The aim of this study is provide an original answer to the important and controversial question of what Descartes means by the expression “innate idea” and of what he takes the extent of such ideas to be. This main aim is joined with the goal of explaining and, where possible, eliminating the tensions, or even contradictions, which seem to be generated by Descartes’ (at first sight) less than compatible claims on the given questions in different texts. My own standpoint emerges from my progressive demonstration and rejection of that which I consider to be mistaken or misleading interpretations of different aspects of Descartes’ claims about innate ideas. A decisive part in all this is played by the distinction between the implicit and explicit apprehension of the content known and a distinction between three types of potentiality on the basis of this apprehension – pure receptivity of the mind; dispositions of the mind to be actually modified by certain specific apprehensions; and finally the potential explicit presences of ideas as the realisations of the disposition in question for the given mind.
DE
Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, eine originale Antwort auf die wichtige und kontroverse Frage zu geben: Was meint Descartes mit dem Begriff „angeborene Idee“, und welchen Umfang hat gemäß ihm die Klasse der angeborenen Ideen? Dieses Ziel wird getragen von der Ambition, Spannungen oder gar Widersprüche zu erläutern bzw. zu beseitigen, die durch Descartes’ auf den ersten Blick in verschiedenen Texten zu findenden, schwer miteinander vereinbarenden Äußerungen zu den gegebenen Fragen hervorgerufen werden. Nach und nach arbeite ich dabei meine eigene Position heraus, was vor dem Hintergrund des Verweises auf und der Ablehnung von meiner Meinung nach fehlerhaften bzw. irreführenden Interpretationen verschiedener Aspekte der Äußerungen Descartes’ hinsichtlich der angeborenen Ideen geschieht. Die maßgebliche Rolle meines Ansatzes spielt dabei die Unterscheidung zwischen impliziter und expliziter Apprehension des erkannten Inhalts, worauf die Unterscheidung dreier Arten von Potentialitäten aufbaut, die in Descartes’ Konzept des Innatismus am Werk sind– die reine Rezeptivität des Geistes, des Weiteren die Disposition des Geistes zur ständigen Modifizierung durch bestimmte spezifische Apprehensionen und schließlich die potentiell explizite Anwesenheit der Ideen als Aktualisierung der genannten Disposition für den gegebenen Geist.
Autor podjął kwestię założeń wstępnych oraz warunków przygotowania i realizacji marketingowej strategii upowszechnienia nowych idei — szeroko rozumianych pomysłów, koncepcji, technologii, norm czy projektów. Idee w całej ich różnorodności rozpatruje się z punktu widzenia zbioru cech i charakterystyk związanych z ich wymową, konstrukcją, złożonością oraz użytecznością. W rezultacie idee stanowią pakiety wartości społecznych kierowanych do wybranych grup odbiorców w zamian za inne wartości – społeczne koszty przyjęcia oraz akceptacji idei. W pracy sformułowano ogólne cele kreowania i rozpowszechniania idei oraz indywidualne korzyści dla adresatów. Istotnym fragmentem jest operacyjny model transferowania idei – ich rozpowszechnienie w społeczeństwie lub w odpowiednich grupach. Szczegółowo przedstawiono konstrukcję idei oraz główne podmioty zaangażowane w ich kształtowanie oraz rozpowszechnienie, w tym także wykorzystywane środki, techniki i narzędzia komunikacyjnie – marketingowe. Rynek idei poddano analizie podmiotowej, wyróżniając różnorodne grupy zwolenników i przeciwników nowych idei. Dodatkowym wątkiem podjętym przez autora była kwestia „marki” idei, czyli idei markowej oraz „ceny”. Przedstawiono warunki i kryteria wyróżnienia tej szczególnej klasy idei oraz sposoby pojmowania ceny – łącznej rekompensaty korzyści z tytuły akceptacji idei.
