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EN
Purpose: To assess of prosthetic restorations' hygiene concerning the patients with metal and metal and porcelain crowns compared to the natural dentition. Materials and methods: Eighteen persons with fixed prosthetic restorations were examined. The hygiene of their permanent restorations was sampled with Plaque Test. Results: The value of the fluorescent indicator was highest on the own teeth, lower value was on metal crowns and the lowest value was observed on porcelain and metal crowns. The hygiene instructions resulted in the gradual decrease of the indicator’s value, which was observed during the following control visits. Conclusions: The researches reveal that the dental plaque has the least adhesive properties in relation to fixed prosthetic restorations made of porcelain and the precise instructions considering the hygiene of an oral cavity has a crucial influence on the improvement of the hygiene of the crowns
EN
The essay describes the Polish episode in the 1918–20 influenza pandemic, situating the occurrence in the European and international context, and covering some relevant research issues. The topic is introduced by a brief discussion of the most recent hypotheses regarding the genesis of the pandemic and how it related to the World War in its declining phase. The core section, discussing the situation in Poland, begins with a description of the civilisation crisis caused by the frontline recurring across the country and the policies pursued by the occupational powers and the tough sanitary conditions implied by these developments. A survey of accessible sources is preceded by an outlined reconstruction of the course of the epidemic in various areas of the country, delineation of its timeframe, description of the symptoms and of the responses to the disease, attempts made to prevent its dissemination, and treatment methods in use at the time. The author seeks to determine the basic figures such as the morbidity and mortality rates, as compared against the data available for the other countries. In conclusion, considered are the presumed reasons behind the disappearance of the ‘Spanish flu’ epidemic experience from Polish collective memory.
EN
Introduction: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations, medical staff are obliged to decontaminate the skin of the hands before every single patient contact. Materials and Methods: The study was performed by quasi-observation among the group of 188 medical staff (nurses and physicians) working in three selected hospitals of the Łódź province. The procedure of hand washing and disinfection performed directly before the patient contact according to the CDC and WHO recommendations were observed. The results was subject to statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results: During 1544 hours of observation 4101 activities requiring hand washing were recorded. The medical staff obeyed the hand washing procedure before the patient contact only in 5.2% of the situations. There was no activity observed before which hand hygiene was maintained in 100% of cases. Observance of hand hygiene depended signifi cantly on the type of the performed activity, the professional group, and the workload index. A decrease in percentage observance of hand hygiene according to the time of the day was found to be of statistical signifi cance. The mean time of hand washing was 8.5 s for physicians and 6.6 s for nurses. Conclusion: The level of observance of hand washing procedures among the medical staff prior to the patient contact appears to be alarmingly below the expectations.
EN
Objectives: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) state that adequate hand hygiene maintained by medical personnel is an indispensable prerequisite for controlling nosocomial infections. The recommendations of CDC and WHO emphasize the obligation to wash hands after each contact with a patient, after the exposure to a potentially infectious material or upon the contact with objects surrounding the patient. Materials and Methods: The study was performed by quasi-observation among the group of 188 medical staff members (nurses and physicians) working in three selected hospitals of the Łódź Province. The procedure of hand washing/disinfection performed directly after the patient contact according to the recommendations of CDC and WHO was observed. The results were subject to statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results: During 1544 h of observations, 4101 activities requiring hand washing were recorded. The medical personnel followed the hand hygiene procedures after the patient contact in 26.4% of the situations that require hygiene according to the guidelines. The level of observance of the hand washing procedures depended significantly on the type of performed activity, profession, degree of workload, index of activity, and time of duty hours. The mean time of hand washing after patient contact was 9.2 s for physicians and 6.7 s for nurses. Conclusion: Both the level of observance of hygienic procedures after the contact with patients as well as the time of hand washing are insufficient. There is an urgent need to work out educational programs on maintaining proper hand hygiene for medical personnel.
