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1

Information in the aspect of security threats and challenges

100%
Dukiewicz T.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
|
2019
|
vol. 41
|
issue 1
83-93
EN
In the article, the author describes the driving force behind deliberate informational activities. He pays particular attention to the current security situation in the information dimension. Existing systems in the area of security management should be resistant to disinformation and informational operations. There is no room for the freedom of interpretation of the information acquired since every decision results in the actions of people, therefore it requires accuracy and caution. This issue takes on a special dimension when it concerns the state, because this environment contains specific features such as a changing environment, time scarcity and often verified information. Only efficient management of information processes can have a positive impact on the development and elimination of state threats. Actions involving psychological or informational influence may also be carried out by other entities, state-owned, non-state and private, including those located on their own territory. First and foremost, our security depends on ourselves and by taking it into special consideration we also increase the state’s resilience to internal and external threats.
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The neurobiology of language: Relevance to linguistics

100%
Duncan E. S., Tune S., Small S. L.
Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting
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2016
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vol. 2
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issue 1
EN
The study of language is shared by a number of fields, including linguistics, psy­chol­ogy, and neurobiology. While the methods employed by these domains may over­lap, they differ in the focus of their scientific inquiry, and the unique perspective of each may inform investigation within the others. We conceptualize this re­lation­ship in the context of David Marr’s information processing theory, with neurobiology as the im­plementational level of language, and discuss the history of the neurobiology of lan­guage from early localizationist models to the present day. Decades of electrophysiological and anatomical studies of the macaque monkey support the existence of dual streams for the processing of auditory information. More recent neuroimaging studies suggest that these streams are also present in humans, subserving speech perception and language comprehension. The de­velop­ment of high resolution brain imaging methods and brain stimulation has advanced our ability to study, in vivo, the structures and processes underlying the language net­work. For those linguists interested in studying language with consideration of the system that implements it, theories and concepts may now be meaningfully informed by neurobiology.
3
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Digital World of Excess – Pedagogical Reflections on Students and Education Immersed in New Technologies

100%
Borawska-Kalbarczyk K.
International Journal of Pedagogy, Innovation and New Technologies
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2020
|
vol. 7(1)
2-10
EN
The article presents selected aspects of the process of cognitive functioning of the users of contemporary technologies and the Internet, with special consideration of the negative effects of being immersed in the digital culture. The introduction synthetically characterizes the digital world, focusing on the most active users of the virtual space. In the body of the text, the author analyzes the negative effects of an individual’s functioning in the Internet space, especially those related to the change in the way of information acquisition and processing. The conclusions refer to implementing educational postulates connected with helping students develop the culture of behavior in the virtual space, involving as major elements the ability to distance oneself from digital media, to engage in deep reflection, and to organize and sort the acquired information. These skills are treated as crucial, ensuring the rational use of digital technologies. Focusing educational activities on the formation of youths’ media competence offers them an opportunity of fuller intellectual development, the sense of security in the context of expansion of the media, and active participation in the information society by structuring the available information and the knowledge constructed on its basis.
4
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Learning styles

100%
IZHKO E.
Edukacja-Technika-Informatyka
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2013
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vol. 4
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issue 1
93-100
XX
The article is devoted to the different learning styles. The classification of learning styles is given. The lesson that corresponds to the principles of autonomy learning and suits for all types of students was developed. The results of the lesson are introduced in the article.
5
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The analysis of the decision-making process in mechanistic and cybernetic concepts of human being

100%
Grabińska T., Kamińska-Zabierowska M.
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
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2018
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vol. 30(30)
71-86
EN
There are discussed two models of human reactions to stimuli from the environment. In the mechanistic model, the decision-making process is determined and triggered by internal power, and this is fueled by the acquisition of external goods. In the cybernetic model, man is an autonomous system, i.e. equipped with so-called homeostat, which regulates the processing of information from outside, according to his own purpose to influence the environment. Both models are compared in terms of the effect of the decision. While the man-machine regulates the state of the environment in overcoming conflict in it, the man-autonom has a wider field of action to modify the state of the environment, according to his own goal. In both models, however, there is no room for a value system that motivates the decision-making process.
6

