Search results

1

Considerations on General Methodological Assumptions of the Sciences of Sport

100%

Kosiewicz J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2012

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vol. 56

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issue 1

65-101

EN

The considerations included in the article are the result of several years of teaching general methodology for doctoral studies at Josef Pilsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw. The presented text consists of two basic parts. The first includes reminiscences and associated methodological resentment. The second presents a wide panorama of standpoints concerning functions and kinds of hypotheses, their role and significance in contemporary research programs of formal, empirical (connected with natural sciences and biology), and humanities nature. Sketchy and encyclopaedic interpretations, presented in the context of commentaries by the author of this paper, thereby dominate. The aim of the first part is to draw attention to some methodological mistakes which often appear and which have become common in some academic milieus to such a degree that some intervention and postulatory correction, referring to Polish and Western methodological literature, is advisable. These shortcomings are connected, among other things, with the structure of the scientific work, with the formulation and application of hypotheses, with relations taking place between the general methodology and specialized methodologies, kinds and types of research work, with reliability of information on sources of creative information, as well with the category of verification in its relation, on the one hand, to confirmation and corroboration, and on the other hand, to testing, checking, falsification, and terms close in meaning to the last one. The abovementioned resentment results, first of all, from the fact that the authors discussed in the first part usually insist on erroneous solutions, negating a priori, without becoming acquainted with the literature on the subject or making attempts to explain or initiate a methodological argument referring to sources and studies. That resentment is significant, among other things, in the causal sense - that is, because of the fact that, firstly, it justifies and substantiates the need for a statement presenting controversial questions in a content-related and formal way. Secondly, because thanks to such (that is, cognitive-emotional) introduction, the whole argument - not only in the first, but also in the second part - is much more interesting. It is saturated with authenticity. Many readers know the figures mentioned and are familiar with their - sometimes too insouciant (sometimes not very reliable) - attitudes to important issues from the field of research methods. It is also interesting why the people cited make mistakes. Hence, it is also advisable to look at a wider methodological context of justification (included in the much longer second part) dedicated to perhaps the most thorough characteristics of the hypothesis in the literature on the subject, which is available to the author. Without presentation of the controversial issues in the first part, the second part, more important from the methodological viewpoint, might be omitted by a considerable proportion of readers. In that part attention is paid mainly to issues concerning working, initial, zero, primary, introductory, directing, gradual, auxiliary, ad hoc auxiliary, bridge, futile and true, dangerous and safe, quite natural and neutral, individual and general, complete and incomplete, deep, strong, probabilistic and non-probabilistic (that is, deterministic), related, falsifying, basic, psychological, metaphysical and materialist hypotheses, as well as those concluding ones - that is, those constituting the final effect of definite (concluded here and now) research; hence, those which have undergone verification, confirmation, corroboration or modification as those which predict and explain a given research problem in the best possible way.

2

Social Sciences and Common Perceptions of Sport

88%

Kosiewicz J.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2013

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vol. 60

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issue 1

64-74

EN

This paper provides a discussion on various aspects and features of the concept of the social sciences of sport. The concept originated recently and was formulated in 2007 during the preparations for the establishment of the International Society for the Social Sciences of Sport. The Society, however, was not formed until the beginning of 2009. Among other things, the concept includes such academic disciplines and fields as sport sociology, sport philosophy, sport psychology, sport pedagogy, the history of physical fitness, sport and Olympism, sport politics and the international conditions of sport, sport economics, sport organizations and management, the social and cultural foundations of tourism and recreation, the social relations regarding training and sport tactics, as well as the humanistic theory of martial arts. The author presents a growth in interest of different social aspects and issues of sport at the beginning of the twentieth century. He indicates the significant development of sport during the second half of the last century, especially towards its end and at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The social sciences of sport was also underlined as the reason for the creation of a new, dynamically developing cognitive paradigm. According to the Author, it is mainly connected with the institutional and functional, organizational and methodological conditions of the social science of sport which specifically complemented the educational and research standards for the academic community around the globe. The Author emphasizes the social sciences of sport’s distinctive and autonomous part in sport science due to its specific and detailed merit-related issues and methodological foundations. He also stresses that not only does natural science (particularly biological science) play an important role in sport science, but also that the social science of sport has a vital and fundamental value in it. In his opinion, natural (biological) science in relation to sport refers mainly to one person’s organism, whereas social science refers, for the most part, to the axiological, cultural, symbolical, esthetic, ethical perception of physical exertion. Moreover, research conducted in this field encompasses the professional, pragmatic, utilitarian, cathartic, escapist, ludic, hedonistic, epistemological and recreational aspects of differently perceived professional sports or sport for all. The Author points out that the amount of available courses - lectures, classes, seminars - in the field of social sciences themselves, as well as in the social science of sport, is being gradually reduced, which undoubtedly lowers not only the knowledge, but also the perception, interpretation, explanation and comprehension of sport in the context of the humanistic approach. Furthermore, he indicates this trend’s influential role in the development of common-sense thinking, which makes opinion-forming and valuable comments on the subject of sport undergo cognitive deformations. He points out its negative influence on the listeners, audience and fans’ consciousness, opinion and attitude, as well as on the interpretative context of the observed events - not only ones associated with sport, but also those happening beyond it, for instance in social, family, peer, professional, political and religious life.