EN
Introduction: To minimize the risk of cross-infection between the patient and the medical staff, it is necessary to use individual protective measures such as gloves. According to the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), protective gloves should always be used upon contact with blood, mucosa, injured skin or other potentially infectious material. Materials and Methods: The aim of the study was to evaluate, through quasi-observation, the use of protective gloves by medical staff according to the guidelines issued by the CDC and WHO. The results were subject to statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results: During 1544 hours of observations, 3498 situations were recorded in which wearing protective gloves is demanded from the medical staff. The overall percentage of the observance of using gloves was 50%. The use of gloves depended significantly on the type of ward, profession, performed activity, number of situations that require wearing gloves during the observation unit and the real workload. During the entire study, as many as 718 contacts with patients were observed in which the same gloves were used several times. Conclusion: Wearing disposable protective gloves by the medical staff is insufficient.
EN
In his lecture “Beauty in nature from the point of view of spiritual and bodily hygiene”, delivered in 1896 at the Tytus Chałubiński Museum, Henryk Nusbaum described the vividness of the mountain landscape as the object of aesthetic experience, which had apositive impact on the physiological processes of the human body. Emotions stemming from asense of beauty reduce suffering and pain, bring comfort and relief in everyday worries, strengthen the body and make it more resistant to the causes of disease. Nusbaum calls this beauty of nature, alleviating the negative impact of sorrow and suffering, ahygienic factor, which is sometimes of therapeutic nature. In addition, the experience of the beauty of the mountain landscape is something more than just an aesthetic sensation — it is apremise of contemplation, which elevates human beings morally and prompts them to fight for the ideals of love, wisdom and justice.
EN
The article analyzes the sanitary and hygienic conditions of living and medical care at Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz — a branch of the Stutthof central camp. The sub-camp in Police was created with a view to supplying cheap labour to a synthetic gasoline factory, which was a strategic plant of the German war economy. The health condition of prisoners in concentration camps always remained bad, but the health problems of the prisoners in Police resulted not only from terrible sanitary, hygienic, and living conditions, but also from the difficult working conditions in the factory. So far, the issues of interest to us have not found wider interest among researchers who focused on the so-called “Camps”, apart from the so-called small — affiliate camps. The following research questions were asked: How did medical care function in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz? What were the sanitary, living and hygienic conditions in the German (Nazi) sub-camp Konzentrationslager Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz? In preparing this article the author used research methods characteristic for historical sciences, such as external and internal evaluation of sources; the dogmatic method, which seeks casual connections of a more complex nature than simple time-related connections, and comparative research. The analysis was based on archival materials of the Institute of National Remembrance, especially the Archives of the Branch Office of the Commission For the Prosecution of Crimes Against The Polish Nation of the Institute of National Remembrance in Szczecin (primarily testimony reports and witness accounts, factual documentation), memories and literature of the subject (Polish, German, and English). Based on the source material and subject literature it was proved that: 1) The way the sub-camp in Pölitz operated depended on the requirements of the German arms industry. It was created to provide cheap labor for a synthetic fuel factory (Chemische Werke Hydropetroleum Industrie Gesellschaft), a strategic plant for the German war industry. 2) Prisoners of concentration camps were never in good health, but health problems of prisoners in Pölitz were caused not only by poor sanitation, hygiene, and living conditions, but also by harsh working conditions in the factory. 3) The health conditions developed by prisoners from the KL Stutthof — Aussenlager Pölitz could be divided into 4 groups: a) illnesses related to the living conditions in the camp, typical for most concentration camps, b) illnesses resulting from hunger and total exhaustion, c) injuries caused by beating, and d) illnesses resulting from workplace contamination. The operation of the Pölitz camp could be divided into two periods: one when the camp (at that time “the summer camp”) was still under construction, and the other — its actual operation — when the winter camp was established with extended camp infrastructure. However, regardless of the time, prisoners always suffered from hunger, exhausting work beyond their capabilities and various illnesses.
