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Palamizm a ikona

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The theory of hesychasm which was systematized in the 14th century by St. Gregory Palamas is known as Palamism. Palamism focused on the problem of God’s essence and energies, claiming among others that God allows Himself to be known only through His energies whereas His essence remains unknown and is beyond any cognition. Divine energies are represented by an omnipresent supernatural light, expressed in icons by such colours as gold, pure yellow or white. This light is also sometimes indicated by the colour of the assist or the filling of the background and the nimbus. The icon that explicitly expresses and presents the transformation effected by Divine energies is The Transfiguration o f Christ although in fact every icon is meant to lead to transformation. Palamism originated from a controversy between the monk Barlaam and St. Gregory Palamas.
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This essay discusses two meanings of the light’s nature which were questioned and interpret-ed in Pavel Florensky’s work Iconostasis – one of his most significant essays for philosophy of art. Florensky refers to iconography, to a light which is interpreted as a symbol and a ground for holy images. It is a ground without which icons could not be valued as a part of liturgy. Florensky also refers to Rembrandt’s works of art and light called and understood in this manner as a phosphorescence. This paper attempts to show in a short way only the part of a much bigger picture of the multi-layered Florensky’s thought about problem of light related to the pieces of fine art.
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An Icon from the Orthodox Church in Tatаurоvо (Eastern Siberia)In the Orthodox church in Tataurovo (Татаỳрово), a settlement in Eastern Siberia, consecrated in 2013, there is a noncanonical old icon with features of eastern and western painting. Ikona z cerkwi prawosławnej z Tataurowa (wschodnia Syberia)W miejscowości Tataurowo (Татаỳрово), znajdującej się we wschodniej Syberii, w prawosławnej cerkwi konsekrowanej w 2013 roku znajduje się niekanoniczna stara ikona nosząca cechy zarówno wschodniego, jak i zachodniego malarstwa.
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Sacral art of Eastern Galicia (nowadays Lviv, Ternopil, and the Ivano-Frankivsk region) of the end 19th to the fi rst third of the 20th centuries is studied in the article. Such narrow subject matter helps to analyse in detail the iconographic program of iconostases, to fi nd their traditional subjects, historically-driven innovations and local influences.
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The article describes how Christian art depicted in the Third Person of the Trinity. It was quide difficult, because the Holy Spirit could not appear as a man. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the hidden remains an icon of the Holy Spirit, Mary, as a person completely penetrated him. On the third hypostasis of Marian icons also appeared as a dove further (the icon Annunciation), or as a light-gold.Christ’s presence on the perceptions of the Holy Spirit has been emphasized by showing the radius, or a small circle (the icon of Christ’s birth). He revealed himself as a dove hovering (the icon of the Baptism of Christ), or as light (the icon of the Transfiguration).However the icon showing a scene “Pentecost”, he reveals himself tongues of fire descending figure, which rest upon the Apostles.
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The aim of this article is to address the polemics about the long-standing stereotype in the history of art that Russian iconic paintings of the 19th century were secondary and mediocre in artistic terms and, therefore, of little interest for researchers. The author tries to show that this stereotype was largely created by Russian intellectuals of the second half of the nineteenth century, who betray an extremely critical attitude to contemporary iconic painting, despite the fact that the overall picture of Russian iconic painting of the nineteenth century is very complex and combines features of different visual traditions. The author defends the thesis that in the Russian iconic painting of the nineteenth century, tradition and contemporaneity are seamlessly combined, visible both at the level of theological reflection and at the level of artistic performance, and also that the nineteenth century is characterized by the ever-widening difference between the so-called folk icon” (“krasnuszka”) and the aesthetics of intellectual elites, shaped under the influence of realistic Western European painting.  
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The article presents the Christian iconography, ecumenical studies, and feminist theology as the contemporary referring points of these theological studies which willingly reflect on sophiological idea. Apart from deconstruction there is a turn of wisdom in conducting the humanist studies. The sapiential way requires to investigate the profound layers of human thought which is oriented on striving for truth in its synthetic and absolute dimension. The hypostasis of divine wisdom, sometimes called Sapientia or Sophia, is an idea of wisdom which describes, deeply than the Western Ratio, what the principle of being is, what primary harmony is, what archaic peace is, all the thing which philosophers and mystics strive for.
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The article, by means of an analysis of the role of visual and linguistic epiphany in the novels Sońka (2014) and Love (Miłość) (2017), based on the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, Jacques Lacan and Emmanuel Lévinas, aims to expand the existing research on Ignacy Karpowicz’s geopoetics and literary provincialism.
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The article seeks to reflect upon the manner of perceiving reality (the so-called reversed perspective) associated with the Byzantine tradition of icon painting which was in evidence in the Ruthenian and Russian cultural circle from the 12th to the first half of the 17th century.
