Search results

1

Prawne implikacje wybranych elementów terminu „wojna hybrydowa”

100%

Ochmann P.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2019

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issue 4(28)

125-147

EN

The term ‘hybrid war’ is not a legal term. It belongs to the terminology and concepts used in the studies on international relationships. Due to its popularization in mass media it has recently started to be used in new contexts. The purpose of the article is to ascertain the precise meaning of the term, and to determine the legal implications which a particular understanding of it may have in international public law. Certain understandings or interpretations of a given term determine its legal consequences and allow the assessment of their implications from the point of view of international law. Therefore in the first part of the article, a review and an examination of different ways of understanding the term ‘hybrid war’ have been conducted. Although the definitions that had been analyzed are noteworthy and they emphasize some aspects of the ‘hybrid war,’ they lack a definition of the term that would take into consideration all the dimensions of the issue of a hybrid war. Thus the attempt taken by the author to propose his own definition, aggregating all observations and insights made by the international relations experts so far, and enumerating the distinctive characteristics of hybrid wars. After that, some typical elements of a hybrid war are analyzed from the point of view of international public law. The paper investigates the possibility of qualifying hybrid methods as the ‘use of force,’ an ‘aggression’ and an ‘armed attack’ within the meaning of the United Nations Charter. It also examines the admissibility of a counter-attack within the framework of the right to self- defence. The issue raises many doubts particularly with regard to activities from below the threshold of war that are distinctive characteristics of a hybrid war. The legal implications of the use of a non-state actor to conduct an armed activity under international law were also raised, being referred to as proxy war.

2

Polityka Kiszyniowa wobec diaspory mołdawskiej w kontekście wojny hybrydowej na Ukrainie

93%

Szyszlak T.

Wschodnioznawstwo

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2017

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issue 11

285-298

EN

The article presents the phenomenon of the Moldovan diaspora, indicating the „old diaspora” to the countries of the former USSR, as well as the „new emigration”, mainly to the European Union. Attention was focused on Kishinev’s policy towards emigration, above all in the institutional and legal context. Relations were related to changes in policy in the context of the hybrid war in Ukraine.

3

Indo‑Pakistani “hybrid war” for Kargil

93%

Królikowski H.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2016

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issue 40

395-414

EN

The armed conflict in the Crimea and Eastern Ukraine introduced a new notion of hybrid war into security studies, but such kind of armed conflict is not anything new. History of wars provides at least a few examples when a country was attacked not by conventional armed forces, but by a mixture of special forces, information campaigns and backdoor proxies. Such armed struggles have taken place many times before, for example, during the so called Kargil War in 1999. Lessons for India emerged from the Pakistani operation in Kargil region necessitating a holistic national security review as well as rethinking of the nature of conflict and conduct in the new strategic environment and are very similar to the lessons learnt today by NATO, Poland and Baltic states concerning current warfare in Ukraine.

4

LITHUANIAN POLES AS AN ELEMENT OF THE HYBRID WAR

93%

Gotowiecki P.

Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem

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2017

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vol. 1(8) Moldova on the geopolitical map of Europe

209-220

EN

The article concerns the possibility of using Lithuanian Poles and their political representation: Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania-Christian Families Alliance (AWPL-ZChR) as a potential element in Russian aggression against Lithuania. The author cites previous media reports and expert opinions suggesting such an opportunity, and analyzes the activities of the AWPL-ZChR. The author focuses on such aspects as: cooperation of the AWPL-ZChR with the Russian Alliance - the party of the Russian minority in Lithuania - or alleged pro-Russian statements of the leaders of the Polish minority. The author tries to embed these aspects not only in the geopolitical space, but discuss them in the context of the AWPL-ZChR’ position on the Lithuanian political scene.

5

Terrorism and the Hybrid Warfare in Aspect of War in Ukraine

93%

Wróblewski W.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2022

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issue 4(51)

95-107

EN

Contemporary terrorism is characterised by a complex and networked model of operation. While the main objectives of terrorist acts remain the same, the attack environment, tactics and tools are changing. The international community is taking steps to strengthen counter-terrorism systems, but these are peaceful solutions. These models do not consider the conditions of hybrid armed conflicts in which terrorism is an element of combat tactics. It is a relatively new phenomenon and particularly dangerous for the civilian population. The acts of terror in hybrid warfare are not mechanisms with a simple scheme of action, and, as we try to show in this article, they represent a deliberate and broad spectrum of action. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand terrorism in the context of the threat of hybrid war (especially when terrorist acts complement hybrid tactics or significantly replace conventional tactics). This type of threat must be recognised before achieving its strategic goals. From the substantive point of view, the article studies the problem of terrorism as one of the threats of an armed conflict in Ukraine, commonly known as hybrid war.