EN
Physical activity of the elderly provides maintenance of efficiency, health for many years of life. It affects also on the extension of independence and is the cure on many maladies of old age. We can observe the effects of the coming old-age in the second half of life, middle aged, when we are getting older and occurs slow reduction of physical and psychical capacity of organism. „We run to die healthy” - who among us doesn’t imagine how to be efficiency to the end of life in good sport condition? Physical efficiency allows us to achieve optimal quality of life everyday and the performance of motion activities, necessary for health of elderly people. The sole goal of this article is to show how shaped by the views from the past on physical activity of elderly and views of doctors and activists of physical culture on seniors efficiency. The issue physical activity of the elderly is little known because we always pay attention on progress the children and the teenagers, what confirm many pedagogical works. We have not much science publications which encourage the elderly to active and healthy lifestyle. During the research following methods were used: source materials search, source amassing, combining those materials, analysing and interpreting the source materials, also explaining some of the historical facts with reference to reality of that times. The research covers elaborations about physical activities, medicine and history of physical culture field literature, and the recreation of elderly. Furthermore the method of individual observation was used. The article shows the role of the elderly people physical activity in hygienic aspect and his influence on extension of life. A very important role plays also family, their help, care on senior and mutual support and social awareness, which allows to actively participate the elderly in physical culture, whose aim is to maintain the efficiency to the end of life.
EN
This article aims to present the views of Dr. Józef Starkman regarding the home treatment of sick children and young persons. The main point of the article underlines the importance of maintaining good hygiene in the rooms where sick people, including the children and the young spent their time. Starkman highlighted the roles of physical activity, mental hygiene, physical development, proper clothing and balanced, healthy eating. In his opinion, childhood habits tended to impact on adulthood. According to Starkman, the reasons for numerous health problems and disorders should have been defined on the basis of imbalanced diet, neglecting hygiene and poor sanitary conditions. He also emphasised deficiencies in physical activity and spiritual development as regards the children’s and youth’s time spent both at home and at school.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie poglądów dra Józefa Starkmana (1847–1892) na temat opieki medycznej nad dziećmi i młodzieżą w warunkach domowych. Bohater artykułu podkreślał, jak ważna jest dbałość o przestrzeganie higieny w pomieszczeniach, w których przebywały osoby chore, w tym dzieci i młodzież. Starkman wskazywał na rolę ruchu, higieny umysłowej, rozwoju fizycznego, odpowiedniego odzienia i racjonalnego odżywiania. Jego zdaniem nawyki z dzieciństwa miały się później przekładać na życie dorosłe. Według niego przyczyn wielu zaburzeń zdrowotnych wśród najmłodszych należało szukać w niewłaściwej diecie, zaniedbaniach higienicznych i złych warunkach sanitarnych. Zwracał uwagę na braki fizyczne i duchowe podczas pobytu dzieci i młodzieży zarówno w domu, jak i szkole.
PL
Artykuł ukazuje zagadnienia higieny i zdrowia poruszane na łamach polskiej prasy ludowej z przełomu XIX i XX w. Badaniami objęto takie gazety jak m.in.: „Przyjaciel Ludu”, „Zaranie”, „Związek Chłopski”. Autorami przeważającej części artykułów były osoby nie posiadające wiedzy medycznej. Były one jednak bystrymi obserwatora sytuacji zdrowotnej na wsi i wyrazicielami lokalnej opinii publicznej na temat higieny oraz lecznictwa. Artykuły i krótkie listy do redakcji ukazują na jakie choroby najczęściej zapadała ludność, jaka była skala zachorowań i metody leczenia schorzeń. Treść tych publikacji nie pozostawia wątpliwości, że na ówczesnej wsi polskiej występowały liczne zachorowania na gruźlicę, tyfus, szkarlatynę. Skuteczność leczenia tych chorób była niewielka, brakowało lekarstw i należycie funkcjonującej służby zdrowia. Wśród włościan był duży sceptycyzm wobec pomocy ze strony lekarzy, których piętnowano za pobieranie wysokiego wynagrodzenia za swą pracę.
EN
The article presents the issues of hygiene and health discussed in Polish peasant papers at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. Th e research covered newspapers such as “Przyjaciel Ludu”, “Zaranie” and “Związek Chłopski”. The authors of the majority of articles did not have medical knowledge. However, they were bright observers of the health situation in the country and expressed the opinion of the local communities on hygiene and healthcare. The articles and short letters to the editors show the diseases the population suff ered from most frequently, the incidence rate and methods of treating diseases. Th e content of these publications leaves no doubt that there were numerous cases of tuberculosis, typhus and scarlet fever in the Polish country of that time. Th e eff ectiveness of treating these diseases was low, there were no medicines or properly operating healthcare. Peasants were highly sceptical of seeking help from doctors who were stigmatized because of the high salaries for their job.