EN
The author has undertaken the mission of charting the preliminary assumptions and conditions for the preparation and implementation of a marketing strategy aimed at the dissemination of new insights – broadly defined ideas and concepts, technologies, standards and projects. The ideas, in all their diversity, are considered from the point of view of a set of traits and characteristics associated with their significance, structure, complexity, and usability. Consequently the ideas represent packets of social values targeted to specific groups of customers in exchange for other values – social costs of adoption and acceptance of these ideas. This paper formulates the general objectives of the creation and dissemination of ideas and individual benefits for recipients. An important section is the operating model for the transfer of ideas – their dissemination in society or amongst the respective groups. Detailed design ideas are presented along with the identification of main players involved in their formation and dissemination, as well as the resources utilized, techniques and marketing communication tools. The market of ideas, and the characteristics of entities were analyzed, highlighting the various groups of supporters and opponents of the new concepts. An additional theme undertaken by the author was that of the notion of a "brand" of an idea, in other words, the idea branding and concept of "worth". The paper presents the conditions and criteria for the distinction of this particular class of ideas and approaches towards understanding their ‘price’ – the total compensation of benefits arising from the acceptance of ideas.
Autor podjął kwestię założeń wstępnych oraz warunków przygotowania i realizacji marketingowej strategii upowszechnienia nowych idei – szeroko rozumianych pomysłów, koncepcji, technologii, norm czy projektów. Idee w całej ich różnorodności rozpatruje się z punktu widzenia zbioru cech i charakterystyk związanych z ich wymową, konstrukcją, złożonością oraz użytecznością. W rezultacie idee stanowią pakiety wartości społecznych kierowanych do wybranych grup odbiorców w zamian za inne wartości – społeczne koszty przyjęcia oraz akceptacji idei. W pracy sformułowano ogólne cele kreowania i rozpowszechniania idei oraz indywidualne korzyści dla adresatów. Istotnym fragmentem jest operacyjny model transferowania idei – ich rozpowszechnienie w społeczeństwie lub w odpowiednich grupach. Szczegółowo przedstawiono konstrukcję idei oraz główne podmioty zaangażowane w ich kształtowanie oraz rozpowszechnienie, w tym także wykorzystywane środki, techniki i narzędzia komunikacyjnie – marketingowe. Rynek idei poddano analizie podmiotowej, wyróżniając różnorodne grupy zwolenników i przeciwników nowych idei. Dodatkowym wątkiem podjętym przez autora była kwestia „marki” idei, czyli idei markowej oraz „ceny”. Przedstawiono warunki i kryteria wyróżnienia tej szczególnej klasy idei oraz sposoby pojmowania ceny – łącznej rekompensaty korzyści z tytuły akceptacji idei.
EN
The author has undertaken the mission of charting the preliminary assumptions and conditions for the preparation and implementation of a marketing strategy aimed at the dissemination of new insights – broadly defined ideas and concepts, technologies, standards and projects. The ideas, in all their diversity, are considered from the point of view of a set of traits and characteristics associated with their significance, structure, complexity, and usability. Consequently the ideas represent packets of social values targeted to specific groups of customers in exchange for other values – social costs of adoption and acceptance of these ideas. This paper formulates the general objectives of the creation and dissemination of ideas and individual benefits for recipients. An important section is the operating model for the transfer of ideas – their dissemination in society or amongst the respective groups. Detailed design ideas are presented along with the identification of main players involved in their formation and dissemination, as well as the resources utilized, techniques and marketing communication tools. The market of ideas, and the characteristics of entities were analyzed, highlighting the various groups of supporters and opponents of the new concepts. An additional theme undertaken by the author was that of the notion of a "brand" of an idea, in other words, the idea branding and concept of "worth". The paper presents the conditions and criteria for the distinction of this particular class of ideas and approaches towards understanding their “price” – the total compensation of benefits arising from the acceptance of ideas.
The Second Polish Republic faced many problems, one of them was the nationality issue. One of the main problems was the so-called “Ukrainian issue”. It is worth noting that Polish politicians often searched for the solutions, which were aimed to create conditions for peaceful coexistence of different nations, living in one country. Conservatives were among those politicians. The position of Polish conservatives to the issue of an agreement with the Ukrainian people can be called conciliating. They repeatedly clamored bout honoring of rights and cultural equality for Ukrainians. After World War II concepts developed by conservatives found their followers and supporters among Polish emigration. Both the founder of the Parisian “Kultura”, Jerzy Giedroyc and his colleague, also a major thinkers of the postwar Polish political thought Julius Mieroszewski continued intellectual heritage of the Polish political elite.