3

The Logical Burdens of Proof. Assertion and Hypothesis

88%

Chiffi D., Schang F.

Logic and Logical Philosophy

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2017

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vol. 26

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issue 4

509–530

EN

The paper proposes two logical analyses of (the norms of) justification. In a first, realist-minded case, truth is logically independent from justification and leads to a pragmatic logic LP including two epistemic and pragmatic operators, namely, assertion and hypothesis. In a second, antirealist-minded case, truth is not logically independent from justification and results in two logical systems of information and justification: AR4 and AR4¢, respectively, provided with a question-answer semantics. The latter proposes many more epistemic agents, each corresponding to a wide variety of epistemic norms. After comparing the different norms of justification involved in these logical systems, two hexagons expressing Aristotelian relations of opposition will be gathered in order to clarify how (a fragment of) pragmatic formulas can be interpreted in a fuzzy-based question-answer semantics.

4

Rozumienie hipotezy w słownikach i podręcznikach zakresu nauk społecznych

75%

Narkiewicz-Niedbalec E.

Relacje. Studia z nauk społecznych

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2016

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issue 1

111-126

PL

Autorka podejmuje analizę wybranych przykładów definicji hipotez. Pochodzą one ze słowników, encyklopedii i podręczników nauk społecznych. Pokazuje różnorodność przyjmowanych definicji i konsekwencje ich zastosowania. Autorka sięga po przykłady z logiki, psychologii i socjologii. Przywołuje stanowisko reprezentantów badań ilościowych i jakościowych. Opowiada się za jednoznacznym wyborem jednej definicji hipotezy i konsekwentnym jej stosowaniem przy redagowaniu hipotez we własnych badaniach empirycznych.

EN

The author analyses selected examples of definitions of hypotheses. They come from dictionaries, encyclopaedias and social science textbooks. The author shows diversity of the adopted definitions and the consequences of their application. She refers to the examples of logic, psychology, and sociology. The author also recalls the position of representatives of quantitative and qualitative research. She is in favour of an explicit choice of one definition of a hypothesis and of its consistent application it in editing hypotheses in empirical research.

5

Zagadnienie hipotez i teorii naukowych w rozważaniach filozoficznych Mariana Smoluchowskiego

63%

Dziekan M.

Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce

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2017

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issue 62

7-71

PL

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate and reconstruct the philosophical thoughts in Marian Smoluchowski’s papers (in his publications and in unknown manuscripts as well). He was an outstanding Polish physicist, who lived at the turn of the XIX and XX century. Smoluchowski was particularly interested in theoretical physics. His achievements in this discipline, some even very significant, have caused him to be perceived mainly as a physicist. His work in the theory of fluctuations and kinetic theory of gases, especially in the theory of Brownian motions, is well known to physicists. My attention in this paper is focused on the metascientific problems which dominated his philosophical reflections. His analysis in the fields on philosophy of science (the concept of hypothesis, theory) ought to be perceived in light of physics. Philosophical reflections were at the margins of science which he practiced – physics was always the background to his deliberations. An important limit to our deliberations was set by concentrating on issues typical of the philosophy of science. In Smoluchowski’s case, however, it is difficult to say that his branch of philosophy is characterized by systematic reflection. It is difficult to classify his reflection in the framework of any given philosophical trend.

6

The main areas of methodological reflection in the supply chains research

63%

Ciesielski M., Konecka S.