EN
W nowym powojennym modelu systemu państwowej służby zdrowia aż do lat 70. XX w. jedyną grupą społeczną pozostającą na jego marginesach byli rolnicy indywidualni. Pozostawienie ludności wiejskiej poza systemem bezpłatnej opieki medycznej i tym samym zmuszenie dorosłych jej reprezentantów do ponoszenia wysokich kosztów leczenia powszechnych wówczas schorzeń zdrowotnych (np. gruźlicy) stanowić miało w latach 50. jedną z form stalinowskiej polityki opresyjnej. W rzeczywistości jednak sytuacja taka wymuszona była przede wszystkim niewydolnością ekonomiczną, kadrową i organizacyjną odbudowywanego państwa.Instalowane lub docierające na wieś lat 50. instytucje opieki medycznej bezpłatną pomoc oferowały tylko małym i dorastającym dzieciom oraz kobietom w ciąży. Wygenerowana powojenną przebudową struktury społecznej i własnościowej dynamicznie narastająca mobilność społeczna polskiej wsi stawała się coraz istotniejszym czynnikiem wspierającym modernizacyjne działania władz centralnych. Celem tekstu jest zarysowanie skali wiejskich problemów zdrowotnych w okresie tużpowojennym. Traktując okres ten jako swego rodzaju punkt wyjścia, w tekście podejmę również próbę scharakteryzowania kierunków i tempa przemian dokonujących się w życiu codziennym polskiej wsi w obszarze zdrowia do początku lat 70. ubiegłego stulecia. In a new post-war model of the state healthcare system the only group that stayed on its margin until the 1970s were individual farmers. Leaving the peasants outside the system of free medical care and thus forcing adult members of this class to pay high costs of treatment of common at that time medical maladies (such as, for example, tuberculosis) was in the 1950s one of the forms of oppressive Stalinist policy. In fact, however, such a situation was forced mainly by economic, personnel, and organisational malfunction of the reconstructed state.Institutions of medical care that reached the countryside or were established there in the 1950s, provided free medical coverage only for children and pregnant women. A rapidly growing social mobility of the Polish countryside generated by the post-war revamping of social and ownership structure was becoming an increasingly important factor supporting modernisation actions of the central authorities. The purpose of the present study is to outline the scale of medical and health problems in the Polish countryside immediately after the war. Treating this period as a peculiar starting point, I also make an attempt to characterise directions and pace of changes occurring in the everyday health life of the Polish country to the 1970s.
EN
An appropriate daily schedule takes into account the requirements of pedagogy and hygiene according to particular children’s development groups. By fulfilling the said requirements, a school contributes to enhancing students’ ability to work, achievement of greater educational progress, a positive attitude towards activities, an interest in creative work, proper physical development and health. An early school teacher is responsible for educating how important the balance between work and rest is. It is important from teachers’ perspective to become conscious of how their pupils perceive the conditions in which they function in educational facilities. The designed studies presented in this paper are consistent with this issue.
PL
Właściwy rozkład dnia ucznia uwzględnia wymagania pedagogiki i higieny odpowiednie do poszczególnych grup rozwojowych dzieci. Szkoła speł-niając te wymagania, przyczynia się do zwiększenia zdolności ucznia do pracy, jego większych postępów edukacyjnych, pozytywnego nastawienia do działania, zainteresowania pracą twórczą, prawidłowego rozwoju fizycznego i zdrowia. Na nauczycielu wczesnej edukacji spoczywa odpowiedzialność za uświadamianie, jak ważna jest równowaga między pracą a wypoczynkiem. Istotne z punktu widze-nia nauczycieli jest również uświadomienie sobie sposobu spostrzegania przez ich podopiecznych warunków, w jakich funkcjonują w placówkach szkolnych. Zaprojektowane badania przedstawione w niniejszym opracowaniu wpisują się w to zagadnienie.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the issue of health, health and hygiene promotion in the light of women’s sport press in the interwar years. In the years 1927-1936, a magazine ’Start’ was published and it was dedicated to the aspects of physical education, sport and hygiene in relation to women. It promoted physical activity as a health factor which should be dosed reasonably and emphasised the influence of physical activity on a human organism. Articles published in the magazine covered the problems related to medicine of sport, mainly to the need of medical examinations in sport. Some articles were on emergency issues, healthy lifestyle and body care. The editors of ’Start’ promoted publications in the field of health, hygiene and dietetics. They saw the problem of intensity of physical activity in women’s professional work.