The turn of the millennium brought an increased interest in issues of multiculturalism, which became a focal point for debates about culture, especially in liberal democracies. The question is particularly important in that most people today live in heterocultural societies. The authors thus do not approach multiculturalism as the simple coexistence in society of members of various ethnic groups but rather as a theoretical basis for the scholarly analysis of the state and of society, which implement policies in regard to internal cultural (ethnic) diversity. Multiculturalism thus defines a social space in which people who adhere to different axiological, normative, religious or moral systems, and who are aware of these differences, live together. At the same time, state policy aims to include all of them in a social order which is being modified under the influence of cultural diversity. Multiculturalism can be presented on the one hand as an idea that is not apprehended directly but is known through concepts, and on the other hand, as an entity identified by the senses. The authors illustrate the transition from an idea to a state policy in regard to a multitude of ethnic cultures by reference to Australia and the Federal Republic of Germany.
Utwory architektoniczne należą do tych utworów, których ocena prawna budzi emocje i spory, zwłaszcza między prawnikami a architektami. Oczekiwania architektów często spotykają się z niezrozumieniem prawników, co wynika nie tylko z brzmienia przepisów ustawy, ich interpretacji i zasad ochrony praw autorskich, ale także z posługiwania się odmiennym językiem. Brak jednolitej terminologii, niespójność różnych regulacji, ale także zmieniające się podejście do architektury jako takiej powodują różnorodne problemy, które mimo upływu lat i różnych (choć dość nielicznych) wypowiedzi doktryny czy judykatury nie znajdują rozwiązania. Artykuł jest próbą uporządkowania pojęć, którymi posługują się architekci, i skonfrontowania ich z przepisami prawa autorskiego, tak by umożliwić jednej i drugiej grupie zawodowej wzajemne zrozumienie.
EN
Architectural works belong to these works which the legal assessment is waking up emotions and disputes, especially between lawyers and architects. Expectations of architects often meet with the incomprehension of lawyers what results not only from the sound of provisions of the Act, their interpretation and principles of protection of the copyright, but also from using the different tongue. The lack of the uniform terminology, the inconsistency of different regulations but also the changing attempt at architecture as such, cause diverse problems, which in spite of the expiry of years and different (at least enough few) statements of doctrine or judicatures, aren’t finding a solution. The article is an attempt to tidy up notions which architects are using and to confront them with provisions of the copyright in order to enable one and for the second occupational group sympathy.
Roman Brandstaetter mastered an original, comprehensive and consistent concept of landscape. During his several trips to Italy, Branstaetter developed a unique way of talking about his own feelings regarding space. Non-verbalised at first, these impressions were merely an intuition he acquired in the Holy Land. The Bible, certain trends of Jewish mysticism such as the idea of a mystical screen, pantheistic doctrine and most of all the idea of Szehina – the female aspect of God together with studies on the life of St. Francis of Assisi primarily influenced Brandstaetter’s concept of getting the feel of a place. The period of Italian travels inspired him to develop his own mature and original vision, which, at the same time, prepared a technique for writing a future novel Jesus of Nazareth.
Thomas Reid, founder of the Scottish school of common sense, held the thesis that all previous philosophical systems were tainted by the same “original sin” – the adoption (in various forms) of a representationalist theory of sense perception. He called it the “theory of ideas,” the consequence of which was to separate the subject and object of perception by an irremovable “veil of ideas.” Before formulating his own account Reid considered this issue from a historical perspective, attempting to demonstrate the validity of his position. The purpose of this article is to answer the question of the relevance of Reid’s views to the theory that perception is direct or immediate. It is primarily concerned with the view characteristic of the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition, traditionally interpreted as presentationalism, and Descartes’ views on the status of “ideas” in the process of knowing the so-called external world. At the same time, the analysis carried out points to simplifications in the Reidian interpretation of his predecessors’ views on the nature of perception and to features of the theories criticized that justify it to some extent.