Cognitive style and experiences of working environment in small and medium-sized enterprises

86%
Löfström E.
Studies for the Learning Society
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2008
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vol. 1
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issue 1
49-61
EN
Individual differences in information processing are viewed through the concept of cognitive style. Cognitive style is displayed in various situations in working life in which the individual engages in problem solving, decision making or learning. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between personal (gender, age, level of education) and work-specific (position, field of trade, number of years of work experience in the field) variables and cognitive style. This research applies a quantitative design by using the Cognitive Style Index and a working environment index. Data were collected from 228 staff members in 100 small and medium-sized enterprises in Finland. The study replicated previous research findings in which women display a more analytical cognitive style than men. The lower the level of education, the higher the score is on the scale measuring analytic cognitive style. Regarding position in working hierarchies, the managers constituted the least analytic group in terms of cognitive style (convergent thinking with focus on detail), the workers the most analytic one. The experiences of a supportive working environment correlated positively with an intuitive cognitive style. The experiences of a prejudiced working environment correlated positively with an analytic cognitive style (divergent thinking with focus on the "big picture"). The implications for human resources management are outlined.
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The role of the origin (automatic vs. reflective) of affective state for the effectiveness of persuasion based on strong vs. weak arguments

86%
Walkowiak M. T., Imbir K. K.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 1
9-33
EN
Previous research has focused on the influence of emotional valence on the effectiveness of per-suasion via the central route or the peripheral route. The purpose of this study was to answer the question of whether other dimensions of emotion, such as the origin of emotional charge (auto-matic vs. reflective) may also influence the effectiveness of persuasion. It was expected that reflective emotions would increase susceptibility to strong arguments, while automatic emotions would result in a lack of sensitivity to the quality of arguments. Emotional words of proven emotional quality were used to elicit affective states. They were chosen in order to contrast the different levels of emotional valence (negative, neutral, and positive) and the origin of emotion (automatic and reflective). It turned out that in the case of reflective conditions, a significantly higher effectiveness of persuasion was observed for strong arguments than for weak ones. In the case of automatic conditions, there was no difference in the effectiveness of persuasion depending on the quality of the arguments. There were also no differences related to emotional valence; however, the manipulation of affective states on emotional valence dimension turned out not to be effective. This suggests that the origin of emotion can be considered a factor influencing processing via the central or peripheral route to persuasion.
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Prawne uregulowania obowiązujące przedsiębiorstwa w zakresie bezpieczeństwa informacji oraz skutki ich naruszenia

72%
Sobczak J.
Zeszyty Naukowe Uczelni Vistula
|
2014
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issue 35/2014 MSP
99-114
PL
Scharakteryzowano akty prawne dotyczące ochrony informacji, obowiązujące przedsiębiorstwa. Przeprowadzono badania aktów prawnych celem określenia odpowiedzialności i obowiązków przedsiębiorców przetwarzających informacje chronione na podstawie przepisów prawa. Podjęto próbę określenia działań niezbędnych do zaimplementowania w przedsiębiorstwach dokumentacji dotyczą-cej ochrony informacji prawnie chronionych oraz próbę przedstawiania skutków dla przedsiębiorstwa spowodowanych niewłaściwą ochroną tych informacji.
EN
The author characterised the legal acts concerning information protection obligatory for enterprises. There were carried out surveys of legal acts to determine the responsibility and duties of the entrepreneurs processing information protected pursuant to the provisions of law. The author undertook an attempt to determine the actions indispensable for implementation at enterprises of the documentation concerning protection of legally protected information as well as an attempt to present the consequences for the enterprise caused by improper protection of that information.
9
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Proces informacyjny wywiadu w bezpieczeństwie transportu towarów o znaczeniu strategicznym