6

Conflict as a Problem and Threat to National and International Security

93%

Olak A., Konecka-Szydełko B.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2021

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vol. 40

162-174

EN

The beginning of the 21st century is characterized by a deep crisis of the national and international security system. For many factors caused by the intensification of military-political conflicts of a new type, the term “hybrid war” is now used. A feature of these conflicts is, in the first place, the use by the opponents of a wide scale of non-military means of influence: economic, informational, environmental, social, political and others. It is important here to justify the importance of the transformation of the state system of civil protection, which is being developed under the influence of contemporary military and political conflicts. The problem of military-political rivalry, by defining the content of the term “military-political conflict”, leads to a confrontation of political entities both within the state and at the state level, as well as between states, aimed at achieving their own political interests using various means and ways of influencing the political, military, economic, social and information spheres. The purpose of this speech is to present the mechanisms of solving all existing problems related to the functioning of society and to present the forms and features of contemporary hybrid conflicts.

7

Wojna hybrydowa jako przykład umiędzynarodowionego konfliktu wewnętrznego

93%

Ochmann P., Wojas J.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2018

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issue 2 (22)

101-121

EN

The paper deals with internal conflicts, their internationalisation and a hybrid war. In the 1990s many military conflicts could have been regarded as domestic conflicts or internationalised internal conflicts. According to the authors internationalised internal conflicts and a hybrid war have much in common. The purpose of the paper is to compare and confront distinctive characteristics of internationalised internal conflicts with the model of hybrid war. The authors scrutinize definitions of an internal, domestic conflict and a hybrid war, and the possibilities and likelihood of their occurrence. Finally the issue is analysed in terms of international public law. ‘Hybrid war’ is a term not defined in public international law. However it is commonly used not only by media and politicians, but also by academics in a sci- entific discourse. A question arises to what extent it is justified to use a term in the context of different military conflicts, like for instance the one in the East Ukraine that has been going on since 2015. Therefore it is necessary to explain what the term ‘hybrid war’ means. In order to do so, it is necessary to try to define the term. Its distinctive characteristics must be indicated. Then, many military conflicts will be analysed to determine whether they satisfy the requirements for qualifying them as a ‘hybrid war’ or an internationalised internal conflict. The research leads to a conclusion that an internationalised internal conflict gives many opportunities for applying to it methods characteristic of a hybrid war. In the course of an internationalised internal conflict there are many ways in which the aggressor can evade international liability and the authors attempt to answer how to prevent this.

8

Agresja Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainie – skutki polityczne, prawne i gospodarcze

81%

Kopijka W., Perepełycia G.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2015

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issue 3(34/1)

247-258

EN

Russian military aggression against Ukraine was the culmination of inter-civilizational confrontation of Russia with the West for the final consolidation of spheres of influence in Europe and the world in terms of transformation of international relations from a unipolar to a multipolar system. An important interest for Russia in this confrontation is to return it to the status of a world power. Revolutionary changes in Ukrainian society led to democratization, desovietization and consolidation of the Ukrainian nation. The immediate reaction on this revolutionary process was the Russian military aggression against Ukraine. The military aggression against Ukraine was carried out in the form of a hybrid war. The basic composition of Russian hybrid war in Donbas was inspired internal conflict in Ukraine between the center and the separatist regions. The distinction of Donbas hybrid version of the war is to use armed terror, high intensity combat operations, maneuver their character and widespread use of heavy weapons fire power. The annexation of the Crimea and the occupation of Donbas by Russian troops have a number of consequences that negatively affect international relations and modern system of international law. Aggression of leading to the erosion of the foundations of world order and international security, which could lead to the destruction of the existing world order.

9

Kryzys ukraiński. Nowe spojrzenie na wojnę – z rosyjskiej perspektywy.