PL
Thomas Reid, twórca szkockiej szkoły zdrowego rozsądku, głosił tezę, że wszystkie wcześniejsze systemy filozoficzne obciążone są tym samym „grzechem pierworodnym” – przyjęciem (w różnych formach) reprezentacjonistycznej teorii spostrzeżenia zmysłowego. Nazywał ją „teorią idei”, której konsekwencją miało być oddzielenie podmiotu i przedmiotu poznania nieusuwalną „zasłoną idei”. Konstruowanie własnej filozofii poprzedził analizą historii tego zagadnienia od starożytności do czasów sobie współczesnych, usiłując wykazać zasadność swego stanowiska. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytanie o trafność poglądów Reida, wyrażonych w przyjmowanej teorii spostrzeżenia. Chodzi więc przede wszystkim o pogląd charakterystyczny dla tradycji arystotelesowsko-tomistycznej, tradycyjnie interpretowany jako prezentacjonizm, oraz poglądy Kartezjusza dotyczące statusu „idei” w procesie poznawania tzw. świata zewnętrznego. Przeprowadzone analizy wskazują jednocześnie na uproszczenia w Reidowskiej interpretacji poglądów jego poprzedników na naturę spostrzeżenia oraz na cechy krytykowanych teorii, które w pewnym stopniu usprawiedliwiają tę krytykę.
CEL NAUKOWY: Celem autora w artykule jest przedstawienie kilku kluczowych idei lokalizacji jako alternatywy globalizacji oraz ich krytyczna analiza z punktu widzenia możliwości i barier na drodze do ich urzeczywistnienia. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Krytyka idei lokalizacji może pomóc przeformułować podstawowe założenia i do pewnego stopnia w przyszłości uczyni ją bardziej adekwatną w stosunku do istniejącej rzeczywistości społecznej. Autor dokonał skrótowego zestawienia idei a następnie poddał je krytyce pytając o szanse ich urzeczywistnienia i podstawowe bariery na drodze do budowy „lepszego świata”. PROCES WYWODU: Artykuł rozpoczyna się od prezentacji głównych idei lokalizacji. Autor poddaje krytyce idee lokalizacji pytając, w jaki sposób można byłoby wdrożyć lokalizację i za jaką cenę. Pozostaje otwartym pytanie, kto i za jaką cenę zdecydowałby się wspierać program polityczny nakierowany na realizację idei lokalizacji. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Rezultatem przeprowadzonej analizy jest ogólne stwierdzenie, że realizacja idei lokalizacji musiałaby natrafić na bardzo liczne bariery. Koszty realizacji projektu wydają się także ogromne, gdy weźmie się pod uwagę możliwy opór społeczny. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Czy próba zbudowania lokalnej rzeczywistości może się powieść, pozostaje otwartą kwestią. Nie możemy przecież ostatecznie zweryfikować projektów, które nie zostały (jeszcze?) wdrożone. Możemy jednak wskazać na szereg wątpliwości, które muszą pojawić się podczas analizy projektów opartych na idei lokalizacji. Wskazanie wad projektu nie oznacza jego dyskredytacji. Identyfikacja nieoczekiwanych konsekwencji wdrażania projektów wielkich przemian społecznych może pomóc w udoskonaleniu projektu, który nadal pozostaje otwarty.
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The author's goal in the article is to present a few key ideas of localization as an alternative to globalization and a critical analysis of localization from the point of view of possibilities and barriers to their implementation. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Criticism to the idea of localization can help reformulate the basic assumptions and could make it more relevant to the existing social reality in the future. The author briefly summarized the ideas and then criticized them asking about the chances of their implementation and the basic barriers to building „a better world”. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article begins with the presentation of the main ideas of localization. The author criticizes the asking how the localization could be implemented and at what price. The question remains who and at what price would choose to support the political program aimed at implementing the idea of localization. RESEARCH RESULTS: The result of the analysis carried out is the general statement that the implementation of the localization would have to face numerous barriers. The costs of implementing the project also seem enormous when one considers the possible social resistance. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Can an attempt to build local reality succeed, remains an open question. We cannot finally verify projects that have not (yet?) been implemented. However, we can point to a number of doubts that must arise when analyzing projects based on the idea of localization. Indication of project defects does not mean its discrediting. Identifying the unexpected consequences of implementing major social change projects can help improve a project that remains open.
