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Face, linguistic (im)politeness and polyphony in Thomas Hardy’s "Far from the Madding Crowd"

100%
Mugford G.
Crossroads. A Journal of English Studies
|
2013
|
issue 1
54-68
EN
Thomas Hardy’s novel "Far from the Madding Crowd" provides a stark contrast in how the characters project their face (Goffman 1967) and how they seek approval from others. Such a contrast can be analysed in terms of Bakhtin’s polyphony – the many voices found in a text which includes the author’s portrayal of his protagonists and how they interact with each other. In order to highlight this contrast and its way of coming across, I examine how three key characters in the novel, Gabriel Oak, Sergeant Frank Troy and William Boldwood, present themselves interpersonally. I use the concept of linguistic (im)politeness to demonstrate how the protagonists try to further themselves, especially in their pursuit of Bathsheba Everdene. I argue that a linguistic (im)politeness approach can also be applied to other novels of Thomas Hardy and indeed to a wider range of literature.
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Modals, Speech Acts and (Im)Politeness: Interactions in Shakespeare’s Plays

100%
Nakayasu M.
Studia Anglica Posnaniensia
|
2013
|
vol. 48
|
issue 4
5-33
EN
This paper accounts for how modals are interrelated with speech acts and (im)politeness, to offer a new perspective to the interactions in Shakespeare’s plays. A variety of strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive or negative face are taken into account within the frameworks of Brown & Levinson (1987) and Culpeper (1996), and the interplay between these strategies is observed in relation to the modals. Furthermore, this study analyses how speech acts performed with the aid of modals are associated with (im)politeness strategies, based on the inventory of speech acts proposed by Nakayasu (2009). It has been shown that there are more strategies to save or attack the hearer’s positive face in Shakespeare which are employed with the use of modals. The analysis reinforces the proposal by Kopytko (1993, 1995) that social interactions in Shakespeare’s time were positive politenessoriented, going further to extend the analysis to impoliteness, and suggests the interrelated nature of modality, speech acts and (im)politeness.
3
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(Nie)grzeczność w dyskursie

100%
Haugh M.
tekst i dyskurs - text und diskurs
|
2022
|
issue 16
195-214
EN
In this article we focus on what discourse analysis brings to (im)politeness research. The paper begins by considering in more detail what is (im)politeness and why studying it in discourse is important. We then review some of the main approaches of discourse analysis that are employed in (im)politeness research. This is followed by two sample studies that illustrate some of the key challenges we face when analysing (im)politeness across different languages or different varieties of the same language. It can be seen that the shift in how (im)politeness is theorised over the past two decades has been accompanied by a move towards anchoring the analysis of (im)politeness in discourse. (Im)politeness is not something that should be attached to single utterances and its dynamic nature in discourse is what drives, in part, variability in evaluations of (im)politeness amongst users. It is also necessary to systematically examine not only whose understanding of politeness we are examining, but also on what grounds those understandings arise.
4

Conflict talk and argumentative strategies in highly adversarial talk shows: The case of Al-Jazeera’s The Opposite Direction

88%
Migdadi F., Badarneh M. A., Abbas K. A.
Lodz Papers in Pragmatics
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2013
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vol. 9
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issue 1
93-121
EN
This study examines the conflict strategies used in the highly adversarial and popular Arabic-language talk show broadcasted weekly on Al-Jazeera satellite channel, known as Al-Ittijah Al-Mu’aakis 'The Opposite Direction'. The study identifies the conflict strategies and verbal conflict expressions and approaches them in the light of Interactional Sociolinguistics. The analysis of three episodes debating three different topics shows that disputants used several types of strategies including "impoliteness", "aggravated impoliteness", topic restriction, lengthy holding of the floor, and sarcasm. The speakers' bald-on-record expressions of disagreement are expected as a result of the controversial and polemical nature of the show, which creates fierce competition between the two guests to present their arguments in an aggressive way.
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Je ne suis pas Charlie. Metadiscourses of impoliteness following “France’s 9/11” in selected print media

88%
Ferenčík M.
Topics in Linguistics
|
2015
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vol. 16
|
issue 1
42-58
EN
Almost immediately after the Charlie Hebdo shootings of 7 January 2015, some print media made room for alternative opinions of what had happened. The articles and the discussions they inspired are replete with evaluations which lend themselves to analysis using methods and procedures of Politeness Theory. The paper examines an example of a metadiscourse of (im)politeness which questions the “moral orders” underlying the cartoonists’ as well as other participants’ social practices vis-à-vis their ideological foundations, esp. freedom of speech as one of the principal liberties of our society. To that end, the approach to politeness as “social practice” is employed which, while insisting on multiple understandings of politeness, places participants’ evaluations at the centre of politeness research.
6
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Der „kommunikative Raum“ in der kulturologischen (Un)Höflichkeitsforschung

