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EN
The main problem of this article is the basic income guarantee in the perspective of institutional economics. The author evaluates theoretical literature considering the topic and discusses past empirical research. The predicted and the actual outcomes of the programme are compared and synthesized using the New Institutional Economics framework. Hence the basic income guarantee is presented as a social policy proposition, and also as an institution in the meaning of this branch of economics. Originality of this approach relies on the novel use of institutional tools in the discussion considering the problem, mainly in the context of the empirical and theoretical results’ comparison.
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EN
In the article the author intends to provide a selective, yet fairly comprehensive review of historical roots and trends of Institutional Economics. Institutional Economics is not an integrated theory based on a set of common hypotheses, but rather a combination of various elements coming from different traditions and different social sciences. However, despite diversity there is a central tenet of both the 'old' and the 'new' institutionalism: that institutions matter in shaping economic performance and economic behavior. Economic processes do not take place outside of the historical or social context; they take place within given institutions. The author attempts to classifying different views concerning these issues and explain how institutional economics relates to neoclassical economics and other social sciences.
EN
The concept of corporate social responsibility is not well established in economics. It has been analysed in equal measure from two perspectives – economics and management science. The theoretical foundations of the concept of CSR can be traced to the concept of institutional economics, particularly transaction cost theory. This article attempts to locate the concept of corporate social responsibility in the framework of institutional economics.
EN
The article focuses on regional diversity of the Polish Labor Market from institutional perspective. The Polish Labor Market is geographically diverse in terms of unemployment and employment rates, and also in terms of economic development. At the end of 2013 the difference between the lowest and the highest unemployment rate in the Polish regions was 12.1% (Wielkopolska located in the West Poland has unemployment rate of 9.6% and Warmia - Mazury in the East has unemployment of 21.7%). The question arises whether this difference comes from the structural or institutional sources. The paper describe the character of Polish Labor Market, whereas in the second part, it traces the impact of institutional variables such as real wage, Kaitz index and Gender gap on the regional unemployment rate in 2002–2012 in Poland.
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In recent decades there is a growing tendency in economics to question some concepts or even the whole paradigm dominant in economic science in the last century. Financial crisis which led to a considerable downturn in the economy in 2008−2009 has acted as an additional incentive to intensify this tendency. The debatable approach is known as neoclassical theory or neoclassical economics. The fact needs to be emphasised that a widening circle of critically-oriented scholars does not contend itself with pointing at the weaknesses of neoclassical economics. Their disapproval is accompanied by the attempts to establish a new analytical framework which would be free from the drawbacks of neoclassical theory and that can provide an alternative model of explaining the phenomena and processes taking place on economic level of social life. Researchers classified to institutional and behavioural economics, which still remains on the fringes of the orthodox approach, are particularly active in making the efforts of this kind. The aim of the article is to draw attention of Polish readers to the concept of A. Allan Schmid presented in his book entitled Conflict and Cooperation: Institutional and Behavioral Economics. Schmid’s work seems to be a significant step towards developing an alternative model of analysing economic phenomena and processes. The other point that is worth noticing is the fact that his concept has some interesting didactic values and could be recommended as an excellent supplementary item to a reading list proposed for economics courses. Relying on the ground of the New Institutional Economics (NIE), Schmid emphasis an interrelatedness between institutions and human behaviour. The fundamental significance of human behaviour for shaping institutions justifies invoking to scientific achievements of behavioural economics. Schmid tries to establish a model that could be applied not only to the analysis of an impact and significance of particular institutions on economic performance, but also to grasp the factors which seem to be important for changes in institutional structures. His solution is based on a three-stages model called SSP (situation – structure – performance). The first step consists in the delimitation of introductory conditions, the next is an analysis of institutional structure and the purpose of the last phase is to consider how this structure affects an allocation of benefits and losses of economic entities. The scheme is then consequently used for the analysis of a number of issues discussed in contemporary economic theory. Schmid competently avails himself of the concepts and conclusions expressed by the representatives of institutional and behavioural economics, which is understandable when his aim is taken into consideration. By so doing, Schmid not only shows complementarity of those two trends, but his approach, despite some weaknesses, could be treated also as a prolegomena to the synthesis of institutional and behavio
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 7
51-61
EN
The article deals with the issue of identifying and measuring institutions. As an example, reputation was taken into consideration. The analysis leads to the conclusion that reputation could be treated as an institution and could be measured in the context of its impact on economic outcomes. This measurement can be carried out at three levels of detail: micro, meso and macro, among these the third is the least recognised in new institutional economics.