72%
Klimek M.
SECRETUM. Służby specjalne, bezpieczeństwo, informacja
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2016
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issue 1(4)
109-117
PL
Pisząc o bezpieczeństwie związanym z transportem i obrotem towarami, należy odnieść się do dwóch podstawowych aspektów, a mianowicie: zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa przy obrocie towarami o znaczeniu strategicznym oraz eliminacji zagrożeń terrorystycznych dla infrastruktury transportowej. Celem poniższego artykułu będzie nakreślenie panoramy zagadnień związanych z wyżej wymienionym tematem. Bezpośredni związek z bezpieczeństwem transportu ma proces informacyjny wywiadu, wywiad transportowo-telekomunikacyjny oraz skuteczne przetwarzanie przez wywiad pozyskanych informacji.
EN
Writing about security related to the transport and trade in goods, it is necessary to refer to two fundamental aspects, namely: ensuring security of the trade in goods of strategic importance and eliminating terrorist threats to the transport infrastructure. The purpose of this article is to outline the range of issues related to the above mentioned subject. Transport security is directly linked with the intelligence process, communications and transport intelligence as well as with effective processing of intelligence obtained.
10
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Wpływ aktywizacji perspektywy noetycznej na przetwarzanie informacji

72%
Różycka-Tran J., Buczny J., Fila-Jankowska A.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
|
2014
|
vol. 17
|
issue 1
41-103
PL
Celem prezentowanego artykułu było ukazanie istnienia reprezentacji umysłowych duchowości oraz możliwości aktywizacji tych reprezentacji poprzez transcendencję poza Ja, zdefiniowaną jako perspektywa noetyczna. Przedstawiono wyniki trzech eksperymentów z udziałem studentów (N = 186), w paradygmacie decyzji leksykalnych (LDT). W dwóch z nich testowano ponadto głębokość przetwarzania informacji, mierzoną za pomocą testu pamięciowego. Nie potwierdzono wyniku typowego dla procedury LDT - perspektywa noetyczna nie powodowała szybszego rozpoznawania słów z nią powiązanych niż słów z nią niepowiązanych. Natomiast aktywizacja perspektywy noetycznej w warunku zaangażowania uwagi przejawiła się lepszym zapamiętaniem zaktywizowanych przez nią treści oraz transferem pozytywnego afektu na skojarzone z nią obiekty.
EN
The aim of the present research was to investigate the cognitive representations of the noetic perspective (spirituality) and the influence of the activation of these representations on information processing. The article presents the results of three experiments on groups of students (N = 186), using the lexical decision task (LDT) paradigm. In two of these experiments the depth of information processing was also measured by a memory test. The typical result for LDT procedure was not confirmed - the noetic perspective did not cause faster recognition of words related to this perspective. However, the activation of the noetic perspective in the condition of activated attention manifested itself in a better memory of noetic words and in the transfer of positive affect to related noetic objects.
11
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Kiedy potrzeba domknięcia sprzyja złożonemu poznaniu

72%
Strojny P., Kossowska M., Strojny A.
Roczniki Psychologiczne
|
2016
|
vol. 19
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issue 1
9-42
PL
Teoria naiwnego poznania jest jednym z najbardziej wpływowych podejść opisujących proces nabywania wiedzy. Zgodnie z nią o przebiegu procesu epistemicznego decyduje w pierwszej kolejności motywacja do uzyskania domknięcia poznawczego. W większości przypadków duże natężenie tej motywacji wiąże się z uproszczonym i przyspieszonym przetwarzaniem informacji. Fakt ten może prowadzić do nadmiernie uproszczonego rozumienia tej zmiennej. W rzeczywistości istnieją przesłanki do twierdzenia, że w pewnych okolicznościach typowa zależność ulega odwróceniu. Artykuł zawiera przegląd badań potwierdzających to przewidywanie. Wyniki przeanalizowano ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dwóch postulatów teorii: dwóch faz procesu epistemicznego i dwoistej natury potrzeby poznawczego domknięcia.
EN
Lay epistemic theory is one of the most popular theoretical frameworks describing the knowledge formation process. According to it, the central variable determining the epistemic process is the need for cognitive closure. In most cases, high levels of this motivation are associated with simplified and accelerated processing of information. This can lead to an overly simplified understanding of this variable. In fact, there are reasons to believe that the typical relationship is reversed under certain circumstances. The paper is a review of the research supporting this prediction. Results were analyzed with particular emphasis on two postulates of the theory: the two phases of the epistemic process and the dual nature of the need for cognitive closure.
12
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Vplyv informačno-komunikačných technológií na výučbu