LogForum

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2019

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vol. 15

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issue 3

351-361

EN

Background: The most important contemporary methodological problems in the study of supply chains include creating and verifying hypotheses and theories as well as selecting appropriate research schemes. An acceptance of the different ways to explain problems (induction, deduction or abduction) is key. It should be remembered that interesting and useful results can be achieved only with well-formulated questions and research problems. All of these issues relate to the need to strengthen methodological rigor within the research into supply chains. Methods: The primary method employed in this article is critical analysis. This article focuses on the most important issues related to the construction of a theory and its verification, as well as the issue of the pattern of research and the cognitive scheme. In addition, the issue of the correctness of definitions has been developed, as these are often wrongly formulated and do not fulfil their role. Results: The main purpose of this article is to indicate that supply chain research requires a change in the general model of scientific practice, assigning a higher rank to replication research and increasing the role of scientific criticism. Potential drivers of supply chain research are all types of reasoning: deduction (reasoning, checking), reduction and its special case induction (translation, command), and the systematization of knowledge. The knowledge gained from this research is so extensive and varied that its further development is possible through refutation, i.e. thesis making, defence and falsification. The aim of this article is also the systematization and analysis of theories and methodological assumptions in the area of supply chain management. Conclusions: The analysis points to a need to structure the definitions of supply. What needs to be established is a set of basic theories useful in the study of supply chains and the assessment of the assertions formulated with regards to hypotheses. The improvement of methodological assumptions, as well as the search for methodological elements useful in this study, need to be continuously ensured. The scope of the theories used in the research should be broadened, but at the same time, new theories should be examined which also pertain to their usefulness in explaining and creating the concept and practical recommendations. It is suggested that research on supply chains needs to be approached in a slightly broader way than has been done so far in the literature. The methodology is recognized as a system of analysis in a particular area of study or activity. Therefore, the majority of publications retrieved according to this key word refer only to examples of the use of particular methods, tools for researching supply chains, or only some aspects of its functioning. However, methodology can also be understood as a philosophy of science. This approach to supply chain research methodology is an important research gap and a new view on supply chain management .

PL

Wstęp: Do najważniejszych, współczesnych problemów metodologicznych w badaniach łańcuchów dostaw należą: tworzenie i sprawdzanie twierdzeń oraz teorii i wybór schematów badania. Kwestią krytyczną jest też akceptacja sposobów wyjaśniania (indukcja, dedukcja lub abdukcja). Trzeba przy tym pamiętać, iż wartościowe rezultaty można uzyskać tylko przy dobrze sformułowanych pytaniach i problemach badawczych. Wszystkie wymienione kwestie wiążą się z potrzebą wzmocnienia rygoryzmu metodologicznego w badaniach związanych z łańcuchami dostaw. Metody: W artykule podstawową metodą jest analiza krytyczna. Wyniki: Dokonano systematyzacji i analizy teorii i założeń metodologicznych w obszarze zarządzania łańcuchami dostaw. Wnioski: Analiza dowodzi, że wpierw należy zlikwidować bałagan w definiowaniu łańcuchów dostaw. Można odwołać się do teorii grafów i używać prostej definicji: zbiór przedsiębiorstw i relacji między nimi, w którym firmy są dla siebie dostawcami i odbiorcami. Trzeba także rozwijać zbiór podstawowych teorii przydatnych w badaniach łańcuchów dostaw i ocenić poziom asercji formułowanych hipotez. Należy stale dbać o ulepszanie założeń metodologicznych i szukać elementów metodologii przydatnych dla omawianych badań. Warto zwiększać zakres teorii wykorzystywanych w badaniach. Ale jednocześnie należy ustalić pochodzenie wykorzystywanych i nowych teorii i ich przydatność w procesie wyjaśniania i tworzenia koncepcji oraz rekomendacji dla praktyki.

7

Newtonova metodologie a kritika mechanického materialismu:

63%

Zavadil R.

Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)

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2020

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vol. 42

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issue 2

285-304

EN

This article will introduce Isaac Newton’s fundamental methodological concepts applied for a solution concerning a question of gravity in his Principia Mathematica. The method of deduction of propositions from phenomena can be described as demonstrative induction. The main aim is to show that this method proposed by Newton explicitly contains a criticism of hypothetico-deductive methodology as an inadequate approach to the study of nature. As opposed to hypothetico-deductive method, demonstrative induction is capable of producing theories with much richer empirical and epistemological value. Delimitation against hypothetically deduced theories is closely connected with criticism of mechanical materialism, most notably in a form proposed by René Descartes. Consequently, it has led Newton to not only reject the universality of mechanical premise but also to certain level of immunization against all competitive hypothetically based theories.