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The Virgin of Eleousa Icon

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The Virgin of the Eleousa icon (or Eleousa) (Greek: Ἐλεούσα — Tenderness or Showing Mercy, Russian: Елеуса – Умиление) is a variant of the older type of the same icon – Hodegetrea (Greek: Ὁδηγήτρια, literally: "She who shows the Way"; Russian: Одигитрия), and ex-presses the special intensity of the loving relationship between the God - Mother and the Christ child. The most famous example of The Eleousa icon type is the Vladimir icon of the Mother of God (Владимирская икона Божией Матери), one of Russia's most venerated icons, originally painted in Constantinople in 12th century. On this icon the Virgin Mary hugs Jesus close to her while God – child is warmly nestled against her cheek. As was rightly mentioned the intimate poses of the heads and hands display the warm emotional attachment of the Virgin and Child. Important difference of this new type of icon is that the faces of Mother and the Child are not shown in frontal way but they are turned toward one another, cheeks touching each other.
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Ikona Maryi Dziewicy Eleusy

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Maryja Dziewica o typie ikony Eleusy lub Eleousy (grec.: Ἐλεούσα — Czułość, Tkliwość lub Miłosiernie Ukazująca [Jezusa], ros.: Елеуса – Умиление или Милующая [Ukochanie, Umiłowanie lub Miłująca]) jest wariantem starszego typu tej samej ikony – Hodegetrii (grec.: Ὁδηγήτρια, dosłownie: „Ta, która wskazuje Drogę”; ros.: Одигитрия), oraz wyraża specyficzną intensywność miłującej relacji pomiędzy Matką Bożą i Dzieciątkiem Jezus (Chrystusem). Najbardziej znanym przykładem ikony typu Eleusy jest ikona Matki Bożej Włodzimierskiej (ros. (Владимирская икона Божией Матери), jedna z najbardziej czczonych ikon w Rosji, oryginalnie malowana w Konstantynopolu w 12 wieku. Na tej ikonie Maryja Dziewica tuli Jezusa blisko do siebie, gdy Bóg – Dzieciątko serdecznie przytula się do Jej policzka. Jak słusznie wspomniano, intymne pozy głów i rąk wyjaśniają ciepłe, emocjonalne przywiązanie Matki Dziewicy i Dziecka. Istotną różnicą tego nowego typu ikony jest to, że twarze Matki i Dziecka nie są ukazane frontalnie (en face), ale są zwrócone ku sobie wzajemnie, dotykając się policzkami. [tłum. z ang. Marek Mariusz Tytko]
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This article focuses on religious healing practices in the monastery of St. Menas in Sofia, Bulgaria which involve the touching of a famous miracle-working icon of a saint. I use the practice as a springboard for discussing the relevance of two anthropological concepts known as “sensualism” (Polish: sensualizm) and “non-differentiation” (Polish: nierozróżnialność) for describing multi-sensory religious imageries of pilgrims. Th e concept of sensualism was fi rst proposed by Stefan Czarnowski and relates to religious practice centred primarily on sensory experience. Non-differentiation as an anthropological concept has been adapted from Gadamer by the Polish anthropologist Joanna Tokarska-Bakir. The two concepts have been applied to analyses of non-official practices in Catholic religiosity, a fact which poses certain methodological problems when the concepts are applied to Orthodox Christianity. This article relies on the Orthodox theological concept of the icon to propose a revision to our treatment of those two useful concepts.
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The present work is devoted to the analysis of the icon motif in the works of F. M Dostoyevsky (1821 – 1881). The author of this paper tries to prove her own thesis that the famous writer’s opinion of his literary characters depended distinctly on their attitude towards icons. In this paper Dostoevsky's books such as The Landlady, Netochka Nezvanova, Demons, The Adolescent, The Meek One and The Brothers Karamazov are analyzed.
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The Temple of Serbian Victories and Temptations: A Contribution to the Visual Theology of the NationOn the map of modern Belgrade, the Temple of Saint Sava is an object with a unique and complex symbolism. Its construction started in the 1930s and is still in progress: so far only the Crypt – the Orthodox church of Saint Prince Lazar – has been completed and richly decorated. This article considers the iconographic representations of Serbian historical figures found there, treating them as an example of the visual theology of the nation – Serbian nation. The aim of the study is to deconstruct self-beliefs about the spiritual condition of the Serbs and the mechanisms of mythologisation of the national past, which determine the perception of the community and its fate. Applying tools taken from semiotics, I analyse and interpret particular categories of iconography, a set of images that creates a socially shared symbolic meaning. Świątynia serbskich zwycięstw i pokus. Przyczynek do wizualnej teologii narodowejNa mapie współczesnego Belgradu Świątynia Świętego Sawy jest obiektem o wyjątkowej i złożonej symbolice. Jej zapoczątkowana w latach 30. XX wieku budowa trwa nadal, ukończona i bogato ozdobiona jest jedynie Krypta – dolna cerkiew pod wezwaniem świętego księcia Lazara. W tekście rozważam problematykę znajdujących się tam przedstawień ikonograficznych postaci znanych z serbskiej historii, traktując ten przekaz jako przykład wizualnej teologii narodu serbskiego. Zastanawiam się, w jaki sposób przestrzeń sakralna może wyrażać (auto)przekonania Serbskiej Cerkwi Prawosławnej o kondycji duchowej Serbów. Celem artykułu jest dekonstrukcja mechanizmów mitologizacji narodowej przeszłości, która to warunkuje postrzeganie własnych losów poprzez wspólnotę. Za pomocą narzędzi zaczerpniętych z semiotyki dokonuję analizy i interpretacji podzielonej na kategorie ikonografii stanowiącej zbiór obrazów, który może generować społecznie uwspólniony sens symboliczny.
