Wildlife crime is one of main threats to biodiversity. It is often committed by organized criminal groups and generates them significant sums of money. Despite these facts, it remains underestimated by authorities that are responsible for enforcement of rules on environmental crimes. Efforts to adopt a common international legal framework within the Council of Europe have failed, also the EU’s Environmental Crime Directive is being implemented in a very limited way. On the basis of various studies, the article provides evaluation of this implementation, describes main shortcomings and indicates also several recommendations for further steps.
The purpose of this research is to investigate English teachers’ perception and challenges of the implementation of ICT in ELT classrooms. This study used mixed methods, qualitative and quantitative in nature. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the study subjects, who are 26 English teachers from 16 public senior high schools in Banda Aceh. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. The data were analysed and interpreted through qualitative and quantitative procedures. The results showed that the English teachers found ICT very helpful in teaching. However, the limited time and tools, coupled with a poor Internet connection as well as a lack of knowledge and experience of ICT training were obstacles for the teachers using ICT. The results of this study give meaningful insights for policy makers in relation to the implementation of ICT for teaching and learning in the classroom.
Health psychology was founded as a response to social needs for better understanding and regulation of psychological aspects of biological, mental, and social well-being. Despite initial enthusiasm and optimism in its early days, three decades of development yielded results that are disappointing to many scholars in terms of health psychology practical meaning. Thus, in this paper we review several challenges for health psychology. We believe that health psychology might benefit from revival of aims and values that distinguished the discipline at its onset such as bio-psycho-social perspective that has been narrowed to somatic illness in recent days. Second, more integration is needed in theory and terminology to eliminate overlapping concepts labeled with different names. Furthermore, social practice would benefit from greater responsiveness of health psychologists to new technologies. Finally, health psychology is likely to derive benefits from more general well-established perspectives on diffusion of innovation in social practice. We conclude that health psychology as a practice-related scientific discipline is likely to regain its initial momentum once these problems are solved and novel areas of scientific exploration are identified.
The disbursement of funds of the European Union’s budget with regard to Common Agricultural Policy imposes on administrative authorities of Community and Member States many responsibilities to protect financial interests of the EU’s budget. This paper presents the characteristics of these responsibilities and legal consequences of their violations and deals only with issues connected with responsibilities of domestic authorities. A well– functioning system of protection of such interests consists of a group of institutional guarantees starting with the effectively functioning institutions at the level of coordination, management and implementation of UE’s aid, through effective management and control system dealing with disbursement of these funds. The effectiveness of the protection of those interests in particular Member States can be assessed by ascertained irregularities. Although Poland is considered to be a country which effectively deals with above mentioned protection of financial interests, it does not exempt our country form the obligation of further development in these area.
The article is devoted to the issue of the implementation of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) of 6 July 2016 on measures contributing to a high level of security of networks and information systems within the territory of the Union (the so-called NIS Directive) into the Polish legal system. In this context, the author analyses the Act on the National Cybersecurity System, presenting the system and its individual components. The subjects of consideration are the provisions of the Act on National Cybersecurity System of the Republic of Poland and other legal acts concerning the subject matter, which entered into force before the adoption of the analysed act. In conclusion, the author states that in some cases, it is necessary to amend individual legal acts in order to avoid ambiguities which lead to disruption of the system as a whole. The basic method used in this article is legal dogmatics and critical analysis of the scientific literature, documents and opinions of experts—practitioners.
The paper deals with issues related to implementation of the European Council Framework Decision of 23.07.2003 (2003/577/WSiSW) on the execution in the European Union of orders freezing property or evidence in the selected Member States. The Decision is an important instrument in judicial cooperation between the EU Member States, based on the principle of mutual recognition of court orders. To begin with, the author asserts that the European Union has yet to work out a system of the execution of legal assistance in the criminal proceedings, which is specific, uniform and used by all Member States. Major critical arguments are brought forward against the functionalities of the mutual recognition principle, quoting in particular the European Arrest Warrant, considering the right to defense. Critical assessment of implementation of the Decision of 23.07.2003 is supported by the Report of the Commission of the European Communities of 22.12.2008 (COM 2008 885) and by the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council – Proceeds of organized crime: ensuring that “crime does not pay” of 20.11.2008 (COM 2008 766). In those documents European Commission has concluded that in several Member States implementation is delayed, incomplete or not in conformity with guidelines set by the Decision. Finally, the author examines regulations of the Polish Criminal Procedure Code, the regulations introduced in Germany on 06.06.2008, amending the Act on the international judicial cooperation (not referred to in the Report of the European Commission) and the regulations of the British system of common law, which only barely implemented the Framework Decision of 2003.