CS

V tomto článku budou představeny základní aspekty metodologie Isaaca Newtona aplikované v Principia Mathematica na řešení otázky povahy gravitační síly. Metoda vyvozování propozic přírodních jevů může být označena jako demonstrativní indukce. Cílem článku je ukázat, že tato metoda, jak ji zastával Newton, v sobě explicitně obsahovala kritiku hypoteticko-deduktivní metody jako zcela neadekvátního přístupu ke zkoumání přírody. Oproti hypoteticko-deduktivní metodě je demonstrativní indukce schopna produkovat teorie empiricky i epistemologicky mnohem bohatší. Vymezení se vůči hypoteticky založeným teoriím je úzce spjato s kritikou mechanického materialismu především v podobě, v jaké ji zastával René Descartes. Ve svých důsledcích to Newtona dovedlo nejen k odmítnutí univerzálnosti mechanické premisy, ale také k určité imunizaci vůči veškerým konkurenčním hypoteticky založeným teoriím.

8

Jen popis s čísly? Perspektivy korpusové lingvistiky:

63%

Čech R.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2014

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vol. 97

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issue 4-5

171-184

EN

The aim of the article is both to point to the descriptive character of a majority of corpus linguistic analyses and to argue that this character (which is manifested by the classification, sorting or labelling of language data) represents a limit in corpus linguistic research. Further, an experimental approach (in the sense of empirical testing of a hypothesis) is proposed as a possible way of overcoming this limit. Finally, some methodological aspects of current state of corpus linguistics, namely the notion of representativeness and the interpretation of quantification, are critically discussed.

9

The application of information and communication technologies in teaching vocational subject Electrotechnics

63%

ĎURIŠ M., BENDÍK M.

Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka

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2014

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vol. 5

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issue 2

201-212

EN

New trends in education are one of the priorities of each educational institution. Quality, technical equipment of schools, knowledgeable educators, but above all the effort of leadership, whether the management to generate qualitative and innovative environment for teachers and pupils, is a guarantee of higher levels of education and subsequently, to education. Information-communication technologies (ICT) are increasingly becoming a part of not only the General, but also for vocational education. New technology, computer technology and software are intended to help in improving the level of creative abilities of teachers and students, which is the output of the qualitative growth of the pupil, and then the society. The contribution demonstrates several ways of using ICT and the associated interaction during class of Electrotechnics using whiteboard, presentation or demonstration workbook. Efficiency and quality of this teaching hours, is then compared with the traditional teaching. The relevant contribution is a stimulus to creativity of teachers and educators to provide students the highest possible quality of education that schools provide.

10

Level practical skills of 7th grade pupils while working with technical material – metal

63%

ĎURIŠ M., SOJKOVÁ M.

Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka

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2016

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vol. 7

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issue 4

117-128

EN

At the beginning of this article we characterize the current technological education in primary schools affected by the negative impact of school reform (2008–2012). We then further describe of the methodology of field of educational research: aims, methods, hypothesis and research sample. We analyze the main research tools: non-standardized educational practical tests and observation sheets. Based on statistical processing of the student results we verify the hypothesis of the research.

11

Krytyka Platona przyjmowania uczestniczenia (to metechein) rzeczy w postaciach (eide) jako przyczynek do dyskusji na temat źródeł antynomii w podstawach matematyki

54%

Rycyk K. D.

Semina Scientiarum

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2018

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vol. 17

EN

This article is an attempt to answer the question about possible philosophical (non-mathematical) sources of antinomies revealed in mathematics at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Mathematical Platonism seems to be one of such sources. Is it possible, in Plato’s way of thinking, to really find the problem of the existence of objects, which in the context of the infinite set theory was mentioned by Georg Cantor? And if so, how does this problem solve Plato himself?

12

Hypotheses for re-launch of the pig farming sector of Piedmont: medium heavy swine as raw material for feeding the speck supply chain

51%

Peira G., Aceto P., Bonadonna A.

Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego

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2011

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vol. 11(26)

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issue 3

EN

As a part of the strategies identified during the Estates General of livestock farming, the Region of Piedmont has financed a project in order to verify the level of appreciation of medium heavy swine in the swine sector. The Region has involved the Department of Commodity Science of Turin University and APS Piemonte (pig farmers association) in carrying out a specified study [Aceto et al. 2011; Peira et al. 2011]. The results of the study intended to investigate the speck supply chain are set forth below.

13

Facts and their interpretation in paleoanthropological enquiries

51%

Tomczyk J.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2016

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vol. 14

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issue 2

115-132

EN

The search for truth in the sciences which deal with the prehistoric past seems exceptionally attractive. What is involved in them is not only the historical dimension, but also an attempt at understanding the present moment. This trivial statement may in practice cause a lot of trouble, since the issue at stake is actually not how “truth” is defined, but rather how we arrive at it. We need to remember that while the first stage of the scientific inquiry usually involves the gathering and description of facts, the second stage is mainly concerned with their explanation and interpretation. At both stages of scientific cognition – that is both in the process of obtaining facts and interpreting them – truth can be falsified by mistake or on purpose. Thus, the main aim of science – to make our comprehension agree with the subject (the state of affairs) under scrutiny – can be suppressed by subjective motivation. It is therefore recommendable to present various reasons behind such a peculiar “emendation” of truth in prehistoric research.