81%

Kraj K.

Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe

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2015

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issue 2

25-38

EN

The author in the article represents some Russians opinions on the war. He presents, how Russia used its knowledge and experience to conduct unconventional military operations. The author’s another objective was to raise awareness of the necessity for the recognition and research on military concepts which originate and develop in the Russian Federation.

10

Rebel-War in Ukraine

81%

Sawa-Czajka E.

Confrontation and Cooperation: 1000 Years of Polish-German-Russian Relations

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2014

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vol. 1

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issue 1

25-31

11

Challenges to Ukraine’s energy security in the 21st century

81%

Nikolayenko N., Kravchuk O., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Urbański D., Piechowiak-Lamparska J., Bryc A., Bojarczyk B., Jorgensen F. A. E., Niedziołka D., Pacześniak A., Potorski R., Wincławska M., Włodkowska-Bagan A., Jeran A., Mol A., Solsbery A., Dąbrowska I., Głodkowski M., Kopcewicz G., Olszanecka N., Piechowiak-Lamparska J.

The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies

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2018

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issue 1

EN

The article describes the main challenges to the energy security of Ukraine in the 21st c., including the context of hybrid warfare. As modern armed conflicts actively use the economic component (energy) alongside the military actions, it is expedient to focus on the energy sector characteristics of the Ukrainian economy. The article discusses the main sources of threats and challenges to Ukraine’s energy security and the keystones of energy strategy for the next decade, followed by the analysis of several indicators of energy security and their dynamics in the years 2010–2014. A brief presentation of Russian military and economic impact on the energy security of Ukraine concludes the text.

12

Hybrid war: real casualties in Ukraine

81%

Kamusella T.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2018

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issue 50

EN

Hybrid war: real casualties in UkraineThe Russo-Ukrainian war that broke out in 2014 in the wake of Russia’s annexation of Crimea continues to be all too rarely noticed in the West. Observers comment widely on the novel ‘hybrid’ character of warfare as developed and trialed by the Kremlin worldwide during the recent years, but pay scant attention to the Russian ‘training ground’ in eastern Ukraine. The article probes into the realities of the ongoing RussoUkrainian war, alongside the ideological underpinnings of the Kremlin’s intervention and Ukraine’s response to this attack. It appears that the Russian government adopted ethnolinguistic nationalism, typical of Central Europe, namely, that all Russian-speakers constitute the Russian nation, especially if their communities compactly inhabit areas directly bordering on the Russian Federation. Wojna hybrydowa: Prawdziwe ofiary wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiejWojna rosyjsko-ukraińska, która wybuchła w 2014 r. w następstwie aneksji Krymu przez Rosję, jest nadal zbyt rzadko zauważana na Zachodzie. Obserwatorzy szeroko komentują „hybrydowy” charakter działań wojennych, wypracowywanych i wypróbowywanych przez Kreml po całym świecie w ciągu ostatnich lat, lecz nie zwracają uwagi na rosyjski „poligon doświadczalny” we wschodniej Ukrainie. Artykuł analizuje realia toczącej się tam wojny rosyjsko-ukraińskiej, jak i ideologiczne założenia interwencji militarnej Kremla oraz reakcję Ukrainy na tenże atak ze strony Rosji. Wydaje się, że rosyjski rząd przyjął jako uzasadnienie etnolingwistyczny nacjonalizm (typowy dla Europy Środkowej), a mianowicie, że wszystkie osoby rosyjskojęzyczne to członkowie narodu rosyjskiego, zwłaszcza jeśli ich społeczności zamieszkują tereny bezpośrednio graniczące z obszarem Federacji Rosyjskiej.

13

AKTUALNE ZAGROŻENIE WOJNĄ HYBRYDOWĄ DLA POLSKI ZE STRONY FEDERACJI ROSYJSKIEJ

81%

Kałuża J.