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The article discusses the role of Alexander Nevsky – a Russian prince and a saint of Orthodox Church. Russian writing sources describe him primarily as a winner of the battles against the Swedes in 1240 (the battle of Neva) and the forces of the Livonian Order and Bishopric of Dorpat in 1242 (the Battle on the Ice) and prince who became a monk before his death in 1263. The cult of Alexander began shortly after his death however, its enormous development came only later. The popularity of saint prince increased during the times of Ivan Terrible – after the mid-16th century and in the age of Peter the Great – in the 18th century. The oldest preserved icons of Alexander come from the second half of 16th century and show him as a holy monk. In the 18th-20th centuries the art of official church is dominated by images of Alexander as a ruler and victorious warrior.
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Ikony arabskie

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Icon is a form of communication of the Christian dogma. Icon, as a phenomenon, developed mainly thanks to Byzantium. But Byzantium was not the only place the work of iconography. The icons were created in both the West and the East not Byzantine. For the Arab Christians, the centre of the icon was Aleppo. The influence of Islamic culture and the Arab world left a mark on Christian art, which created the characteristic form, in particular by arabesque ornamentation. Among the distinguished painters of Arabic icons in Aleppo is best known family from grandfather to grandson: Youssof, Nemeh, Hannania and Girgis. Thanks to the painters of icons, we can follow the evolution of the Arabic icons on the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Also in Egypt arose Arabic icons that enriched the transmission of the Christian faith through their different specificity. Arab Christians, who today in the war are killed for their faith, they have a great history of the Christian tradition, which is also expressed in the iconography.
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Ikona jest formą komunikowania chrześcijańskich dogmatów wiary. Ikona, jako fenomen, rozwinęła się głównie dzięki Bizancjum. Jednak Bizancjum nie było jedynym miejscem twórczości ikonograficznej. Ikony były tworzone zarówno na Zachodzie, jak i na Wschodzie niebizantyjskim. Dla chrześcijan arabskich centrum ikony było Aleppo. Wpływ kultury islamu i świata arabskiego zostawił ślad na sztuce chrześcijańskiej, która stworzyła charakterystyczne formy, zwłaszcza poprzez arabeskową ornamentykę. Pośród znamienitych artystów, tworzących ikony arabskie w Aleppo, najbardziej znana jest rodzina – od dziadka do prawnuka: Youssof, Nemeh, Hannania i Girgis. Dzięki tym ikonografom można śledzić ewolucję ikony arabskiej na przestrzeni XVII i XVIII w. Także w Egipcie powstawały ikony arabskie, które ubogacały przekaz chrześcijańskiej wiary dzięki swej odmiennej specyfice. Arabscy chrześcijanie, którzy dzisiaj w wojnie są mordowani za wiarę, mają wielką historię tradycji chrześcijańskiej, która wyraża się również w ikonografii.