Sixtine by Remy de Gourmont marks the refusal of nature and tangible reality and the choice of imagination to the detriment of reality. Its principal character, Hubert d’Entragues is a faithful disciple of idealism of symbolism. Since he chooses to think rather that to live, it is not surprising that the plot of the novel is almost nonexistent. The plot develops around of d’Entragues’ desire to win the beautiful Sixtine, which is in itself condemned to failure since he is doing nothing to reach her and refuses to take any effort. The woman, who could have served as the principal impulse of the plot, is practically inexistent in this story (though it is a passionate story) and is replaced by the ideal woman: the story is doubled by the second story, e.g. a novel written by the character which is a transposition of his “cerebral” relation with Sixtine and a realisation of presence of the latter. Art replaces life and life does not exist in itself. It is shaped by thought. But the chosen absence of any facts of life is fruitful: it gives birth to a novel. It is a story of a prisoner in love with the statute of the Virgin which he sees while taking a daily walk. In this novel the carnal accomplishment is not necessary in order for a true and sincere passion to develop and the satisfaction of desire may destroy the dream and the ideal.
Artykuł odnosi się do problematyki definiowania architektury. Za pomocą przedstawienia relacji pomiędzy ideą a materią dzieła wydaje się możliwe wskazanie pewnej wymiennej zależności mówiącej o pochodzeniu formy w sztuce architektonicznej. Celem artykułu nie jest wskazanie, co decyduje o powstaniu budowli, lecz dywagacja (poparta historycznymi przykładami), co jest ważniejsze dla architekta – idea czy materia dzieła. Wysnucie wniosków autor pozostawia czytającemu.
EN
The article refers to the problems of defining architecture. By showing the relationship between the idea and the matter of the work, it seems possible to indicate a certain interchangeable dependence about the origin of the form in architectural art. The purpose of the article is not to indicate – what determines the construction of the building but the division (supported by historical examples) what is more important for the architect – the idea or matter of the work? The author leaves the application to the reader.
According to Malebranche only God can cause the interaction between mind and body, two substances having totally different characteristics. Descartes claims that in the cognition we need ideas’ mediation. While we can get to know spiritual ego in a clear manner, we know the material world only in an imperfect way because it is located outside our mind. The originality of Malebranche’s philosophy consists in the fact that he appreciates the cognition of the material world. We mustn’t forget, however, to follow our reason as well as clear and distinct ideas, not blurred sensations. The French philosopher deprives senses and imagination of their cognitive value in favour of intellectual cognition. Information received through our senses serves the body to sustain life. Imagination is in many cases the source of mistakes. It is only pure understanding that gives us the possibility for objective cognition based on eternal and unchangeable archetypes. We cannot get to know God’s immensity nor God’s attributes because of our mental limitations. Still, in the most perfect way we can apprehend ideal extension which constitutes this part of God’s substance that contains clear and distinct ideas of bodies. Archetypes of objects contain all properties of objects. Looking at the created world, we see them in different ways depending if we get to know them only intellectually or receive the movements of nerves’ fibres as well. But we can’t see God by an intermediary of an idea because nothing finite can represent infinity.