PL
Celem pracy jest przedstawienie problematyki zdrowia, promocji zdrowia i higieny w świetle sportowej prasy kobiecej w Polsce w okresie międzywojennym. W latach 1927 – 1936 ukazywało się czasopismo „Start” poświęcone aspektom wychowania fizycznego, sportu i higieny kobiet. Na łamach „Startu” propagowano aktywność fizyczną jako czynnik zdrowia. Wskazywano na racjonalne dawkowanie oraz wpływ aktywności fizycznej na organizm. Publikowano materiały z zakresu medycyny sportu, głównie potrzebę badań lekarskich w sporcie. Część doniesień poruszała sprawy ratownictwa, zdrowego stylu życia oraz pielęgnacji ciała. Redakcja „Startu” promowała wydawnictwa z zakresu zdrowia, higieny i dietetyki. Dostrzegała problem kompensacji wysiłku fizycznego w pracy zawodowej kobiet.
15
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Kropící vůz? Asanace? Hygiena a "politika ulice":

51%
EN
The quality of hygiene became an important aspect of the design and evaluation of public space over the course of the long 19th century - consideration was primarily made when planning and evaluating the primarily urban environment of the width of the streets, natural ventilation and the degree to which they could be lit using natural light, the area of the square, and the methods of cleaning. Hygiene was concerned with the external conditions of human life. It focused not only on the individual, since the health benefit to the individual was only one piece in the jigsaw of the national or state benefit. The public space designed according to modern hygiene criteria is therefore by principle a value-connoted environment and consequently a means of specific pro-national or pro-state “street politics”.
EN
Creating the best possible conditions for bringing up the young has been a topic long debated by educators and politicians. The turn of the 20th century, however, was a time when the debate intensified and took on a new meaning. The discussion had social, economic, health, feminist, and patriotic aspects. Toward the end of the 19th century, the whole of Europe – including the Polish territories – saw a decline in the health as well as the psychological and moral condition of young generations. This was a cause for concern among European societies. A fear of degeneration was fueled by the growing scientific research on heredity. All this was happening amidst changes related to the role of family as a building block of both the state and the nation. Hence, from a social capital perspective, children became very valuable. Such views were also shared by the Polish intelligentsia. Perceiving education as the best solution to the aforementioned problems, the intelligentsia undertook a range of initiatives – launching press campaigns, and setting up publications and associations – that targeted parents as well as young women. These initiatives were intended to prepare young females – from a physical, psychological, and moral standpoint – to make conscious decisions about motherhood. Among the most debated issues were the health and hygiene of young females, the changing model of marriage, birth control, as well as other ethical issues, such as the introduction of more rigorous moral guidelines for future husbands and wives. The discussion which started during this time was in many ways institutionalized during the Second Polish Republic.
