In the face of the proposed reforms encompassing industrial R&D units in Poland the author makes attempts to show how the functions, status, organisation and forms of activities undertaken by those units evolved in response to changes in policy, in the outside environment and the units’ own strategies. Those issues are analysed in the comparative context of non-university public research institutions in countries of ‘old Europe’, and the author makes use of (mutually complementary) notions of path dependency and path creation, known from analysis of institutional change.
PL
W obliczu planowanych reform pionu jednostek badawczo-rozwojowych w Polsce, autor podejmuje próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, jak zmieniały się ich funkcje, status, organizacja i formy działalności w następstwie zmian polityki rządowej i otoczenia zewnętrznego oraz zmian ich własnych strategii. Analiza przeprowadzona jest na tle porównawczym pozauczelnianych jednostek badawczych sektora publicznego w krajach tzw. starej Europy, z wykorzystaniem (uzupełniających się) koncepcji „zależności od szlaku” oraz „tworzenia szlaku”, stosowanych w analizie zmian instytucjonalnych.
In 2008–2013 the Polish local authorities, with the financial support of the central andregional authorities, built 2604 small sport facilities all around the country. This kind ofpublic policy – at such a large scale, completed in a very short time, addressed to amateurs,standardized, financed fully from public resources (and in half from the central budget) isunparalleled in any other country, so from the scientific perspective can be treated as anexceptional experiment. It is also impossible to compare this policy to any other – sincenowadays vast majority of the big public investments in sport focus on stadiums (Hallman2013). We propose that those sport facilities be treated as new institutions introducedtop-down in specific social and political reality and that the process of their developmentin the local and national context may serve as a kind of observatory of social and, particularly,institutional change. In the article we analyse the evolution of the Orlik programmewhich at the beginning was treated as a supplement to the country’s preparations for theUEFA Euro 2012, but quite unexpectedly contributed to the strengthening of social capitalin Poland. The research shows that the crucial factor of the functioning of Orlik pitcheswas the grassroots social and managerial potential of a newly created professional classof local sport instructors. The Orlik programme is also a case of institutional learning onthe side of central governmental institutions, such as the Ministry of Sport. The articlecontributes to the body of knowledge concerning the management of local sport infrastructurein the context of the relations between local and central authorities, and moregenerally, to the sociology of institutional and social change.
In 2008–2013 the Polish local authorities, with the financial support of the central andregional authorities, built 2604 small sport facilities all around the country. This kind ofpublic policy – at such a large scale, completed in a very short time, addressed to amateurs,standardized, financed fully from public resources (and in half from the central budget) isunparalleled in any other country, so from the scientific perspective can be treated as anexceptional experiment. It is also impossible to compare this policy to any other – sincenowadays vast majority of the big public investments in sport focus on stadiums (Hallman2013). We propose that those sport facilities be treated as new institutions introducedtop-down in specific social and political reality and that the process of their developmentin the local and national context may serve as a kind of observatory of social and, particularly,institutional change. In the article we analyse the evolution of the Orlik programmewhich at the beginning was treated as a supplement to the country’s preparations for theUEFA Euro 2012, but quite unexpectedly contributed to the strengthening of social capitalin Poland. The research shows that the crucial factor of the functioning of Orlik pitcheswas the grassroots social and managerial potential of a newly created professional classof local sport instructors. The Orlik programme is also a case of institutional learning onthe side of central governmental institutions, such as the Ministry of Sport. The articlecontributes to the body of knowledge concerning the management of local sport infrastructurein the context of the relations between local and central authorities, and moregenerally, to the sociology of institutional and social change.
The paper examines the latest trends in theoretical research into possible interactions between institutional change and economic policy in the process of growth. Even though the article focuses on changes in the theoretical approach to economic growth and development, the author analyzes these issues in combination with actual economic processes. New trends and processes that have taken place over the past decade or so have led to radical changes in economic theory. This is primarily because the previously used and recommended tools were inefficient. The author describes past experiences that defy traditional interpretation and call for a more adequate approach. The article shows that institutional change is seen as an important factor not only in development economics, but also in empirical studies of economic growth conducted as part of mainstream economics. The author’s analysis of the current stage of research shows that, contrary to expectations, the differences between economic policy and institutional change are still unclear; they are mostly intuitive and arbitrary in nature, and the terms themselves are either imprecise or, in some cases, left completely undefined. This means that researchers have insufficiently examined the complementariness, substitutability and relative autonomy of institutions with regard to economic policy, the author concludes. Consequently, in the coming years, those conducting research into economic growth should analyze the role of institutions and economic policy with greater precision, Wojtyna says.