72%
Pavlovkin J., Stebila J.
Dydaktyka informatyki
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2016
|
vol. (11) 2016
84-90
SK
Informačno-komunikačné technológie predstavujú množinu techník, postupov a prostriedkov, ktoré sa využívajú na sprostredkovanie informácií. Medzi najvýznamnejšie možno zaradiť jazyk, písmo, kníhtlač, telegraf, telefón, rozhlas, televíziu či počítač. Ich typickými predstaviteľmi sú komunikačné médiá. Termín médium vychádza z technologického aspektu komunikácie, v ktorej plní úlohu sprostredkovateľa, nosiča informácií. V článku je opísaný vplyv niektorých informačno-komunikačných technológií na vzdelávanie.
EN
Information and communication technology is a set of techniques, procedures and instruments that are used for mediation information. Among the most important communication technologies can be included as language, writing, book printing, telegraph, telephone, radio, television and the computer. Communication media are a typical representative of ICT. Medium term based on the technological aspects of communication, which acts as an intermediary, the information carrier. The article describes the impacts of ICT on education.
13
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Information processing and emotional response in elite athletes

72%
Korobeynikov G., Korobeinikova L., Mytskan B., Chernozub A., Cynarski W. J.
Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology
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2017
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vol. 17
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issue 2
41-50
EN
Purpose. The problem of visual perception and information processing is very real for both sport and professional activities. The performance of motor activity mostly occurs where there are time pressures and an increase in nervous emotion and physical tension. Methods. The role of visual perception in information processing and its connection to emotions in elite athletes were studied. 19 elite athletes, Greco-Roman wrestlers, aged 19-22 were examined. The sequence of the study method was: simple visual-movement reaction; reaction to a moving object; speed of perception; scale of emotional excitability. Results. The results obtained indicate significant links between anger and visual perception in elite athletes. It is likely that emotional factors such as anger are a hindrance to athletes’ concentration on the object of the activity. This results in ineffective information processing and leads to a deterioration in visual perception. Conclusions. The study shows that anger is not a motivational factor in sport activity. Anger as an affective emotion, is a negative characteristic and affects the athletes’ general functional state.
PL
Cel. Problem percepcji wzrokowej i przetwarzania informacji jest bardzo aktualny dla sportu i aktywności zawodowej. Do wyczynów związanych z aktywnością ruchową dochodzinajczęściej pod presją czasu i wzrostem nerwowych emocji i napięcia fizycznego. Metody. W badaniu przeprowadzono analizę percepcji wizualnej w warunkach przetwarzania informacji z połączeniem emocji u elity sportowców. Przebadano 19 elitarnych zawodników zapasów w stylu klasycznym w wieku 19-22. Zastosowano metody analityczne obejmujące: prostą reakcję wizualno-ruchową, reakcję na ruchomy obiekt, prędkość percepcji oraz skalę pobudliwości. Wyniki. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują na znaczące powiązania między gniewem i percepcją wzrokową u elity sportowców. Prawdopodobnie emocjonalny czynnik gniewu jest przeszkodą w skupieniu uwagi na przedmiocie u sportowców. Prowadzi to do nieefektywnego przetwarzania informacji i do pogorszenia percepcji wzrokowej. Wnioski. Autorzy ustalili, że gniew nie jest czynnikiem mobilizacji aktywności sportowej. Gniew, jako uczucie afektywne, jest negatywną cechą i wpływa na ogólny stan funkcjonowania sportowców.
14