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2009
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vol. 12
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issue 2
EN
In the paper a thesis is stated that institutional economics presents considerable support for business ethics teaching. The assumptions of main-stream economics eliminated the problems of morality in economic life. The dominance of neo-classical economics in economic studies curricula contributes to the social opinion that business is deprived of moral dimensions. From this point of view, it is argued that business ethicists should be more interested in institutional economics. Some institutionalists see economics close to social moral philosophy and claim that a normative approach in economics is natural and necessary. The questions of aims and economic morality are integral parts of many institutional research agendas. Especially the New Institutional Economics has developed tools that enable formalization and empirical verification of theories of morality in business. Institutional economics enriches the theoretical and empirical context of business ethics teaching.
EN
Economic performance is described and explained by both economics and business ethics. Suggested by business ethics the cultural aspect includes different than assumed in economic science forejudgements which concern the nature of economy as well as the attendance of taking part it subjects – member of a particular society. The most important foundation is recognition that economy, which makes part of social reality, is under cultural conditions out of the economic ones. Since ethics and the mainstream economics presume two different ideas of social reality there is no chance to interdisciplinary discussion on economic performance. The aim of this study is to present a new methodological approach: social constructivism which could be applied to describe and explain economic processes and performances as related to custom and ethics. The author believes that the constructivist approach can be developed by institutional economics which is an alternative to mainstream economics.
EN
The use of the potential of economic convergence is one of the key challenges of economic policy in the case of the European Union. Due to structural changes that have led to the growing role of knowledge- based economy (KBE), the analysis made in the paper is based on the assumption that the convergence process of the EU countries takes place in the reality of the KBE, thus in order to facilitate it, all the EU members should concentrate on building institutions that are adequate to the conditions of the KBE. In this context, the aim of the study is to verify the potential impact of the quality of institutional system of the EU countries on the convergence process. In this regard, the analytical framework of conditional β-convergence was used with econometric dynamic panel modeling. To measure the quality of institutional system the authors proposed an indicator, designed with TOPSIS method. For this purpose the data were obtained from the Fraser Institute database. Dynamic panel econometric analysis carried out for the European Union countries in the years 2004–2010 confirms that the high quality and adequacy of the institutional system to the conditions of the KBE supports convergence process in the EU.
PL
Artykuł jest poświęcony ewaluacji efektywności systemów instytucjonalnych krajów Unii Europejskiej w kontekście przemian gospodarczych prowadzących do powstania globalnej gospodarki wiedzy. Analiza teoretyczna odwołuje się do propozycji analitycznych nowej ekonomii instytucjonalnej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ekonomii kosztów transakcyjnych. W badaniu empirycznym zostały postawione dwa podstawowe cele badawcze. Celem głównym analizy jest ewaluacja postępów Polski oraz pozostałych „nowych” członków Unii Europejskiej w kontekście reform instytucjonalnych, które prowadzą do obniżenia kosztów transakcyjnych oraz odpowiadają paradygmatowi nowej globalnej gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. Drugim celem badania jest próba ewaluacji wpływu ostatniego światowego kryzysu gospodarczego z 2008 r. na procesy reform instytucjonalnych w „starej” Europie. Do realizacji tak zdefiniowanych zadań badawczych została przeprowadzona analiza TOPSIS efektywności instytucjonalnej krajów Unii Europejskiej w latach 2000–2010 na podstawie danych pochodzących z bazy Instytutu Frasera tworzonej na potrzeby badania wolności gospodarczej.
EN
The article is devoted to measuring the effectiveness of institutional systems of European Union countries in terms of their relevance to the requirements of the global knowledgebased economy. The theoretical analysis is based on the framework of new institutional economics with special consideration to economics of transaction costs. There are two main aims of the article. The main aim of the paper is to evaluate the progress obtained by Poland and the rest of so called New Member States of the European Union in the years 2000–2010 in the context of institutional reforms that can lead to decreasing of transaction costs and are up to requirements of global knowledge-based economy. The second aim of the paper is the evaluation of influence of the last crisis of the year 2008 on the institutional reforms in “old” Europe. The realisation of that aims was possible due to application of TOPSIS method for the analysis of institutional effectiveness of European Union members states in the years 2000–2010. The empirical research is based on the data from Fraser Institute database for Economic Freedom.