The authors analyze changes in the patterns of local public administration through organizational learning and neoinstitutional perspectives. The authors build a theoretical model of the social and institutional conditions of learning in the face of public dispute. This theory is based on a case study of a community conflict over wastewater treatment.
The durable structures of housing and housing institutions are often subject to long-term processes of incremental change. Nevertheless, housing studies have largely focused either on static snapshots of policies or, more recently, on the inertia of institutional path dependence, while processes of incremental change have been almost entirely neglected. Political scientists (Streeck/Thelen/Mahoney) have proposed a typology of patterns of incremental institutional change, and this paper explores the applicability of this typology to housing structures and housing institutions. We draw on empirical illustrations from the housing literature to show how five types of change – layering, conversion, displacement, drift, exhaustion – apply to housing structures and institutions. We conclude with some general observations on how the typology can be used in further studies of developments in national housing regimes.
This paper focuses on the unobviousness of railway liberalization in the Czech Republic. In its obvious form, the liberalization process, once set into motion, would assume a path-dependent trajectory and result in a liberalized railway market. The liberalization of Czech railway has however resulted in what this paper calls a compensatory monopoly. Compensatory monopoly depicts an informal practice which has allowed the Czech state to compensate the České dráhy (Czech Railways) with a de facto monopoly, while depriving the public rail operator of a de iure monopoly. As the paper claims, the railway liberalization has been a product of the transnationalization of Czech state through its absorption into the global economy and European Union above all. As an accession candidate and later member state of the European Union, the Czech state was obliged to internalize the railway acquis communautaire produced by the European Commission which has consequently transnationalized the Czech national railway. Due to its transnationalizing and simultaneously marketizing character, the railway acquis has also completely restructured the formal institutional setting of the Czech railway, including the social purpose of České dráhy which is no longer to serve the public interest, but rather abide by the market-based logic of business interest. Nonetheless, the acquis internalization has not remained uncontested. On the contrary, the old institutional setting has been further represented by the informal network of České dráhy-state nexus which attempted to reshape the liberalization in a way that would provide České dráhy with a patient capital and enough time to prepare for the competition on the liberalized railway market. The effect of informal practices embodied in the compensatory monopoly has thus proven the railway liberalization in the Czech Republic to be an institutional change with uneven, open-ended and seemingly contradictory outcomes.
Objectives: This paper aims to theorise that unintended fit may emerge not only when institutions are creatively adapted by actors within the boundaries of formal rules, but also when formal rules are violated or circumvented. Research design & methods: To that end, this paper links unintended fit more closely with the theory of gradual institutional change coming from historical institutionalism. Theoretical developments are illustrated by a case study on Polish employment regulations and post-crisis public policies. Findings: This paper finds that unintended fit may emerge in two situations: when rules are creatively adapted by actors who use them (“conversion-type” unintended fit) or when they are both adapted and circumvented or violated (“driftconversion-type” unintended fit). The requirements for the formation of both types of unintended fit are discussed. Implications/ Recommendations: This paper suggests that violations and circumventions should be treated as methods of engaging institutions and that the concept of ambiguity in historical institutionalism should be revised in respect to drift. Contribution / Value Added: This approach opens new possibilities for analysing the formation of institutional complementarities.
The aim of the research was to indicate whether fossil fuels abundance had a negative effect on political and economic changes in the post-socialist countries in the years 1991—2015. The research covered 28 countries of Central-Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Data were collected from the Freedom House (FH) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) databases, as well as the BP database. The results of conducted study showed that the abundance of fossil fuels resources did not have a decisive influence on the process of market economy creation and democratisation of the post-socialist countries of Central-Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
PL
Celem badania jest ustalenie, czy bogactwo paliw kopalnych miało negatywny wpływ na przemiany polityczne i gospodarcze w krajach postsocjalistycznych w latach 1991—2015. Badaniem objęto 28 krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej i byłego Związku Radzieckiego. Wykorzystano dane pochodzące z baz Freedom House (FH), Europejskiego Banku Odbudowy i Rozwoju (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development — EBRD) i BP. W analizie zastosowano estymatory: within-between, o efektach losowych oraz o efektach stałych. W celu uniknięcia problemu endogeniczności wskaźników zasobów naturalnych wykorzystano zmienne odnoszące się do wielkości zasobów ropy i gazu. Wyniki przeprowadzonego studium wykazały, że bogactwo wybranych paliw kopalnych nie miało decydującego wpływu na proces tworzenia gospodarki rynkowej oraz demokratyzacji krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej i byłego Związku Radzieckiego.