PL
Według Malebranche’a jedynie Bóg może sprawić, że dochodzi do współdziałania duszy i ciała, które są substancjami o całkowicie odmiennym charakterze. Jednak podczas gdy dla Kartezjusza duchowe ja poznajemy na sposób przejrzysty, a świat materialny niedoskonale, gdyż potrzebujemy do tego pośrednictwa idei, oryginalność filozofii francuskiego oratorianina polega na tym, że dokonuje on dowartościowania poznania świata materialnego. Musimy jednak posługiwać się rozumem oraz jasnymi i wyraźnymi ideami, a nie mętnymi odczuciami zmysłowymi. Francuski filozof odbiera więc zmysłom i wyobraźni władzę panowania na rzecz poznania intelektualnego. Informacje pochodzące od zmysłów służą ciału tylko do zachowania życia. Z kolei wyobraźnia stanowi często źródło pomyłek. Jedynie czyste rozumienie daje nam możliwość poznania obiektywnego, opartego na wiecznych i niezmiennych archetypach1. Podczas gdy z powodu naszej ograniczoności nie jesteśmy w stanie pojąć bezmiaru Boga ani jego atrybutów, niczego nie możemy poznać umysłem lepiej niż właśnie rozciągłość idealną stanowiącą tę część Boskiej substancji, która mieści w sobie jasne i wyraźne idee ciał. Archetypy przedmiotów zawierają w sobie wszystkie ich własności. Widzimy je różnie, gdy patrzymy na świat stworzony, w zależności od tego, w jaki sposób jaka część rozciągłości idealnej nas dotyka i w zależności od tego, czy pojmujemy ją jedynie umysłowo, czy otrzymujemy poruszenia włókien nerwowych. Natomiast Bóg nie może być postrzegany poprzez ideę, gdyż nic skończonego nie może przedstawiać nieskończoności.
In the context of modernization of the pre-school education institutions of Ukraine within the framework of individually oriented and competent approach is a change of priorities for education – on the child's development, on the accumulation of knowledge – on the ability to apply them in specific situations. Providing self-development of preschool children in a prepared environment causes the introduction in the educational process of the activity approach. Therefore, the problem of studying the updated achievements of the past to identify those that can be adapted to the modern educational space is up-to-date. According to the results of the theoretical analysis the interpretation of key concepts, namely, the «idea», «activity», «action», «approach» in the philosophical, psychological and pedagogical sense is presented. The absence of a holistic historical and pedagogical research activity approach to training and education of pre-school children, in our opinion, has a negative impact on the development of both the historical and pedagogical science and practice of implementation of the activity approach in the modern educational process in the kindergarten. Theoretical analysis reveals that in its essence and content of the concept of the activity approach is complex and multi-faceted education, which includes an analysis of the formation of self-realization, self-development of the person as the subject of activity. The basic idea of the activity approach in the educational process is not connected with the activity as such, but with the activities, which is a means of formation and development of the child. The transformation of ideas of the activity approach in historical and pedagogical context of the twentieth century is revealed. It was found out that the content of this concept in the 30’s in psychology was regarded as «the principle of the activity»; in the 70th of XX century appeared in the scientific revolution definition of «active approach». In the second half of the 80th – student-activity approach, focused not only on the assimilation of knowledge, but also on the ways of their assimilation, thought and action, the development of cognitive effort and creativity of the child that has been recognized as one of the system-forming factors restructuring the education system. Further development of the activity approach in psychological and educational research over 90s is associated with a change in the educational paradigm (90 years of the twentieth century), since the transformation took place in the student-activity-oriented concept of education. Generalization of the characteristics, especially the development of the ideas of the activity approach in educational theory, due to deterministic requirements of the society for the education of children in different historical periods is made.
The artice shows the idea of freedom based on selected examples of diary of Pylyp Orlyk and memories of Karl Chojecki. In these two ego-documents, it is possible to found similarities in views of freedom. Both authors want to come back to their homelands. The author also mentions that Pylyp Orlyk and Karl Chojecki wanted to escape from oppresing Russian Empiry.
The doctrine of normativism initiated by German lawyer Hans Kelsen was very popular in the interwar period. One of the Polish continuators and propagators of normativism was professor of law Szymon Rundstein. He was in favor of studying the law in its pure form, without taking into account the influence of sociological, psychological, historical or political factors. The subject of Rundstein’s study was the law analyzed “formally and schematically”, regardless of the criterion of its validity. The novelty of the Warsaw lawyer’s theory was that he modified the theory of Hans Kelsen. He replaced the concept of Grundnorm with the concept of “the idea of law”, which was an expression of a phenomenological approach to law. Rundstein’s theory of law became an inspiration for many of today’s theoreticians of state and law.