The paper deals with the implementation of the grounds for non-execution the European arrest warrant in the Slovak Republic. It is divided into four sections. While the first section deals with the mandatory grounds, the second section deals with the optional grounds. The third section analyses their implementation in the Slovak Republic and solves the question whether all ‘Slovak mandatory grounds for non-execution the European arrest warrant’ are really mandatory. The last fourth section introduces author’s considerations lex ferenda towards Slovak Act No. 154/2010 Coll. on the European Arrest Warrant.
This paper puts forward the argument that Performance Measurement Systems (PMSs) foster rational, self-interested behaviour and vested values at all levels within organisations, which weakens moral barriers preventing fraud, fabrication of data and bribery. It argues that the longer a PMS is in operation, the greater the probability that rational self-interested behaviour in conflict with fundamental values and goals will be consolidated, aggravated and disseminated within organisations that operate within public welfare policy. If implemented, common incentives aimed at counteracting undesirable behaviour aggravate and speed up this process rather than reversing it. In a worst-case scenario, PMSs are the first step toward corruption, even though PMSs have been implemented with the good intention of improving public policy and strengthening accountability.
The article discusses the problems of implementation of the Convention on the Rights of persons with disabilities in the Polish civil law. Polish legislator needs to choose the model of legal regulation of adult’s protection, which will replace the incapacitation. The article presents the solutions adopted in this field in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, England, France, Hungary, and in some other European countries. The institution of incapacitation is deeply rooted in the Polish legal system, both in law and in legal culture. The abolition of incapacitation will require changes in many areas of law such as family law, rights of the patient, the rules of the exercise of the legal professions and the medical professions, and others. The reform of adult’s protection law carried out in other European countries have faced many problems, such as rising costs of institutions dealing with the protection and the ineffectiveness of many of the new norms. The reform of the law to protect adults conducted in Poland can and should learn from the experience of other countries in this regard.
The main objective of the hereby article is to present the concept, conditions of implementation and preferred directions of action of city logistics projects in the context of improving the quality of inhabitants life, and taking into account the processes of social responsibility in the management of the city. The first part of the article presents the concept and types of city logistics projects as one of the symptoms of actions aimed at implementing the objectives and functions of city logistics in the area. Then presents the conditions and stages of implementation of the effective project solutions in city logistics. The second part presents research results of surveys conducted among inhabitants of three medium-sized cities in Poland: Gorzów Wielkopolski, Jelenia Góra and Zielona Góra. The presented analysis and data focus on solutions, which may affect on the improvement of inhabitants quality of life in the area of city logistics.
The article presents a discussion of strategic management with a particular focus on the possibility of using project management as a strategy implementation instrument. It describes selected strategy management paradigms and models. Strategy implementation was treated as the transposition of the model of a “dead” system – the strategic plan – onto a live system, or an organisation realising defined strategic goals. This requires static changes in organisational structure as well as a shift in the mindset and approach to the organisation’s employees. The changes themselves require creativity, innovation and the formation of project groups to carry out the work.
The article looks primarily at the material comprised in the volume edited by A. Piszcz, Implementation of the EU Damages Directive in Central and Eastern European Countries published in 2017 and based on that compares aspects of the disclosure of evidence issue in Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia. The purpose of this article is to look into how the process for the disclosure of evidence has evolved in eleven countries of the European Union in light of Directive 2014/104/EU. The article looks at six key issues with regard to disclosure of evidence in light of Directive 2014/104/EU: general procedural issues; procedure for the submission of evidence; criteria for the disclosure of evidence; restrictions on the disclosure of evidence; disclosure of evidence by parties other than the defendant; and consequences of the failure to comply with a request to submit evidence. The article relies on primary data from eleven EU countries from Central and Eastern Europe.