88%
Bonacchi S.
Glottodidactica
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2013
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vol. 40
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issue 1
35-47
EN
-
PL
The paper attempts to define the term "communicative space” for (im)politeness research. “Communicative space” is a crucial notion for the definition of concepts such as “ritual balance”, “discursive rule”, “discursive position”, “territoriality”, “field of action” and “co-construction of communicative interaction” (Jacoby, Ochs 1995). “Communicative space” cannot be reduced to the mere physical space in which an (im)polite communicative interaction takes place (“transactional space” according to Kendon 1990). It is a mental space, which is “co-constructed” in so far as it is the result of the convergence of the mental worlds of interactants mediated by utterences. In this sense it can be defined as a “phenomenal space” which is ruled by structuring principles and field laws. The capacity of creating convergent communicative spaces is a key competence which lays the foundations for dialogue capacity and permits successful communicative interactions; therefore it is defined as a very important educational goal in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (2001).
7
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On the Irony-Affect Interface in Political Discourse

88%
Strukowska M.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
|
2021
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issue 12
179-194
EN
The main aim of this paper is to identify patterns in the communication of irony in political discourse, and to determine the role of negative emotions in conveying ironic meaning. The first point to be considered is how politicians use irony, which communicates a contextually incongruent meaning. To be specific, the author’s aim is to investigate what mechanisms of negative politeness are communicated by irony. The second issue to be analysed is the role of negative affect and irony in political discourse. Consequently, the author’s aim is to investigate whether such an interface is socially acceptable and justified in parliamentary discourse. The empirical part of the research seeks to probe the language-affect interface in human interaction. The qualitative and quantitative elements of the analysis lead to results that corroborate the findings relating to the Tinge Hypothesis of Shelley Dews and Ellen Winner (1995: 3), which underscore that irony mutes negative emotions. The paper also takes the perspective of linguistic pragmatics and sociology to highlight the individual factors which play a crucial role in communicating irony. These include face-threatening acts (henceforth: FTAs), role-taking, and negative emotions (evaluations). Another aspect to be considered is the role of the speaker in producing ironic meaning. The author expounds upon the patterns of communication among politicians who share affect-imbued ironic meanings.
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Impoliteness in interlanguage requests of EFL learners in Poland

88%
Szczepaniak-Kozak A.
Linguistica Copernicana
|
2016
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issue 13
319-334
EN
This study intends to expand the range of studies on the acquisition of pragmatic competence in English as a foreign language, with special attention paid to impoliteness. It examines the development of one component of learner interlanguage pragmatics, i.e., requests, and looks for acquisitional patterns in modifying their impositive force in advanced Polish learners of English. A sample of linguistic written data was collected in a longitudinal study by means of a discourse completion task (DCT). The author seeks evidence of impoliteness by examining alerters, external moves, internal mitigation, together with strategies for expressing the directness of requests. On this basis, conclusions about noticeable impoliteness in the interlanguage pragmatic competence of the participants are drawn.
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Means of Expressing and Implying Emotions and Impoliteness in Croatian and Montenegrin Public Discourse

87%
Šarić L., Radanović Felberg T.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
|
2015
|
issue 9
123-148
PL
This article addresses means of expressing and implying emotions (Langlotz, Locher 2012) in realizations of impoliteness in written discourse thematizing language and identity in Croatian and Montenegrin media in 2010 and 2011. Realizations of impoliteness often relate to communicating an emotional stance that can trigger emotional responses in readers. Our discourse sample can be described as “disputes about language and identity” (cf. Felberg, Šarić 2013), which is largely characterized by conflictual disagreements. Conflictual disagreements, as Jones (2001) or Langlotz and Locher (2012) put it, do not leave one cold in face-to-face interaction: they arouse feelings of annoyance, irritation, anger, or contempt directed to the communicative partner. These observations are relevant in our context, although we deal with written discourse. The main participants in our data include well-known intellectuals, journalists, and editors. They all defend or attaca a position in discussing, among other things, “how similar ‘our’ language (Croatian/Montenegrin) is to ‘their’ language” (Serbian), and “what makes this language (Croatian/Montenegrin) a distinctive and independent entity”. These participants clearly position themselves in relation to other participants. Their positioning of the self and the other person involves negative identity-ascribing practices. Taking into consideration parameters such as the role of participants in discourse and society, context, co-text, and activity types in which discourse participants engaged, we identified various highly context-dependent types and functions of impoliteness realizations (cf. Šarić, Felberg 2015). Contrary to our expectations, the participants in the media discourse in both countries frequently use impoliteness both strategically and systematically while defending their positions. The impoliteness realizations point to emotively significant places in discourse. Their use has several functions: a prominent one is coercion through legitimizing one’s own standpoints and delegitimizing those of one’s opponents.
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Niegrzeczność jako sposób na realizację intencji komunikacyjnej nadawcy (na przykładzie języka rosyjskiego)

