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Spigelian hernia: a case report

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EN
Spigelian hernias constitute a minute fraction of all abdominal hernias. In this monography, we present a case report of this relatively seldom seen phenomenon which some general surgeons never get to see during their medical career.
EN
Today, disturbingly often, it is possible to witnesses the effects of stigma and exclusion not only of the individual, but of whole groups of people, the result of reinforced, persistent stereotypes and prejudices about the subjects mentioned. They cause wrong social attitudes, expressed by the deprivation of the isolated persons of their rights to create and nurture relationships based on closeness and love, and often doom these people to a life of total seclusion. This article is an attempt to show the far-reaching consequences of depriving persons with intellectual disabilities and denying the right of self-expression. It is also a critical reflectionon the irregularities experienced by people, towards whom it is introduced, in terms of institutional isolation. At the same time, by presenting the results of personal research and conclusions, attention is being drawn to the fact that in our society there is an emerging hope for positive changes in the daily treatment of the socially isolated individuals. Yet, there is a constant need for a continuous reinforcement of the public awareness of the fact that the reintegration of these excluded individuals in the community benefits both the parties involvedTaking up the theme of stigma and social exclusion of persons with intellectual disabilities and convicts is considered important and relevant, as this is an issue which remains topical and gives rise to multiple moral dilemmas.
EN
Prison sentence used in Polish penal system is one of the most widely criticised punishments used for criminals. The convicted are sent into prisons or detention centres, which makes them (the incarcerated) even more vulnerable to committing a crime due to their isolation and solitary confinement. In this way, a distinct subculture is created. It is conditioned by many factors which determine its size, form, norms and rules enforced by the prisoners. The phenomenon of prison subculture causes a wide range of negative consequences, e.g. self-aggression; aggression towards other inmates, prison officers, or even family; mental or physical abuse; mental or sexual disorders. Such situations have a negative influence on the process of resocialisation, because they are destructive for the personality of a prisoner, especially for a juvenile delinquent as his/her decision making possibilities related to themselves are limited. Therefore, one might venture to say that the bigger the influence of subculture norms and rules, the more disturbed the process of resocialisation.
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