RU
Статья посвящена оценке эффективности институциональных систем стран Евросоюза в контексте экономических преобразований, ведущих к возникновению глобальной экономики знаний. Теоретический анализ обращается к аналитическим предложениям новой институциональной теории экономики с особым учетом экономики транзакционных издержек. В эмпирическом исследовании были поставлены две основные цели исследования. Главной целью анализа является оценка прогресса Польши и так называемых новых членов Евросоюза в контексте институциональных реформ, которые ведут к понижению транзакционных издержек, а также отвечают требованиям новой глобальной экономики, опирающейся на знания. Вторая цель исследования – это попытка оценки влияния последнего мирового экономического кризиса на процессы институциональных реформ стран Евросоюза в 2000–2010 гг. Она была проведена с использованием метода TOPSIS, опираясь на данные базы Института Фразера, создаваемой для нужд исследования экономической свободы.
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EN
This essay reviews the complex love-hate relationship between comparative economics, as represented by its most outstanding representative, János Kornai, and mainstream economics, based on rational expectations and general equilibrium theorizing, as represented by Kenneth Arrow and his disciples Paul Samuelson, Olivier Blanchard and the New Keynesian line adopted by the IMF under his reign. The ultimate question is why the interaction has not been more productive and direct over the decades? Why has the post-communist era not brought about a rapprochement? The essay reviews major milestones presented in academic volumes in the oeuvre of Kornai through the decades. It highlights a special form of micro-founded macroeconomics, whose epistemological features are distinct from that of the neoclassical synthesis.
EN
Mainstream economics has been running the gauntlet of adverse criticism for decades. These critiques claim as a message of central importance that mainstream economics has lost its relevance for understanding reality. By making a brief comparison between the methodological strategies of the main stream and institutional economics I suggest that the firm demarcation between the streams stems from the difference between their methodologies. Its peculiar interest directed mainstream economics to take a unique methodological path and consequently the adherents have not been able to be on the lookout for certain facets of socio-economic reality. However, the chosen path, the axiomatic-deductive strategy proved to be an appropriate method for identifying economic laws. This claim is justified even by some recent efforts of new institutional economics. In order to support the conversation between the schools I highlight some causes that currently make it impossible to start a rational discourse.
EN
The article focuses on presentation of the interaction between the social value of work and institutional structure of the labor market and its impact on the behavior of actors on the labor market described by the phenomena of institutional unemployment. Its intellectual background was based on institutional economics. Institutional economics assume the interaction between people and organizations and examine the rules of this interaction. It proves that the economic analysis should be interdisciplinary and focus on social, cultural, political, historical and other aspects. This is especially important for the analysis of the modern labor market, where cultural factors play a major role. The above theoretical findings as well as the current situation of the labor market give the author of this article reason to formulate the assumption that leaving aside studies formal and informal institutions as well the social value of work may result in incomplete picture of labor market. The paper presents the concept of social value of work, describes the institutional structure of the labor market, sets the concept of institutional effi ciency and effectiveness, and fi nally defi nes the phenomena of institutional unemployment.
EN
The study focuses on the issue of the land reform in the Eastern part of Germany, which was occupied by the Soviet army after 1945. The land reform was a key part of future collectivization in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Many causes of the future failure of the collectivization can be found in the events after 1945. After 1045, the areas of East Germany became an area with a number of test runs of the socialist economic experiment. Agriculture was one of the main areas in which the KPD interest group tried to enforce its ideas about collective ownership and thereby gain a dominant position by creating a type of “inclusive” society that excluded big landowners who were the targets of the first stage of the “socialist revolution” in rural areas – the land reform.