PL
Problem zdrowotności i stworzenia jak najlepszych warunków dla wychowania młodego pokolenia jest zagadnieniem stale przewijającym się w dyskusjach pedagogów, wychowawców i polityków na przestrzeni wieków. Na przełomie jednak wieku XIX i XX wieku uległ intensyfikacji i nabrał nowego znaczenia. Jak w soczewce kumulowały się w nim wątki społeczne, ekonomiczne, higieniczne, feministyczne i patriotyczne, przeplatając się i warunkując wzajemnie. Pod koniec XIX wieku w całej Europie – również na ziemiach polskich – pogarszający się stan zdrowia oraz kondycja psychiczna i moralna młodych pokoleń budziły poważne obawy. Lęk przed zwyrodnieniem i degeneracją podsycany był przez rozwój badań nad dziedzicznością. Wszystko to łączyło się również z przemianami związanymi z funkcjonowaniem rodziny, rozumianej jako gwarant przetrwania oraz siły państwa i narodu. Dziecko stawało się w tym ujęciu najcenniejszym kapitałem społecznym. Poglądy te podzielała również inteligencja polska, a kierując się wiarą, iż najskuteczniejszym lekarstwem jest edukacja i wychowanie, podejmowała szereg inicjatyw (kampanie prasowe, publikacje, stowarzyszenia) kierowanych do rodziców oraz dziewcząt mających na celu przygotowanie tych ostatnich pod względem fizycznym, psychicznym oraz moralnym do podjęcia decyzji o macierzyństwie. Zwracano uwagę na problem zdrowia i higieny dziewcząt, dyskutowano na temat konieczności i form ich uświadomienia, zmiany dotychczasowego modelu małżeństwa, pojawiła się wreszcie kwestia odpowiedniego dobru małżeństwa i kontroli urodzeń. Szeroko poruszano kwestie etyczne, zwłaszcza wprowadzenia surowszych rygorów moralnych dla narzeczonych i przyszłych małżonków. Dyskusja, która się wówczas rozpoczęła, przybrała formy zinstytucjonalizowane w okresie II RP.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza zarządzania pracą wolontariuszy akcyjnych na podstawie teorii F. Herzberga. Teoria dwuczynnikowa znajduje zazwyczaj zastosowanie do opisu motywacji pracowników. Znaczenie ma wprowadzone przez Herzberga rozróżnienie czynników higieny i satysfakcji, które wykorzystane zostanie w odniesieniu do aktywności wolontariuszy. Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2010 i 2011 w trzech miastach: Gdańsku, Poznaniu i Wrocławiu. Przeprowadzono 75 wywiadów pogłębionych z wolontariuszami oraz przedstawicielami organizacji angażujących wolontariuszy. Głównym wnioskiem jest to, że w porównaniu z pracownikami czynniki motywacji są niewątpliwie odmienne, jednak czynniki higieny nie ulegają zmianie – powinny być uwzględniane w odniesieniu do wolontariuszy tak samo jak w przypadku pracowników.
EN
The aim of this article is analysis of work management based on Herzberg`s theory. The two factors theory usually is used to describe employee motivation. Hygiene and satisfaction (motivation) factors of Herzberg are of great significance for us which we used to describe volunteer activity. Data was collected in three cities: Gdańsk, Poznan and Wrocław. Research analysis is based on 75 in-depth intervies with volunteers and volunteer organizations. Research data shows that in comparison with employees motivation factors are different, but hygiene factors do not change and should take into consideration managing volunteer work the same as employees work.
EN
Poland, just before regaining its independence, faced not only the need to integrate formally the country, but most of all it had to take care of the youngest and create for them the right living conditions, including the suitable conditions for education. A number of hygienists claimed that the reason for many illnesses was the lack of proper school buildings fulfilling basic sanitarian conditions, safety and the right hygiene of learning. So the introduction of compulsory education and reforms concerning programs and structure of school system did not allow to think that the problem of Polish education had been solved. The measure of its state and the condition for development was accommodation and school buildings. Unfortunately, the infrastructure was not properly developed and it was visible in the whole Poland. The analysis of sources and source literature allowed to depict in the article the situation of primary school in the Lublin region county in the first years of independence of Poland. The article describes the infrastructure of educational centers, especially their material situation which directly influenced the conditions in which the youth learned. Much attention was paid to the creation of the net of primary schools, especially the data conditioning the technical conditions and equipment which was necessary to provide the pupils with the right hygienic conditions at schools.
PL
Polska w momencie odzyskania niepodległości stanęła przed wyzwaniem nie tylko zorganizowania od strony formalnej państwa, ale przede wszystkim otoczenia opieką najmłodszych i stworzenia im dogodnych warunków do życia, w tym i do nauki. Wielu higienistów uważało, z czym należy się niewątpliwie zgodzić, że przyczyną wielu schorzeń uczniów był zarówno brak odpowiednich budynków szkolnych spełniających podstawowe wymagania sanitarne, jak i zapewniających bezpieczeństwo i odpowiednią higienę nauczania. Zatem samo wprowadzenie obowiązku szkolnego oraz reform dotyczących programów i struktury szkolnictwa nie dawało podstaw, by sądzić, że został rozwiązany problem polskiej oświaty. Miernikiem jej stanu i warunkiem rozwoju była baza lokalowa oraz budynki szkolne. Niestety brak odpowiednio przygotowanej infrastruktury dało się odczuć w całej Polsce. Analiza źródeł oraz literatury przedmiotu pozwoliła w niniejszym artykule na ukazanie sytuacji szkolnictwa powszechnego na Lubelszczyźnie w niepodległej Polsce. Artykuł traktuje o stanie infrastruktury placówek, a zwłaszcza ich sytuacji materialnej, która miała wpływ na warunki, w jakich uczyła się młodzież. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na kształtowanie się sieci szkół powszechnych oraz zaprezentowano problemy dotyczące budowy nowych obiektów szkolnych, a zwłaszcza wytycznych w sprawie warunków technicznych i wyposażenia szkół w odpowiednie sprzęty, które zapewnić miały uczniom prawidłowe warunki higieniczne w szkołach.