The legal basis for the harmonisation of corporate (legal persons’) income taxation in the European Union is Article 115 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and the indicated Council directives. In the current state of law, the provisions shaped under the impact of EU law include those regulating, among other things, the taxation of hybrid structures, the income of foreign-controlled companies, unrealised profits, income earned abroad, dividends, as well as those relating to revenue or deductible costs and tax exemptions.
The European Commission oversees the implementation of the treaties and funds that institutions accept on their basis, as well as supervises the implementation of the EU law under the control of the Court of Justice of the European Union. One of the most important tools that the Commission has at its disposal to force the Member States to comply with the European law is the contravention procedure. In his article, the author describes the mechanisms that provide for the effectiveness of the system for the implementation of the Community law and he presents the three stages of the contravention procedure: the informal proceedings, the formal administrative stage, and the court stage.
The synoptic overview follows two lines of the core topic: life span development and the strategy of its research. The actual task is to design a life span development theory leading to the recognition and specification of individual development dynamics together with allocation of resources for growth, resilience and coping with losses. Ongoing empirical research point out how this general concept is tested in specific areas, such as cognitive processes, motor activity and emotionality. Is lifespan developmental psychology a special kind of developmental psychology, a general integrative ontogenetic concept, or is, is just one of the orientations in the current research of development? Arguments in current discussions are hinted. One of the main pretensions of life span development theory is to allocate a profile of biology- and culture-based sources of growth, resilience and coping with losses. Pluralism appears to be a general characteristic for changes of postmodernism in the concepts of diversity. The number of papers dealing with both positive and risk factors in the lifespan development context is increasing.
Legislative policy is understood in this paper as a holistic approach to the law-making process. EU legislative policy is missing the overall idea on how to legislate, a fact which has induced fragmentation, lack of cohesion and improper implementation of EU law. The goal of this study is not a theoretical discussion on the negative aspects of directive functioning, but to focus on selected imperfections of EU legislative policy and to illustrate them with examples of selected directives. My thesis is that EU legislative policy based on directives is far from perfect or even effective and requires definite changes. As a first step, using fragmentary regulations of particular domains (sectors) of socio-economic life should be stopped. Second, the EU legislature needs to make significant progress in terms of the legislative quality of the laws created. Finally, mechanisms requiring the implementation of directives by member states should be strengthened. These measures require prompt application if the EU legal system is to be an effective tool for, rather than obstacle to, European integration.
The application of E-government initiative in Jordan had widely spread milestones in terms of achievement, these achievements has changed the means of communication between the government different ministries and directories through websites. This research studied the level of E-government application and the changes in the organizational structure needed to reach the optimal customer service. Data collected through the interview with personnel in the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology and Electronic Government Program from, the websites of the Ministry of Education and the Income and Sales Tax Directorate, and the United Nations E-government Readiness Biannual Report. This study found that the E-government application level is conventional with some utilization in the vertical integration, and the effect on the structure is not clear except for the new technology-related positions that have emerged due to the changes in the communication methods.
The paper summarizes the specifics and challenges of e-government policy, and then discusses the apparent shortcomings of policy implementation and challenges for further development in the Czech Republic. It draws attention to problems in national e-government policy and in practical policy implementation (instability of governance, low quality of evaluation, low involvement of stakeholders in project design, and public procurement issues).
The goal of this scientific paper is to investigate specifications of SME in ICT implementation and to identify processes in small- and medium-sized enterprises with concentration on their ICT departments according to the used methodologies. To narrow down the feasibility of using information and communication technologies in SME and to define how the process documentation can help these companies to properly select and subsequently effectively implement ICT.
Many enterprises are adopting enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems for improving their efficiency and productivity. Although there are tremendous benefits to implementing an ERP system, there are just as many risks. The problem is that many projects of this type are unsuccessful, mostly due to their complexity being underestimated. The purpose of the paper is twofold: (1) to analyse the critical success factors (CFSs) of ERP implementation projects and (2) to propose a framework based on a composite approach to ERP systems implementation. A special emphasis is given to business process modelling, because the key to the successful choice, implementation and usage of an ERP system is the fit of planned processes in an organisation with processes implemented in the solution. The paper also presents some results of empirical investigation in the field of ERP implementation.
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