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PL
Rynek nieruchomości jest w Polsce w fazie rozwojowej. Procesy, które się na nim dokonują wymagają opisów i analiz, które pomogą zarówno podmiotom na nim działającym, jak i wszystkim zainteresowanym na zrozumienie mechanizmów i czynników je kształtujących. Dobrym sposobem na zrozumienie różnych procesów rynkowych jest sięgnięcie do koncepcji dających podstawy teoretyczne do badań empirycznych. Nowa ekonomia instytucjonalna i wchodząca w jej skład teoria kosztów transakcyjnych pozwala uzupełnić niedostatki neoklasycznej ekonomii o nowe, ciekawy spojrzenie na procesy rynkowe. Dotyczy to również rynku nieruchomości, który może być analizowany z punktu widzenia tej teorii. Na przykładzie relacji nabywca – pośrednik zaprezentowano wybrane aspekty, które można analizować z punktu widzenia świata kontraktów stanowiących podstawę teorii kosztów transakcyjnych.
EN
The market of the property is in the developmental phase in Poland. Processes which are taking place on it require descriptions and analyses which will help for subjects on it acting as well as interested for all to understanding mechanisms and factors shaping them. Referring to conceptions giving theoretical bases is with the good way to understand different market processes to empirical examinations. New institutional economics and the theory fitting into her composition of transaction costs permit to supplement of neoclassical economics for new, onlooker looking at market processes. It also concerns seeing the market of the fixed property which can be analysed immediately for this theory. On the example of the relation purchaser - intermediary chosen aspects which it is possible to analyse were presented from a point of view of world of contracts being fundamental to the theory of transaction costs.
Journal of Pedagogy
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2011
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vol. 2
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issue 2
283-292
EN
In The Higher Learning in America, Veblen speculated on the prospects of the schools of commerce within the American university. Specifically he postulated that (a) instruction in the field of commercial training may all into a more rigidly drawn curriculum, that diverges from the ways of scientific inquiry (b) the college of commerce would divert funds from legitimate university uses, (c) create a bias hostile to scholarly and scientific work and (d) train graduates who would have better skills to predate on the community. The Higher Learning in America is an extension of his economics and was meant to be a warning about the cumulative effect of the conduct of universities by business principles. This paper summarizes the Veblenian approach used to question the legitimacy of the business school in the modern university. The goal is to promote a re-consideration of the role of the business school with respect to a Veblenian analysis.
RU
The article justifies the expediency of the doctrinal recognition of economic law, its universal nature, manifested in the process of legal regulation of economic relations, both at the level of national economies and in modern geoeconomics. В статье обосновывается целесообразность доктринального признания экономического права, его универсальный характер, проявляющийся в процессе правовой регуляции экономических отношений, как на уровне национальных экономик, так и в современной геоэкономике
EN
The paper looks at the changes that have taken place in the way researchers examine the influence of taxes on economic growth and competitiveness, both in Poland and elsewhere. These changes have primarily involved a broader look at this issue over the past decade or so, the author says. For decades in the past, researchers focused on analyzing the direct influence of taxes on economic growth. With time, they expanded their approach to include various aspects of taxation and types of taxes. They began to separately examine the impact of personal income tax, corporate income tax and indirect taxes, looking at their average, minimum and maximum effects through the lens of supply-side economics. Supply-side economics is an economic theory that states that a reduction in taxes stimulates the economy enough to recoup the lost revenue. Today those researching the impact of taxes on economic growth and competitiveness increasingly acknowledge that the influence of taxes on an economy depends on the context in which tax policy is pursued, Wnorowski says. This particularly applies to institutional conditions in which taxes are levied and modified. Of special importance are any legislative difficulties or limitations encountered by tax policymakers, the overall thrust of government policy, and the efficiency of authorities responsible for the enforcement of tax regulations and laws, according to the author. Wnorowski analyzes research reports on the subject and he also takes a look at expert studies by international institutions such as the World Bank and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Such studies have abounded in the last few years, highlighting the role of various institutional factors, according to Wnorowski. When analyzed collectively, institutional factors make it possible to better understand the relationship between taxes and economic growth as well as changes in the level of competitiveness. Overall, an institutional economic approach is now increasingly common in research into the influence of taxes on economic growth, the author says.