EN
The aim of the article is to present issues of physical activity, health, health promotion, and hygiene in Polish villages till 1939. Activity in these areas was implemented by Państwowy Urząd Wychowania Fizycznego i Przysposobienia Wojskowego (the State Office of Physical Education and Civil Defense) and its administrative structures, Rada Naukowa Wychowania Fizycznego (Scientific Council of Physical Education), rural youth organizations and the press they published, agricultural schools, and Wiejskie Uniwersytety Ludowe (People's Rural Universities). Activity in the fields of physical education, health, and hygiene were implemented in the educational, training, and pedagogical aspects. Hygiene and physical education courses promoting hygiene and hygiene with rescue training were organized for village dwellers, especially for young people.
PL
Celem pracy jest przedstawienie zagadnień aktywności fizycznej, zdrowia, promocji zdro¬wia i higieny na wsi w Polsce w okresie do 1939 r. Działalność w obrębie tych dziedzin w środowisku wiejskim realizował Państwowy Urząd Wychowania Fizycznego i Przysposobienia Wojskowego oraz jego struktury administracyjne, Rada Naukowa Wychowania Fizycznego, wiejskie organizacje młodzieżowe wraz z wydawaną prasą, szkoły rolnicze oraz Wiejskie Uniwersytety Ludowe. Działalność w obrębie zadań na polu aktywności fizycznej, wychowania zdrowia oraz higieny, realizowana była w aspekcie edukacyjnym, kształcącym, a także wychowawczym. Dla mieszkańców wsi, głównie młodzieży organizowano kursy higieny, a także kursy wychowania fizycznego, w ramach których prowadzono higienę oraz higienę z ratownictwem.
EN
After the defeat of the January Uprising, during the period of increased of Russification policy, the partitioning authorities were not very much involved in the development of various areas of social life in the Kingdom of Poland. This statement also applies to the involvement of foreign authorities in the development of medical care for the inhabitants of the provinces of the Kingdom of Poland. Therefore, all extremly initiatives to support healthcare and people in need of help have become extremely important. Social forms of support for medical care on the example of the Płock Governorate in the second half of the 19th century became the research goal of Dr. Marta Milewska. Through the analysis of source materials of various provenance and by using a literature on the subject, she prepared a monograph expanding the current state of historiography in the field of the regional history of Płock and the surrounding area. However, this work will also be useful for comparative research.
PL
Po klęsce powstania styczniowego w okresie wzmożonej polityki rusyfikacyjnej władze zaborcze niezbyt mocno angażowały się w rozwój różnych dziedzin życia społecznego w Królestwie Polskim. Konstatacja ta dotyczy także angażowania się przez obcą władzę w rozwój opieki medycznej mieszkańców prowincji Królestwa Polskiego. Dlatego też niezmiernie istotne stały się wszelkie inicjatywy podejmowane oddolnie celem wsparcia opieki zdrowotnej i osób potrzebujących pomocy. Społeczne formy wsparcia opieki medycznej na przykładzie guberni płockiej w drugiej połowie XIX stulecia stały się celem badawczym dr Marty Milewskiej. Poprzez analizę materiałów źródłowych różnej proweniencji i wykorzystanie literatury przedmiotu przygotowała ona monografię poszerzającą dotychczasowy stan historiografii w zakresie historii regionalnej Płocka i okolic. Praca ta będzie jednak przydatna także do badań o charakterze komparatystycznym.
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