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EN
Using the frameworks of natural morphology and functional-semantic analysis, the paper deals with the polyfunctional instrumental case in early speech development (during the first 3 years of a child’s life). Both a case study and a methodological study, it presents the results of research on grammatical forms, case meanings and the development of pragmatic functions. The key question is: which instrumental case structures do children acquire preferentially? The research is based on a combination of qualitative (audiovisual recordings of three children) and quantitative (1065 parental assessments) methods. Conclusions are reached on three levels: (a) form: maximal morphotactic transparency, regularity and simplicity are typical for preferentially acquired forms; (b) semantics: the preferentially acquired comitative and instrumental meanings can be interpreted as the linguistic representation of experience in social contact and in dealing with tools or means to accomplish one’s goals; (c) pragmatics: children use the instrumental case in basic functions (to provide contextual information, for disagreements, answers, requests and commands). The research broadens the understanding of speech ontogenesis and contributes to a theory of language that is compatible with the process of its acquisition.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wykazanie, że – wbrew opiniom wyrażanym w słownikach, gramatykach, podręcznikach do nauki języka polskiego i pracach teoretycznych – narzędnikowe formy liczebników głównych kończące się na -u (np. pięciu) nie są we współczesnej polszczyźnie dystrybucyjnie równoważnymi wariantami form na -oma (np. pięcioma). Na podstawie danych z Narodowego Korpusu Języka Polskiego pokazano, że występowanie narzędnikowych form na -u jest w wypadku liczebników prostych ograniczone do konstrukcji przed X-u laty, podczas gdy formy na -oma są w pełni produktywne. Na potrzeby odróżnienia w opisie formalnym języka polskiego form występujących we frazemach (tj. szeroko rozumianych związkach frazeologicznych) od form w pełni produktywnych autor wprowadza kategorię frazemowość.
EN
The aim of this article is to demonstrate that in contemporary Polish – contrary to the view expressed in dictionaries, grammars, Polish textbooks for foreigners and theoretical linguistic publications – instrumental forms of cardinal numerals ending in -u (e.g. pięciu ‘five’) are not in free variation with forms ending in -oma (e.g. pięcioma). On the basis of attested data drawn mainly from the National Corpus of Polish, it is shown that forms ending in -u, when used as simple numerals in instrumental positions, are limited to the construction przed X-u laty ‘X years ago’, while forms ending in -oma are fully productive. In order to distinguish, within a given lexeme, forms which may only occur in phrasemes (i.e. broadly understood phraseological expressions) from forms which occur productively, a new grammatical category is proposed: “phrasemity”.
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