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcono współczesnym przeobrażeniom procesu literackiego i samej literatury, odbieranych przez krytykę literacką w kategoriach schyłku literatury (teza „u nas nie ma literatury” jako przeświadczenie o upadku tej dziedziny sztuki). Artykuł przedstawia wybrane refleksje na temat omawianego procesu, prezentowane na łamach tzw. tołstych żurnałow (ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem stanowiska znanej rosyjskiej krytyczki Anny Kuzniecowej), oraz pogląd autorki pracyna ogólny, przejściowy stan rosyjskiej literatury współczesnej.
RU
The article is devoted to modern reconfigurations of the literary process and literature (as a kind of art), experienced in literary criticism as the decline of literature (the thesis “we have no literature” as a statement of the degradation of an art form). The article provides an overview of reflection on this process on Russian “thick journals” (with the emphasis on the position of the well-known Russian critic Anna Kuznetsova), as well as the author’s view on the general transitional state of Russian modern literature.
The issue of a long-term care has not become, as yet, a focal point of any debate on social policy in Poland. However, a major shift of interest in this subject has been noted lately, which has also manifested itself in the parliamentary work and the draft preliminary legislation concerning the matter. This paper discusses the draft law on long-term care with reference to the theoretical concept of intergenerational solidarity. The main dilemmas connected with the reform of social policy have been enumerated and some light has been shed on the practical economic problems of its implementation.
PL
Opieka długoterminowa nie była do tej pory centralnym punktem w debacie dotyczącej polityki społecznej w Polsce. Niemniej jednak obecnie obserwujemy większe zainteresowanie tą kwestią, czego wyrazem są parlamentarne prace nad wstępnymi założeniami do ustawy o pomocy osobom niesamodzielnym. Artykuł niniejszy analizuje powyższy projekt reformy opieki długoterminowej w odniesieniu do teoretycznej koncepcji solidarności międzypokoleniowej. Tekst wskazuje na ekonomiczne dylematy związane z reformą oraz omawia główne problemy związane z jej implementacją.
Contemporary labour market is subject to profound changes, such as the increase in the importance of short-term relations between employee and employer, transformation in the very nature of the employer, automation of many jobs. Changes in global work require permanent monitoring whether the institutional model of labor relations is adequate to the changing reality. An element of this model are legally sanctioned groups that can consult and negotiate the existing formal framework for cooperation. The aim of the article is to present the direction of institutional changes in the model of labor relations in Poland. Analysis focused on formal definitions of the major players operating in this market. The conducted studies (desk research) were based on ILO formal documents. The article presents proposed changes in the classification of labor market participants. The article highlights the increase in the importance of self-employment, and the increasingly less representative nature of organizations recognized so far as the main actors of labour market – trade unions and employers’ organizations. It has been proved that the definitions and classifications of major players used on the traditional labor market are not sufficient to monitor the current trends of this market.
PL
Rynek pracy podlega obecnie głębokim zmianom, takim jak wzrost znaczenia krótkoterminowych relacji pomiędzy pracownikiem i pracodawcą, zmiana samej natury pracodawcy, automatyzacja wielu miejsc pracy. Zmiany globalnej pracy wymagają ciągłego monitorowania czy instytucjonalny model stosunków pracy jest dostosowany do zmieniającej się rzeczywistości. Elementem tego modelu są prawnie usankcjonowane grupy, które mogą konsultować i negocjować obowiązujące ramy współdziałania. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie kierunku zmian instytucjonalnego modelu stosunków pracy w Polsce na przykładzie formalnego zdefiniowania głównych grup interesariuszy tego rynku. Za podstawę analizy (desk research) przyjęto dokumenty formalne ILO. Artykuł przedstawia proponowane zmiany w klasyfikacji uczestników rynku pracy. W publikacji zwrócono uwagę na wzrost znaczenia samozatrudnienia oraz na coraz mniejszą reprezentatywność organizacji uznawanych dotychczas za głównych aktorów tego rynku – związki zawodowe i organizacje pracodawców. Dowiedziono, że stosowane na tradycyjnym rynku pracy definicje i klasyfikacje poszczególnych grup nie są wystarczające do monitorowania bieżących trendów.
Climate change, liberalization of international trade in agricultural products and changes in the system of farms’ support result in the increasing importance of the risk problem in European and Polish agriculture. It can be expected that a change in market and production conditions will result in significant increase in income volatility. The scale of change will depend on the financial support directed to agricultural sector and farmers’ reactions. The study reveals that in the case of Poland the most likely scenario results in rather moderate deterioration in farms’ financial results measured under risk. Extreme deterioration can be observed in the liberal scenario under assumption of financial support elimination.
