, które porusza, nie są nowe – sens ludzkiego życia, śmierć, nieśmiertelność, Bóg. Nowe są natomiast próby ich rozwiązania. Wykraczają one poza ramy wszystkich dotychczasowych najważniejszych dyskursów filozoficznych.

20

Piąta przestrzeń

54%

Hendrykowski M.

Przestrzenie Teorii

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2016

|

issue 25

293-307

EN

This article presents the existence in human life of the proximate dimension, which constitutes a distinctive space. The author proves that a complete model of the dimensions in which individuals and collectives exist must include a fifth dimension. Symbolically named the open, primary or archetypal dimension, it complements the four dimensions already distinguished: public, social, private and intimate.

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Filozofia a działalność człowieka

ŻYCIE LUDZKIE JAKO PRZEDMIOT OCHRONY PRZEPISÓW PRAWA ZE SZCZEGÓLNYM UWZGLĘDNIENIEM MOMENTU OBJĘCIA OCHRONĄ

O starości i jej uciążliwościach w Speculum naturale Wincentego z Beauvais (ok.1194-1264)

Values development in teaching process

Czy powinniśmy słuchać terrorystów?

Mordecai Kaplan’s Understanding of Holiness

Ethical Aspects of Euthanasia. Introduction to the Debate

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