14

Meaning. Are the tools of rhetoric useful in studying the matter?

32%

Lichański J. Z.

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2020

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vol. 58

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issue 3

77-94

PL

Przedmiotem rozważań są dwie kwestie: po pierwsze problem sensu, po drugie – czy narzędzia retoryki postrzeganej jako podstawowe narzędzie w komunikacji międzyludzkiej (obojętne czy codziennej, czy specjalistycznej), mogą być pomocne w odczytywaniu i interpretowaniu sensu. Sens jest rozumiany za G. Fregem: „Ustalmy teraz zwięzłą terminologię: nazwa (wyraz, znak, układ znaków, wyrażenie) wyraża swój sens, oznacza zaś swe znaczenie. Przez znak wyrażamy jego sens, oznaczamy zaś jego znaczenie”. W niniejszych rozważaniach chodzi także o odpowiedź na daleko ogólniejsze pytanie: „czy, dzięki retoryce, możemy powiedzieć coś ważkiego o świecie, czyli jednak określamy jakoś tezę filozoficzną, czy tylko, z różnych perspektyw, ale szukamy najbardziej prawdopodobnej odpowiedzi na hipotezę”. Przedstawione założenie jest konsekwencją sugestii, jaką przedstawił Willard van Orman Quine: „Retoryka jest techniką przekonywania do dobrego lub do złego” i wiąże się ona z czymś, co za Randalem Marlinem określamy jako „wyrażenia referencyjnie półprzezroczyste”. Hipoteza, jaką postaram się udowodnić, brzmi zatem: czy sens jakiegokolwiek wyrażenia można, przy pomocy narzędzi retoryki, można tak dookreślić, aby stał się tezą filozoficzną a nie hipotezą. Aby zarówno podmiotowo, jak i przedmiotowo uznać takie wyrażenie za prawdziwe. Wtedy i tylko wtedy możemy powiedzieć, iż takie wyrażenie ma/zawiera jakiś (a nie jakikolwiek) sens.

EN

The discussion centres around two issues: the issue of meaning, and the question whether the tools of rhetoric viewed as the basic tool in interpersonal communication (be it everyday or specialist communication) can be helpful in reading and interpreting meaning. The author understands meaning after G. Frege: […] let the following phraseology be established: A proper name (word, sign, sign combination, expression) expresses its sense, stands for or designates its reference. By means of a sign we express its sense and designate its reference. The purpose of the discussion is also to answer a much more general question: whether through rhetoric can one say something important about the world, so do they define a philosophical thesis or only, from various perspectives, one searches for the most probable answer to a hypothesis. The presented assumption is a result of the suggestion of Willard van Orman Quine: Rhetoric is the literary technology of persuasion, for good or ill, and it entails something which Randal Marlin defined as referentially translucent expressions. Therefore, the hypothesis I shall try to prove is the following: can the sense of any expression be, using the tools of rhetoric, defined to such an extent so that it becomes a philosophical thesis and not a hypothesis? So that in terms of both the subject and the object the expression could be considered as true. Then and only then can one say that such an expression has/contains some (but not any) sense.

Refine search results

Considerations on General Methodological Assumptions of the Sciences of Sport

Social Sciences and Common Perceptions of Sport

The Logical Burdens of Proof. Assertion and Hypothesis

Rozumienie hipotezy w słownikach i podręcznikach zakresu nauk społecznych

Zagadnienie hipotez i teorii naukowych w rozważaniach filozoficznych Mariana Smoluchowskiego

The main areas of methodological reflection in the supply chains research

Newtonova metodologie a kritika mechanického materialismu:

Jen popis s čísly? Perspektivy korpusové lingvistiky:

The application of information and communication technologies in teaching vocational subject Electrotechnics

Level practical skills of 7th grade pupils while working with technical material – metal

Krytyka Platona przyjmowania uczestniczenia (to metechein) rzeczy w postaciach (eide) jako przyczynek do dyskusji na temat źródeł antynomii w podstawach matematyki

Hypotheses for re-launch of the pig farming sector of Piedmont: medium heavy swine as raw material for feeding the speck supply chain

Facts and their interpretation in paleoanthropological enquiries

Meaning. Are the tools of rhetoric useful in studying the matter?