The paper concerns the ideological profile of urban movements in Poland. In the first part, the author defines the concept of urban movement based on the related literature and outlines the history of the urban matter in Poland. Then, attempts are made to reconstruct the ideological profile of urban activism. This is done on the basis of an analysis that includes the main ideas to which urban activists refer (right to the city, idea of particular narratives, city-view) as well as the urban theses that include the postulations developed by the Congress of Urban Movements being the effect of consolidation activities in the Polish urban movements’ environment. In conclusion, the key groups of postulations formulated by activists in Polish cities are analysed through the perspective of the views contained in the main contemporary political doctrines.
The subject of this article concerns the relationship between the axiosphere of Karol Wojtyła’s early poetry and his axiological preferences in the later period of his creative activity. The subject of the research are the poetic cycle The Psalter of David (The Slavonic Book) from 1939 and The Ethical Primer from 1957–1958. Hermeneutics was used in the analysis of ideas, while the axiolinguistic method was employed in the analysis of the values. The study of these texts makes it possible to recreate the system of values preferred by Karol Wojtyła as a poet and philosopher. This system is part of the axiology of Christian humanism.
PL
Tematyka artykułu dotyczy zależności pomiędzy aksjosferą wczesnej poezji Karola Wojtyły a jego preferencjami aksjologicznymi w późniejszym okresie twórczej aktywności. Przedmiot badań stanowią: cykl poetycki Psałterz Dawidów (Księga słowiańska) z 1939 roku oraz Elementarz etyczny z lat 1957–1958. Do analizy idei w tekstach zastosowano hermeneutykę, zaś do analizy wartości – metodę aksjolingwistyczną. Badanie tekstów umożliwia odtworzenie systemu wartości preferowanych przez Karola Wojtyłę – poetę i filozofa. System ten wpisuje się w aksjologię chrześcijańskiego humanizmu.
Republic with such official or colloquial names as Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Commonwealth of Three Nations and the Republic of “one” Polish nation. During the World War I, when more realistic became the chance of dropping power of invaders, on the Polish side the vision of Commonwealth of Two or Three Nations appeared incidentally in political discourse. The object of this sketch is to show the perspective of a resurgence of the multinational Republic, the chances of success of this project in the final period of World War I, and most of all to show the barriers and obstacles in the way of its implementation. This idea collides with the expression of the unknown in the era of pre-capitalism Polish and to the same extent Lithuanian and Ukrainian nationalism. The characteristic of the nobles’ Republic religious tolerance lost in confrontation with the nationalism. The idea of multinational Republic in the new conditions did not transform into ethnic Republic. This idea constituted for the peoples residing the lands of former Republic often a negative reference point.
This review study looks at David Clemenson’s book Descartes’ Theory of Ideas from both the historical and systematic points of view. From the historical point of view, the theme of the (late) scholastic influences on Descartes’ theory of ideas is tackled, while from the systematic point of view Descartes’ theory is interpreted dealing with the question of Cartesian representationalism or direct (cognitive) realism. An analysis of the immediate Scholastic texts, written by Jesuits (and taught at the Jesuit college La Flèche, where the young Descartes studied) is used by Clemenson to support his argument for a so-called weak version of direct realism, actually identical with a weak version of representationalism. The author of this review study, despite appreciating the connection of these two levels, making possible a consistent interpretation of some of Descartes’ ostensibly contradictory statements, draws attention to certain deficiencies and obscurities concerning, primarily, the scholastic dimension of the subject-matter.
Since mid-19th century Dutch and Flemish literature has often been translated into Central European languages. We find authors like Conscience, Multatuli or Heijermans almost everywhere, often with the same works. Until the late 19th century translations were often made via German. Czech had a special position. Though there is not that much translated into this language as into German, until World War II Czech was the language into which was translated more than into other Central European languages. Until the 20s many translators were writers themselves. This gives rise to questions such as how the choice was made, what is the position of a particular author or his work within translated literature? How was Dutch literature defined? In this paper, we give a look how the choice was made, at the position of translators of Dutch literature in the late 19th and early 20th century in the Czech literary field, the position of Dutch in their work and how this literature was received in translation.
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.