75%
Pytel-Pandey D.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
|
2017
|
vol. 164
131-142
EN
The author deals with impoliteness in this article. He describes the reasons of this phenom- enon in the society and calls various types of impoliteness. There are: 1. unintentional impoliteness 2. intentional impoliteness, which are the sources of different communication intentions of the speaker. These intentions are: — insulting the interlocutor, — achieving its own purpose and advantage, — protecting the interlocutor in an extremely difficult situation for him. The following examples show that the Russian language has a wide range of possibilities for the realisation of impoliteness in the communication.
RU
В статье автор исследует проблему невежливости в языковой коммуникации. Он рас- сматривает причины этого явления в обществе и называет разные типы невежливости. К ним принадлежат: 1. непреднамеренная невежливость, 2. целенаправленная невежливость, причиной которой являются разные коммуника- тивные намерения говорящего: — обидеть собеседника, — достичь своей цели, пользы, — спасти собеседника в экстремально опасной для него ситуации. Использованные примеры показывают, что русский язык имеет широкий диапазон возможностей реализации коммуникативной невежливости.
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Identity, impoliteness and integration in online immigration discourse

75%
Bączkowska A., Šarić L.
Forum Filologiczne Ateneum
|
2020
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vol. 8
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issue 1
75-100
PL
Celem artykułu jest opis dyskursu używanego w mediach społecznościowych przez Polaków mieszkających w Norwegii. W celu przeprowadzenia analizy utworzono korpus danych zebranych z mediów społecznościowych, w przeważającej mierze z forów internetowych prowadzonych przez Polaków. Korpus ten utworzono w ramach projektu poświęconego badaniu tożsamości narodowej w dyskursie imigracyjnym. Badanie ukierunkowane było na wyszukiwanie wypowiedzeń świadczących o wyłaniającej się tożsamości polskich imigrantów w Norwegii, na identyfikacji używanych przez nich strategii integracji z ludnością rdzenną oraz na analizie języka, którego używają wypowiadając się na forach na wspomniane tematy. Język badany był pod kątem używania strategii niegrzeczności przez uczestników forów internetowych w oparciu o taksonomię zaproponowaną przez J. Culpepera (1996). Przeprowadzona analiza wykazała istnienie jedynie częściowej integracji polskich imigrantów z Norwegami oraz wyłanianie się trzech typów tożsamości. Na poziomie analizy języka zidentyfikowano kilka rodzajów pozytywnej i negatywnej niegrzeczności (positive/negative impoliteness). Zaobserwowano wysoką konkurencję wypowiedzi przesiąkniętych obelgami, negatywnymi skojarzeniami i obraźliwymi nominacjami skierowanymi do przedstawicieli polskich imigrantów w Norwegii.
EN
The paper presents an analysis of the language used on the Internet (social media) by Poles living in Norway. Emphasis is placed on identity construction, integration and impoliteness strategies. The material presented in this study was retrieved from a corpus which was collected as part of a project devoted to national identity in immigration discourse. The method of analysis presented in this paper follows Culpeper’s (1996) taxonomy of impoliteness strategies. The data under inspection illustrate several types of positive and negative impoliteness. The results of the study demonstrate that the Polish diaspora in Norway is only partially integrated and that the language Poles use while writing both about the Norwegians and, in particular, about other Poles is imbued with insults, negative associations and derogatory nominations.
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Impoliteness in the language of Włatcy Móch, a Polish animated series

75%
Górska A.
Prace Językoznawcze
|
2014
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issue 16/3
23-29
PL
Niniejszy artykuł jest omówieniem strategii i funkcji niegrzeczności językowej w serialu animowanym Włatcy móch. Autorka kreśli tło społeczne towarzyszące serialowi, przedstawia definicję niegrzeczności, omawia przeanalizowany materiał (trzecia seria serialu) oraz przedstawia owe strategie niegrzecznościowe i ich funkcje na kilku przykładach. Analiza wykazała, że głównymi strategiami występującymi w serialu są ‘powiązanie drugiego z negatywną cechą’, ‘besztanie’, ‘ośmieszanie’, ‘użycie słów zakazanych’, ‘przezywanie’, ‘ignorowanie’, ‘ostracyzm’, ‘używanie niezrozumiałego języka’. Autorka sugeruje, że większość wystąpień niegrzeczności w badanym materiale ma funkcję socjalizującą, zaś faktycznym odbiorcą urazy są widzowie serialu.
13
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Formen der (Un)Höflichkeit in Titeln der deutschen Boulevardpresse

