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EN
The aim of the article is to present the assumptions and methods behind the ideological pressure exerted on Polish teachers by the communist authorities in 1948–1956 as described in the teachers’ memoirs. The Polish Workers’ Party (later the Polish United Workers’ Party) during the Stalinist period tried to instil in teachers “socialist morality” by means of courses, conferences, additional education and an order to “self-educate”. The text contains a synthetic historical outline of the above-mentioned activities and their analysis based on the memories of credible witnesses to those events.
EN
The article deals with the problem of periodization of historical and pedagogical process in Ukraine in the twentieth century. The achievements of scientists as regards to studying the raised problem are analyzed. It is found out that there is no periodization of higher historical education contents in Ukraine in scientific literature. Based on the systematic approach the author identifies four periods in the development of historical education contents at higher educational establishments of Ukraine in 1945–1991. The first period (1945–1956) consists of two stages. At the first stage (1945–1947) the national content elements of history are still visible, but during the second stage (1947–1956) the Russian centred scheme of the Ukrainian history becomes consolidated. The second period (1956–1967) designates temporary liberalization of public life which had a positive effect on the development of historical education contents. The third stage (1967–1987) is characterized by coming back to strict party regulation of the contents of history, increasing russification of educational process. The fourth stage (1987–1991) was set up with the adoption of documents which initiated the restructuring of higher education in the USSR. At this stage, there have been revolutionary changes on the way of settling the national contents of history education. They are the following: the course of History of the CPSU was cancelled, higher educational establishments gained the right to publish national curriculum and educational-methodical literature themselves, the Departments of History of Ukraine began to open and a number of higher educational establishments introduced the intramural course of teaching the History of Ukraine. The author mentions that although each of the periods had some peculiarities, in general the contents of history education in Soviet Ukraine was too ideologized and politicized. In conclusion, the author states that the given periodization might be useful for studying the history of Ukraine, history of pedagogics, and for the formulation of periodization of higher historical education development after 1991.
PL
głośnym artykule sprzed kilku lat Peter Berger mówi o marginalizacji i rosnącej nieistotności socjologii, wskazując na dwie przyczyny jej upadku: dominację metod ilościowych oraz ideologizację dyscypliny, która – jego zdaniem – przejawia się w niejednokrotnie jałowym powtarzaniu „mantry klasy, rasy i gender”. W artykule zastanawiam się nad zasadnością tych zarzutów, przedstawiając je na tle szerszej debaty nad kondycją nauk społecznych i humanistyki. Pytam również o stan socjologii w Polsce, a także o przyczyny, dla których w polskim kontekście zarzuty Bergera można uznać za tylko w części trafione.
EN
In his well-known paper published several years ago Peter Berger wrote about marginalization and increasing irrelevance of sociology pointing to the two factors contributing to its demise: domination of quantitative methodology and ideologization. In his view the latter is reflected in the often unproductive repetition of the mantra of „class, race, and gender“. In my paper I ask whether these charges are somehow justified and discuss them in the wider context of recent debates over the condition of social sciences and the humanities. I ask also what is the condition of Polish sociology, and why it is so that Berger’s charges are only partially valid in the Polish context.
EN
The article discusses some discursive practices in the current discourse on education in Poland. The research showed that some cognitive and interactive aspects of civil discourse shape axiological, ideological and political contexts. The condition of current public debate in Poland, dominated by ritual chaos strategies, antagonizing social actors and idealizing the debate’s subject, has also got an influence on the bottom-up initiative in discourse. The analysis demonstrated that the new symbolic elites take communicative patterns of the dominating discourse and they create neither their own forms nor strategies of participating in the public discourse that could belong to civil society practices (eg. communicative strategies based on dialogue and agreement, nonreactive forms of social activities).
EN
The main issue of the article is the process of ideologization of the discourse on modern art. The author analyses media statements following the burning down of Julita Wójcik’s art installation “Tęcza” in Warsaw. The dispute mentioned did not focus on the aesthetic judgements, but on the symbolic value of the work. Built to symbolize the tolerance for homosexuals, the installation prompted intense aggression (both physical and verbal) among representatives of the extreme right. The author juxtaposes statements coming from both sides of the conflict. What merits particular attention here is the strategy of hybridization of discourses that are mutually exclusive (discourse of tolerance and discourse of exclusion). It aims at devaluing the discourse of tolerance and “softening” the negative image of the discourse of exclusion.
EN
In the article I discuss the problem of contemporary Polish political communication. In its communicative dimension, the contemporary mediatized reality has become an area of functioning of polarized and linguistically and ideologically separate communities: media broadcasters with their offer and separate recipient groups (with different competencies). The polarity of worldview and its linguistic realizations is the most visible in the Polish official political discourse. In the media it is realized mostly by linguistic activities of purely ideological character. Such polarized political discourse of the media has led to ideologically charged ‘double vision’ of reality and its conceptualization ‘Us – Them’ being the most characteristic trait of the contemporary media communication in our country. The phenomena discussed above, typical for current political discourse, are worrying because they draw our attention to a linguistic – and seemingly historical – category: to newspeak.
EN
The article presents polish woman conceptualisation fordem in a current feminist discours. In the perspective of it women identity charactericed as being discriminated and excluded from the public. One of the discoursive strategy of changing social order is constructing an publishing the image of woman whose ablithies and predispositions make her capable of taking social and job position equally with the men’s. On the other side tere is a image of average, dominated and restrieced by the offensive patriarchal coulture. Entities of feminist discourse, while fighting for an symbolic authority, use opposithional categories: man - woman, conservatism - liberalism, patriarch - equality, tradition - modernity, passivity - dynamizm and public - private.
PL
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RU
Одним из основных принципов кооперативного движения, принятого в XIX веке, было правило политического (и религиозного) нейтралитета. Несоблюдение этого принципа означало подчинение кооперативной деятельности политическим интересам, определяемым политическими движениями или государственными органами. Политизация кооперативизма привела к искажению идеалов этого движения. Возрождение польской государственности после второй мировой войны было отмечено марксизмом-ленинизмом как правильное направление для формирования политической системы коммунизма. Это означало отрицание политического нейтралитета и автономии кооперации. Автор указывает на положительные и отрицательные последствия тогдашней идеологизации польского кооперативизма в их теоретическом и практическом измерении.
EN
One of the basic principles of the cooperative movement, adopted in the nineteenth century, was the rule of political (and religious) neutrality. Disobey this rule led to the merger or even subordination of the cooperative’s activities to political interests presented by political movements or state authorities. Politicization of cooperatism resulted in a distortion of the ideals of this movement. The rebirth of Polish statehood after the Second World War was marked by marxism-leninism as the right direction for shaping the political system. This meant the negation of political neutrality and autonomy of the cooperatives. The author points to the positive and negative effects of the ideologization of Polish cooperatism in their theoretical and practical dimension.
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