Eunomia – Rozwój Zrównoważony – Sustainable Development

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2018

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issue 1(94)

137-145

EN

The world is developing at a very high rate, in fact all areas of life such as science, technology, medicine and cyberspace. At the same time, proportionally to this progress and in relation to the development of technology, security-related concepts have evolved and are becoming a priority for many countries. The new face has come also for military activities. Developed countries have dealt with problems such as providing food and water to citizens, controlling the epidemic, and guaranteeing education, however, regardless of the level of urbanization, they face a new threat – a hybrid war. What are its features? What is its nature and direction? How to recognize its beginning and end? What measures are used to carry it out? Are international organizations able to counteract it effectively? This article attempts to answer the above questions and diagnoses the current level of threat of a hybrid war for Poland, mainly in the context of a specific geopolitical situation.

14

Russia’s devastating impact on critical infrastructure during the hybrid war in Ukraine

81%

Pacek B., Pacek P.

Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka

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2023

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vol. LI

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issue 2

11-27

EN

The article attempts to present the Russia’s devastating impact on critical infrastructure during the hybrid war in Ukraine. In order to present a broader context regarding the process, a timeline of the Ukraine-Russia war is presented, starting with the seizure of Crimea, the separation of Donbass, the beginning of the invasion and the Kiev phase, the positional war, and ending with the Kharkiv and Kherson counter-offensives. It goes on to analyse the targets and magnitude of Russian attacks on critical infrastructure, including such as medical and energy infrastructure. Authors point out that many times the overriding aim is to make life difficult for the civilian community, presumably to trigger signs of discontent and opposition to the Ukrainian authorities. The article also identifies the risks in the area of destruction of critical infrastructure in possible future conflicts and points to the need to take measures to strengthen the resilience of societies and states enabling their undisturbed functioning.

15

Rzeczpospolita Polska a współczesne wyzwania (globalnego) terroryzmu. Przyczynek do zrozumienia relacji terroryzmu, polityki i (edukacji dla) bezpieczeństwa

81%

Małysz Z.

Kultura-Społeczeństwo-Edukacja

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2021

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vol. 19

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issue 1

161-189

EN

This article is a combination of reporting and analysis, constituting a relatively innovative approach in the scientific literature. It combines a report on a science-topical conference with the author’s attempt to weigh up and analyse the 16 years (as of 2017 – Z.M.) of the “war on terror” in terms of security (both external and internal) and the Republic of Poland’s raison d’état with particular emphasis on what are termed “contemporary challenges and threats”, dynamically occurring in the so-called “broad security environment” (in the perspective of Central and Eastern Europevs. the EU and NATO) (see: Summary and Conclusions). The author has used his own holistic analytical-synthetic and predictive method in accordance with the analytical paradigm proposed by Col. dr hab. Mirosław Banasik (Ph.D.), professor at UJK (Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Poland) (2018 – see especially: p. 13).

16

The genesis, theory, and practice of Russian coercive migration engineering. A contribution to the study of the migration crisis on NATO’s eastern flank

81%

Wojnowski M.

Przegląd Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego

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2022

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vol. 14

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issue 26

263-300

EN

The purpose of this article is to present the origins and assumptions of the Russian concept of coercive migration engineering and its practical application with particular emphasis on the role of special services in such activities. The engineering of coercive migration has become an unprecedented form of leverage through which the Russian Federation pursues its geopolitical interests. The country’s use of this tool is a fact and not a conspiracy theory devoid of empirical evidence, as some analysts associated with European Union institutions believe. A comparison of the course of the exodus of Cubans from Mariel to Miami in 1980 and the Finnish-Russian migration crisis in 2015-2016 proves that at least since the Cold War, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and then the Russian Federation - on the basis of innovative approaches to security problems and conflict theory in military science - have developed effective means and methods of engineering coercive migration, making it a tool for destabilizing states and forcing political concessions favorable to themselves.

17

HYBRID WAR(FARE): THE CHALLENGE OF CONTAGION

81%

Tyushka A.

Torun International Studies

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2019

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issue 12

5-29

EN

Whereas scholarly accounts have mushroomed, especially since 2014, on what a ‘hybrid warfare’ is and is not, the phenomenon has taken a centerstage in international politics, thus confidently entering the everyday political vocabularies and practices in a growing number of states and societies worldwide. Drawing on the recent evidence of spatial and temporal diffusion of hybrid warfare theatres, this article argues that hybrid wars are highly contagious, thus prone to substantially challenge the international order, its normative and structural foundations. It therefore aims to explore the trends in the ideational spread and political uses of both hybrid warfare methods as well as the proliferating instances of hybrid wars fought across the globe. Finally, drawing on the empirical evidence and scholarly achievements in related fields of study, the article offers explanatory account of the mechanisms, conditions and dimension of hybrid war(fare) contagion. Among other featured cases, Russia’s hybrid war(fare) campaigns in Ukraine, Europe and further afield are employed as illustrative ‘archetypal’ cases.