The author analysis the infl uence of factors which cause progressive erosion of capitalistic market economy. He underlines the impact of dependency the nation-states on fi nancial markets’ dictatorship, compulsion of providing economic growth policy and concerned with it the acceptance of consumptional attitudes and their generalization. He also analysis institutional aspect of crisis system and he sees its reason in lack of ability in following institutional change process the appearing faster and faster new expectations in social groups which are being formed. The author’s thesis is, that a condition for system’s surviving is that a lot of basic institutional changes have to be accomplished. He introduces his proposition in the article’s conclusions.
Universities’ mission is three-faceted: teaching, research and public service. In today's world, these areas under influence of both external and internal factors are changing rapidly. Enormous changes are occurring in the governance of universities as well. As a result of being long time behind the iron curtain Ukrainian universities have got a lot to catch up, especially in the realm of governance. Changes in this area are long overdue as some threats universities are facing now are so serious that endanger the existence of the universities themselves. The Globalisation as the process of the widening, deepening and speeding up of world wide interconnectedness is a cause of immense changes in universities. The aim of the paper is with the help of monographic method mainly to dash off to work out the allomorphic model of changes in the governance of universities. We argue that there are two alternatives there, using either isomorphic or allomorphic model. The former one is restrictive, prescribing up to details, the later one allowing universities use the ‘global template’ taking into account the circumstances, the base it is going to be build on. Using the allomorphic model universities reforming themselves based on that is their core, and they do so in an active and creative way. We believe that the competitive, institutional, coercive and mimetic pressures universities are under press them to change themselves. In order those changes be efficient they must be based on something native, something that best meets the requirement of the environment the university is in. Putting one ‘global template’ on all seems to as inadequate. This approach lacking the diversity the world is full of. We are all living in different circumstances, so we must adjust the global approach to the local base. So, in order to effectively manage the changes universities must be well governed. Of the two alternative approaches that they can opt for, we believe it is appropriate to use allomorphic option that allows the use of «global template» based on internal Ukrainian «base» and consistently and methodically modify governance in Ukrainian universities. Universities’ mission is three-faceted: teaching, research and public service. In today’s world, these areas under influence of both external and internal factors are changing rapidly. Enormous changes are occurring in the governance of universities as well. As a result of being long time behind the iron curtain Ukrainian universities have got a lot to catch up, especially in the realm of governance. Changes in this area are long overdue as some threats universities are facing now are so serious that endanger the existence of the universities themselves. The globalisation as the process of the widening, deepening and speeding up of worldwide interconnectedness is a cause of immense changes in universities.
Sociological theoretical perspectives on concepts such as social change and social institutions require some systematization. Both concepts refer to two different perspectives on social order. The social change includes change, reform, creating new rules, change of social order. It also refers to social movements. It is a social act. On the other hand, the social institution refers to rituals, the reproduction of social order, the maintenance of power and opposition. It seems to be static and ordering the social world. This paper purpose to organize and systematize definitions of social change and social institutions. Moreover, in this paper the author tries to define these conceptions of social change and social institution. On the other side, this paper seeks the answers to the questions: Can these two concepts coexist, affect one another or result in one? Is the use of the concept of institutional change entitled? Is the institutional change a social change?
PL
Współczesna socjologiczna perspektywa teoretyczna dotycząca pojmowania (definiowania, rozumienia) zmiany społecznej i instytucji społecznej wymaga pewnego usystematyzowania. Na pierwszy rzut oka odnoszą się one do dwóch różnych perspektyw z zakresu porządku społecznego. Zmiana społeczna zawiera w sobie przemianę, zmianę porządku/ładu społecznego, reformę, ustalenie nowych zasad. Odnosi się również do ruchów społecznych. Natomiast instytucja społeczna dotyczy rytuałów, reprodukcji ładu społecznego, utrzymywania dominującego sposobu myślenia, władzy i opozycji. Zdaje się być statyczna i porządkująca rzeczywistość społeczną. Z jednej strony celem niniejszego artykułu jest uporządkowanie i usystematyzowanie definicyjne zmiany społecznej i instytucji społecznej, zdefiniowanie terminów, z drugiej zaś poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytania: Czy te dwa pojęcia mogą w jakiś sposób koegzystować, wpływać na siebie albo wynikać jedno z drugiego? Czy pojęcie zmiany instytucjonalnej jest uprawnione? Czy zmiana instytucjonalna jest również zmianą społeczną?