EN
The article focuses on the institutional structure of the labor market as seen through the lens of institutional economics. Institutional economics assumes that there is an interaction between people and organizations and examines the rules of this interaction. It argues that economic analysis should be interdisciplinary and focus on social, cultural, political and historical aspects. This is especially important for the analysis of the modern labor market, where cultural factors play a major role, the author says. These theoretical findings combined with the current situation on the labor market lead the author to formulate an assumption that labor market studies failing to take into account formal and informal institutions may result in an incomplete picture of the labor market. That is why the main objective of the article is to define the institutional structure of the labor market, the author says. The paper presents the assumptions of institutional economics, describes the institutional approach used in labor market studies, and defines the concept of labor market institutions. The author discusses the structure of the labor market by referring to the concept of different levels of economic analysis developed by O.E. Williamson, a proponent of new institutional economics. Using Williamson’s findings, Woźniak-Jęchorek sets out to identify relationships between different levels of economic analysis in the context of labor market functioning. The proposed theoretical model introduces the concept of the social value of work, assuming that informal and formal institutions influence the perception of the value of work and determine the behavior of people on the labor market. The value of work is evaluated from different angles, including an economic perspective (individuals have to work to earn money for a living), a social perspective (individuals need social interaction and integration), and a task-based perspective (individuals need to achieve objectives by completing tasks). Each perspective determines the behavior of people on the labor market. In classical terms, the value of work is reflected in wage disparities, but today there is a growing need for a mixed approach combining economic, social, and ecological values, Woźniak-Jęchorek says. Defining the institutional structure of the labor market is a starting point for further empirical research that could contribute to a more effective government policy toward the labor market, the author concludes.
PL
Celem artykułu jest zdefiniowanie struktury rynku pracy w kontekście ustaleń teoretycznych ekonomii instytucjonalnej. Zakładając współdziałanie ludzi i organizacji, ekonomia instytucjonalna bada reguły rządzące tymi współzależnościami. Dowodzi przy tym, że analiza ekonomiczna powinna mieć charakter interdyscyplinarny łączący w sobie aspekty społeczne, kulturowe, polityczne, historyczne i inne. Szczególnie istotne jest to w przypadku analizy funkcjonowania współczesnych rynków pracy, gdzie motywy kulturowe odgrywają dużą rolę w kształtowaniu postaw na rynku pracy. Stąd też przyjęto założenie, że brak uwzględniania w analizach rynku pracy czynników instytucjonalnych (o charakterze formalnym i nieformalnym) wpływa na ocenę rezultatów funkcjonowania tego rynku i postawiła sobie za cel zdefiniowanie struktury instytucjonalnej rynku pracy. W artykule przedstawiono założenia ekonomii instytucjonalnej, scharakteryzowano podejście instytucjonalne do analiz rynku pracy, przybliżono pojęcie instytucji tego rynku, a ostatecznie określono strukturę rynku pracy odwołując się do koncepcji poziomów analizy ekonomicznej O.E. Williamsona. Wykorzystując jego ustalenia podjęto równieź próbę wskazania zależności występujących pomiędzy poszczególnymi poziomami analizy ekonomicznej w kontekście działania rynku pracy. Do przedstawionego, teoretycznego modelu wprowadzono również pojęcie społecznej wartości pracy, przyjmując, że działanie instytucji (formalnych i nieformalnych) rynku pracy wpływa na postrzeganie tej wartości i przesądza o zachowaniach uczestników rynku pracy. Uczestnicy ci oceniają wartość pracy z perspektywy ekonomicznej (potrzeba pozyskania środków na życie), społecznej (potrzeba integracji ze społeczeństwem) i zadaniowej (potrzeba realizacji celów poprzez wykonywanie zadań), co stanowi bardzo ważny element sprawczy wszelkich zachowań na rynku pracy. W klasycznym ujęciu wartość pracy ma przy tym odzwierciedlenie w nierównościach płacowych, natomiast współcześnie coraz częściej mówi się o potrzebie ujęcia mieszanego, czyli połączenia wartości ekonomicznej (charakterystycznej dla przedsiębiorstw działających for-profit) z wartością społeczną (przypisywaną działalności non-profit) wraz z wartością ekologiczną (tożsamą z oddziaływaniem na środowisko naturalne). Dopiero taka wartość mieszana nazywana jest społeczną wartością pracy, a jej postrzeganie determinuje zachowania na rynku pracy. Zdefiniowanie struktury instytucjonalnej rynku pracy w ujęciu teoretycznym ma stanowić punkt wyjścia do dalszych badań empirycznych, które mogłyby przyczynić się do realizacji skuteczniejszej polityki państwa wobec rynku pracy.
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