63%
Kałasznik M.
Linguistische Treffen in Wrocław
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2018
|
issue 14
63-73
EN
Forms of (Im)Politeness in the Titles of the German Tabloid Press The press language is defined as a special functional style, which is a combination of various language and stylistic forms.When analyzing the language of particular press titles, one can point to the preferred linguistic means that characterize it.This article is an attempt to analyze the language of the German tabloid „Bild“ in terms of forms of linguistic (im)politeness. Base material is made up here of the titles of articles published in the „Bild“ tabloid in September 2012. The choice of press titles as the object of the analysis is dictated by the thesis that headings, as compressed texts about texts, largely reflect the choice of linguistic means used also in the content of articles.
DE
Pressesprache wird als ein besonderer Funktionalstil definiert, der eine Kombination verschiedener Sprachformen und Stilformen darstellt. Analysiert man die Sprache eines bestimmten Pressetitels, erweist sich, dass jeder Pressetitel bestimmte bevorzugte Tendenzen im Sprachgebrauch aufweist. Im Fokus des Beitrags befindet sich die Bild-Zeitung und die Titel deren Artikel, die in Bezug auf den Einsatz bestimmter Höflichkeits- bzw. Unhöflichkeitsstrategien untersucht werden. Das Korpus der Studie bilden Überschriften aus den Ausgaben der Bild-Zeitung, die im September 2012 erschienen sind. Der Auswahl des Untersuchungsgegenstandes, den die Titel der Presseartikel bilden, liegt die Annahme zugrunde, dass Titel als komprimierte Texte über Texte die Sprache des Artikels widerspiegeln.
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Jak skutecznie obrazić rozmówcę? Komunikacyjne taktyki obrazy

63%
Pytel-Pandey D.
Slavica Wratislaviensia
|
2017
|
vol. 165
329-338
EN
The author deals with the verbal insult in this article. The author analyses firstly the definitions of insult used in the Polish and the Russian languages. Then she gives the most common reasons of insult (its source is the Internet), that cause common Russians feel offended. There are three tactics of insult in the last part of the article: criticism; comparison; tactless questions violating taboo.
RU
В настоящей статье рассматриваются тактики вербальной обиды. Анализу подвергают­ся дефиниции термина обида, употребляемые в польском и русском языках. Даётся список поводов, по которым обижаются современные русские (его источником является Интернет). В последней части представлены три тактики обиды: критика; сравнение; бестактные вопро­сы, нарушающие табу.
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Early Mandarin Profanity and Its Middle Mongolian Reflection in the Vocabulary of the Wu Bei Zhi 武備志

54%
Apatóczky Á. B.
Rocznik Orientalistyczny
|
2018
|
issue 2
16
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”HOPE YOU HAVE A SHIT BIRTHDAY YOU FAT CUNT” – cognitive strategies, rhetorical figures and linguistic means used in insulting Tweets

51%
Bączkowska A.
Forum Filologiczne Ateneum
|
2022
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vol. 10
|
issue 1
9-25
PL
Artykuł opisuje język obelżywy występujący na Twitterze, w szczególności (i) strategie kognitywne radzenia sobie z atakami werbalnymi, (ii) użyte figury retoryczne/stylistyczne oraz (iii) środki językowe wykorzystywane zarówno przez atakujących i atakowanych. Opisane tweety ilustrują następujące różnice między tweetami i odpowiedziami na nie: zmiana rejestru, zamiana eksplicytnego komentarza obelżywego na implicytny, odwrócenie figury i tła itp. Strategie kognitywne obejmują na przykład ignorowanie treści obelżywych, pozorną zgodę z komentarzem obelżywym oraz atakowanie osoby obrażającej eksplicytnym lub implicytnym komentarzem.
EN
The paper deals with offensive language gleaned from Twitter, encoded by (abusive) insults and verbal reactions to them. The study aims to analyse how they are constructed in terms of (i) the cognitive strategies employed by the insultees, (ii) rhetorical figures and (iii) linguistic devices used by both the insulters and insultees. The tweets are illustrative of the following shifts occurring in responses relative to insults: register clash, changing explicit insult into implicit, figure/ground reversal, syntactic echoing, changing abusive language into jocular or into an ironic insult, etc. The cognitive strategies employed by the insultees comprise: ignoring the insulting content, agreeing with the insult, and attacking the insulter with an explicit or implicit insult.
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