The paper focuses on the conceptualization of institution offered by the Austrian school and the Ordoliberal theory that differ significantly from other approaches within the large family of institutional theories, especially those presented by the Chicago school of economics.
PL
Tekst ten poświęcony jest zagadnieniu konceptualizacji instytucji, rozwijanym na gruncie szkoły austriackiej i ordoliberalizmu. Podejścia te znacząco różnią się od wielu innych teorii instytucjonalnych, w szczególności od założeń Chicagowskiej szkoły ekonomii i tego, w jaki sposób w odwołaniu do niej ujmuje się instytucje.
The article is aimed on showing how the Constitutional Tribunal influences on harmonization of the institutional system. In the article authors concentrated on the problem of the impact of formal and informal institutions on the efficiency of management processes. In the first part of the article the role of institutions in economic processes was underlined and it was proved that coherent and disturbancefree institutional system affects positively on the efficiency of economic processes, as well as it reduces uncertainty in interpersonal interactions. In the next part the role of the Constitutional Tribunal on harmonizing institutional system was described and mechanisms protecting against destabilization of institutional system were presented. In the last, empiric part of the article authors made an attempt of showing how the Constitutional Tribunal can influence on harmonizing institutions and, by harmonizing institutions, indirectly enhance the efficiency of economic processes. It was stated that such an influence is a real phenomenon, whereas the Constitutional Tribunal has a capability to neutralize institutional system disturbances.
PL
Celem artykułu jest ukazanie w jaki sposób Trybunał Konstytucyjny wpływa na harmonizację systemu instytucjonalnego. W artykule skoncentrowano się na problemie oddziaływania instytucji formalnych i nieformalnych na sprawność procesów gospodarowania. W pierwszej części artykułu podkreślono istotę instytucji w procesach gospodarczych oraz wykazano, że spójny i nie mający zaburzeń system instytucjonalny pozytywnie wpływa na sprawność procesów gospodarczych, a także zmniejsza niepewność w interakcjach międzyludzkich. W kolejnej części opisano rolę Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w harmonizacji systemu instytucjonalnego i przedstawiono mechanizmy zabezpieczające przed destabilizacją systemu instytucjonalnego. W ostatniej, empirycznej części artykułu podjęto próbę wykazania, w jaki sposób Trybunał Konstytucyjny może wpływać na harmonizację instytucji i tym samym pośrednio zwiększać sprawność procesów gospodarczych. Stwierdzono, że taki wpływ jest zjawiskiem realnie występującym, a Trybunał Konstytucyjny ma zdolność do niwelowania zaburzeń systemu instytucjonalnego.
W okresie minionego półwiecza naukowa debata na temat polityki przemysłowej przechodziła różne fazy, prowadząc od aktywnego interwencjonizmu państwa, poprzez neoliberalizm, do interwencjonizmu o charakterze pasywnym. W efekcie stworzono imponujący zestaw instytucjonalnych koncepcji polityki przemysłowej. Szkicując te koncepcje wraz z instrumentami polityki przemysłowej, autor wysuwa następującą tezę: skuteczność instytucjonalnych reguł wspomnianej polityki zależy od tego, czy nieformalne instytucje oparte na interesach, systemach wartości ludzi itp., pozostają w zgodzie z regułami formalnymi. Analiza zawiera przegląd kilku hipotetycznych opcji w dziedzinie wymienionej wzajemnej relacji.
EN
Over the past half century, the research debate on industrial policy has intensified at certain points in time, starting from the active state intervention through the neoliberal approach to the passive state intervention. As a result, a set of the institutional concepts of industrial policy has been created. In outlining these concepts as well as instruments of industrial policy, the author puts forward a thesis: the effectiveness of institutional rules of that policy depends on whether informal institutions based on human interests, value systems etc., stay in line with formal rules. The paper reviews several hypothetical options regarding the interrelation in question.
Tekst poświęcony jest kategorii zmiany instytucjonalnej. Podjęto w nim próbę scharakteryzowania dwóch odmiennych tradycji jej wyjaśniania. W tym celu przedstawiono: rozumienie instytucji, zależności między podmiotem a instytucją, typy zmiany instytucjonalnej, mechanizmy i formy zmiany instytucjonalnej oraz jej niezamierzone konsekwencje.
EN
The author attempts to describe the phenomenon of institutional change. He discusses two different approach institutional change and its explanation, and presents his definition of institution and of the interdependen between agent and institution. He also discusses the types and mechanisms of institutional change and its unintend consequences.
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