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EN
The essay I am presenting to the readers is a contribution to the methodology of scientific research, especially in the economic sciences. I wonder who scientists are and what broadly comprehended science means. Discussing these ideas I move to defining basic structures of science and next to characterizing the incorrect conceptions of scientific methods. It is a very important issue, especially as with the multiplicity of universities in Poland, in “closed” circles, pseudo-scientific groups are created, especially in the field of the so-called financial engineering or computational finance. That is why I mention F. Bacon’s theory of Idols and inductive reasoning. Finally, I recall Isaac Newton’s position on hypotheses and reductionism. I dedicate Karl Popper’s falsification, i.e. a kind of reasoning called verification, especially to young scientists. The above-mentioned reflections lead me to an issue of knowledge and truth. This way I come to a conclusion that the essence of truth is conformity of thoughts and believes with reality. I hope that my reflections will motivate the generation of young scientists to carry out competent and diligent research in the new century of omnipresent globalization.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie roli uzasadniania i przekonania w toku dowodzenia winy w procesie karnym. Punktem wyjścia jest wskazanie indukcyjnego charakteru rozumowań dowodowych i uznawanie ich konkluzji na podstawie decyzji organu procesowego. Decyzje te pojawiają się po osiągnięciu przez organ procesowy poziomu aspiracji do ich podjęcia; drugą podstawą może być ich oczekiwana użyteczność. Wymagania, dotyczące udowodnienia, zestawione zostały z koncepcją wiedzy. Jeśli założyć, że przypisanie określonemu podmiotowi wiedzy polega na posiadaniu przez ten podmiot uzasadnionego, trafnego przekonania, wtedy można przyjąć, że posiadanie takiej wiedzy jest równoznaczne z udowodnieniem w sensie procesowym. Narzędziami wspomagającymi dążenie do poprawności dowodzenia są funkcja przekonania w ujęciu Shafera-Dempstera oraz podejście bayesowskie w podejmowaniu decyzji dotyczących ustaleń faktycznych.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the role of justification and belief in the course of proving guilt in a criminal trial. The starting point is the indication of the inductive character of evidentiary reasoning and the acceptance of its conclusions on the basis of the decision making by trial authority. These decisions appear after the process in which this authority reaches the level of aspirations to make them; the second basis may be their expected usefulness. The requirements for proof are contrasted with the concept of knowledge. If one assumes that the attribution of knowledge to a particular subject consists in the possession of a justified, accurate belief by that subject, then one can assume that the possession of such knowledge is tantamount to proving in a trial sense. The tools supporting the pursuit of correctness of command are the Shafer-Dempster belief function and the Bayesian approach in making decisions about factual findings
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