18

HYBRID WAR – WAR OF THE 21ST CENTURY

81%

IVANČÍK R.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2016

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vol. 22(22)

205-239

EN

Hybrid war represents one of the most used terms in the area of military and security affairs in the last years, especially after the outbreak of conflict in Ukraine. It appears still more frequently not only in scientific or specialized military or security publications, studies or articles, but also in various journals, news, reports or debates out of military or security community. It might be seemed that it is a new term or even new type of conflict, but it is not. Hybrid war is really no new phenomenon, it is known for many years; however, after the Russian annexation of Crimea, it is much more popular and used. On the other hand, the majority of wider public do not know what the mentioned term exactly represents, and that is the reason why an author of the article deals with this topic and, through gained results of the research, tries to explain the essence of examined problem.

19

Współpraca MON z organizacjami proobronnymi – potrzebna nowa koncepcja i regulacje prawne

70%

Lubański T.

Kontrola Państwowa

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2019

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vol. 64

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issue 5 (388)

87-101

EN

The audit in the area was conducted due to the development of social organisations of paramilitary nature, and it was aimed to examine whether the national defence sector had a concept and solutions allowing for appropriate use of these organisations’ potential in supporting the State’s defence system. The main objective of the audit was to answer the question whether the cooperation between the Ministry of National Defence and paramilitary organisations was effective.

20

Літературний щоденник як спроба автотерапії травми війни (за книгою Життя P.S. Валерії Бурлакової)

70%

Pukhonska O.

Studia Polsko-Ukraińskie

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2020

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vol. 7

210-222

XX

The article is a scientific attempt to understand and present to the contemporary recipient the artistic dimension of war and its reflection in the cultural consciousness of the society of the twenty-first century. The author appeals to the literary diary titled Zhyttia P.S. (The Life P.S.), written by a soldier participating in the Russian-Ukrainian war in Donbas. Certain features of the work provide evidence that it is a hybrid war. For Ukrainians, it is a war for real memory. Most attention in the researching of the literary reception of this traumatic event is paid to three fundamental signs. The first one is the gender peculiarity – the story is told by a woman who fought at the front and lost there her beloved person, who was killed by the enemy. The second peculiarity is the feature of writing therapy, when writing the diary opened the possibility of release from the experienced trauma. And the third one is the genre of diary, which is a memoir and at the same time an artistic reflection of the image of war.

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Prawne implikacje wybranych elementów terminu „wojna hybrydowa”

Polityka Kiszyniowa wobec diaspory mołdawskiej w kontekście wojny hybrydowej na Ukrainie

Indo‑Pakistani “hybrid war” for Kargil

LITHUANIAN POLES AS AN ELEMENT OF THE HYBRID WAR

Terrorism and the Hybrid Warfare in Aspect of War in Ukraine

Conflict as a Problem and Threat to National and International Security

Wojna hybrydowa jako przykład umiędzynarodowionego konfliktu wewnętrznego

Agresja Federacji Rosyjskiej na Ukrainie – skutki polityczne, prawne i gospodarcze

Kryzys ukraiński. Nowe spojrzenie na wojnę – z rosyjskiej perspektywy.

Rebel-War in Ukraine

Challenges to Ukraine’s energy security in the 21st century

Hybrid war: real casualties in Ukraine

AKTUALNE ZAGROŻENIE WOJNĄ HYBRYDOWĄ DLA POLSKI ZE STRONY FEDERACJI ROSYJSKIEJ

Russia’s devastating impact on critical infrastructure during the hybrid war in Ukraine

Rzeczpospolita Polska a współczesne wyzwania (globalnego) terroryzmu. Przyczynek do zrozumienia relacji terroryzmu, polityki i (edukacji dla) bezpieczeństwa

The genesis, theory, and practice of Russian coercive migration engineering. A contribution to the study of the migration crisis on NATO’s eastern flank