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MUZEUM BUDOWNICTWA LUDOWEGO W SANOKU PO 55 LATACH

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Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego (MBL) w Sanoku jest samorządową instytucją kultury o charakterze naukowo-badawczym, gromadzi dobra kultury w zakresie tradycyjnej kultury ludowej wiejskiej i miejskiej, przemysłu ludowego oraz sztuki i rzemiosła artystycznego. Organizuje ekspozycję muzealną na wolnym powietrzu obiektów tradycyjnego budownictwa, przemysłu oraz innych obiektów związanych z kulturą ludową Podkarpacia.Park Etnograficzny w Sanoku, malowniczo położony na prawym brzegu Sanu u podnóża Gór Słonnych, należy do najpiękniejszych muzeów na wolnym powietrzu w Europie. Został założony w 1958 r. i pod względem liczby obiektów jest największym skansenem w Polsce. W MBL w Sanoku prezentowana jest kultura polsko-ruskiego (ukraińskiego) pogranicza wschodniej części polskich Karpat (Bieszczady, Beskid Niski) wraz z pogórzami. Poszczególne grupy etnograficzne: Bojkowie, Łemkowie, Pogórzanie i Dolinianie reprezentowane są w oddzielnych sektorach ekspozycyjnych, znakomicie dostosowanych do fizjografii terenu.Odtwarzając typowe układy zabudowy wsi i zagospodarowania zagród, na terenie muzeum zgromadzono ponad 150 obiektów budownictwa drewnianego z okresu od XVII do XX wieku. Obok budynków mieszkalnych, mieszkalno-gospodarczych i gospodarczych, w Parku znajdują się również obiekty sakralne: kościoły i kilka malowniczych kapliczek, obiekty użyteczności publicznej (szkoła wiejska, zajazd) oraz przemysłowe (młyn wodny, wiatraki, kuźnie). W Parku Etnograficznym urządzono wspaniałą stałą ekspozycję malarstwa ikonowego – „Ikona karpacka”. Na powierzchni 250 m2 zaprezentowano ponad 200 ikon (od XV do XX w.), ukazujących pełny obraz rozwoju tego typu malarstwa w strefie polskich Karpat. Dopełnieniem działalności wystawienniczej są wystawy czasowe organizowane głównie w oparciu o zbiory własne. Muzeum prowadzi znaczącą działalność wydawniczą – systematycznie ukazują się „Materiały Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego” oraz „Acta Scansenologica” .Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego w Sanoku posiada Oddział Terenowy – drewnianą cerkiew, położoną w oddalonym o ok. 20 km od Sanoka – Uluczu. Usytuowana na szczycie stromej góry, w miejscu naturalnie obronnym, otoczona wałami, należy do najstarszych (1659) i najpiękniejszych zabytków architektury cerkiewnej w Polsce, w której wnętrzu widnieją pozostałości XVII-wiecznej polichromii.Roczna frekwencja w Parku Etnograficznym należy do największych w muzeach skansenowskich w Polsce i w 2012 r. wyniosła 143 224 osoby.
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THE RURAL ARCHITECTURE MUSEUM OF SANOK 55 YEARS LATER

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The Rural Architecture Museum (MBL) in Sanok is a self-government cultural institution fulfilling scientific-research functions and collecting cultural property within the range of traditional folk and town culture, the crafts and rural industry. It organizes an open-air exposition of examples of traditional architecture, industry and other exhibits associated with the folk culture of the Sub-Carpathian region. The Ethnographic Park in Sanok, picturesquely situated on the right bank of the San at the foot of the Słonne Mts. is one of the most beautiful open-air museums in Europe. It was established in 1958 and due to the number of exhibits is the largest Skansen museum in Poland. The MBL in Sanok displays the culture of the Polish-Ru-thenian (Ukrainian) borderland in the eastern part of the Polish Carpathian Mts. (Bieszczady, Beskid Niski) together with the highlands. Particular ethnographic groups: the Bojko, Łemko, Pogórzanie and Dolinianie peoples are rep-resented by separate exposition sectors, well adapted to the lay of the land. Recreating typical configurations of a village and farmsteads the Museum collected about 150 examples of wooden architecture from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. Next to residential, residential-utility and utility buildings the Park also includes sacral edifices: churches and several picturesque shrines, public utility buildings (a village school, an inn) and industrial buildings (a water mill, windmills and smithies). The Ethnographic Park features a magnificent permanent exhibition of icons – “The Carpathian icon”. A showroom 250 m2 large contains more than 200 icons (from the fifteenth to the twentieth century), illustrating the development of this genre in the Polish Carpathian Mts. The exhibits are supplemented with temporary shows organized upon the basis of the Museum’s own collections. The Museum is engaged in significant publication undertakings – it systematically issues “Materiały Muzeum Bu-downictwa Ludowego” and “Acta Scansenologica”. The Rural Architecture Museumpossesses a local branch – a wooden church in Ulucz some 20 km s from Sanok. Located on a steep mountain slope, on a site with natural defensive functions and surrounded with mounds, this is one of the oldest (1659) and most impressive monuments of Uniate architecture in Poland; the interior displays traces of seventeenth-century polychrome. The annual number of visitors touring the Ethnographic Park is the largest of all Skansen museums in Poland, and in 2012 totalled 143 224 persons.
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The icon of The Descent of the Holy Spirit includes a mission message. The origins of the iconography of this mystery date back to the 6th century. The icon of Pentecost depicts the apostles, and an empty place between them, destined for the coming again of Jesus Christ. Adam was presented below, and then the pagans as representatives of the peoples and nations to whom the apostles are sent. Later in this place is presented Old King as a personifi cation of the Cosmos, that is here a personifi cation of all creatures. The apostles, as the fi rst missionaries, will proclaim the Gospel to this Cosmos.
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