On Accelerations in Science Driven by Daring Ideas: Good Messages from Fallibilistic Rationalism

58%
Marciszewski W.
Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric
|
2015
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vol. 40
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issue 1
19-41
EN
The first good message is to the effect that people possess reason as a source of intellectual insights, not available to the senses, as e.g. axioms of arithmetic. The awareness of this fact is called rationalism. Another good message is that reason can daringly quest for and gain new plausible insights. Those, if suitably checked and confirmed, can entail a revision of former results, also in mathematics, and - due to the greater efficiency of new ideas - accelerate science’s progress. The awareness that no insight is secured against revision, is called fallibilism. This modern fallibilistic rationalism (Peirce, Popper, Gödel, etc. oppose the fundamentalism of the classical version (Plato, Descartes etc.), i.e. the belief in the attainability of inviolable truths of reason which would forever constitute the foundations of knowledge. Fallibilistic rationalism is based on the idea that any problem-solving consists in processing information. Its results vary with respect to informativeness and its reverse - certainty. It is up to science to look for highly informative solutions, in spite of their uncertainty, and then to make them more certain through testing against suitable evidence. To account for such cognitive processes, one resorts to the conceptual apparatus of logic, informatics, and cognitive science.
15

Koncepcja ucieleśnionego poznania w kognitywnej teorii filmu

58%
Ostaszewski J.
Kwartalnik Filmowy
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2022
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issue 119 (Nowa) teoria filmu
6-29
PL
Autor artykułu wyjaśnia źródła rozwoju kognitywnej teorii filmu. Przedstawia także dwie podstawowe orientacje w ramach nauki o procesach poznawczych – model poznania obliczeniowego i model poznania ucieleśnionego – któ-re w teorii filmu funkcjonują jako dwie kolejne fazy. Model poznania ucieleśnionego jest wyjaśniany w kontekście zarówno tradycji myśli fenomenologicznej, jak i dokonań neuronauki, w tym odkrycia neuronów lustrzanych, które mimo kontrowersji stało się podstawą dla wielokierunkowej refleksji nad odbiorem filmów. Artykuł zawiera omó-wienie implementacji hipotezy o systemie lustrzanym do wyjaśniania przedpojęciowego odbioru filmu, z uwzględnieniem roli symulacji ucieleśnionej i empatii jako mechanizmów uczestnictwa w poznawczym i estetycznym doświadczaniu filmu. Przedstawione zostało także zagadnienie metodologiczne projektu estetyki naturalistycznej oraz możliwości syntezy podejścia kognitywnego i feno-menologicznego do wyjaśniania estetycznego doświadczania filmu
EN
The article explains the origins of the development of cognitive film theory. It also presents two basic orientations within cognitive science - the computational model of cognition and the embodied model of cognition – which function in film theory as two consecutive phases. The embodied model of cognition is explained in the context of both the tradition of phenomenological thought and the achievements of neuroscience, including the discovery of mirror neurons, which, despite the surrounding controversy, became the basis for multidirectional reflection on the reception of films. The article discusses the implementation of the mirror system hypothesis in the explication of the pre-conceptual film perception, including the role of embodied simulation and empathy as mechanisms of par-ticipation in cognitive and aesthetic film experience. The methodological issue of the naturalized aesthetics project as well as the possibilities of synthesizing the cognitive and phenomenological approach in the elucidation of the aes-thetic reception of film are also presented.
16
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Overovanie vplyvu informačno-komunikačných technológií na výučbu

58%
Pavlovkin J., Stebila J.
Dydaktyka informatyki
|
2016
|
vol. (11) 2016
91-99
SK
V predkladanom článku autori uvádzajú predmet, vzorku a výsledky realizovaného prieskumu. Údaje spracované do tabuliek a grafovnásledne interpretujú, v závere uvádzajú aj odporúčania pre pedagogickú teóriu a prax.
EN
Inthis article the authors set subject, methodology and the results of the survey. The gained data are interpreted by graphs and charts which also explain and refer to recommendations for pedagogical theory and practice.
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