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“Every knock is a boost”. Cyber risk behaviour among Poles

100%
Cichowicz E., Iwanicz-Drozdowska M., Kurowski Ł.
Economics and Business Review
|
2021
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vol. 7
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issue 4
94-120
EN
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of individuals’ behaviour in the cyber world, especially when using financial services. The article focuses on knowledge of cybersecurity issues, cyber risk awareness and respondents’ self-assessment as potential determinants of individual behaviour. The data obtained from a survey of a representative group of Polish citizens during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic was analysed. Ordinal logistic regression and instrumental variable analysis confirm the existence of a positive relationship between knowledge and awareness of cyber risk and safe behaviour in the cyber world. Older generations exhibit safer behaviour which may be linked to their life experience; however, the results do not confirm that experiencing a loss due to cyber risk convinces individuals to use Internet-based solutions in a safer manner. Therefore, educational campaigns should be expanded to include cyber risk issues and tailored to the needs of various users.
2
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Households’ Borrowing Intentions During the COVID-19 Crisis: The Role of Financial Literacy

100%
Kurowski Ł., Malinowska-Misiąg E.
Journal of Banking and Financial Economics
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2022
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issue 1(17)
98-113
EN
This study aims to determine the role of financial literacy in households’ borrowing intentions during the coronavirus pandemic. Employing a survey of 1,300 Polish citizens conducted during the COVID-19 crisis and an instrumental variable analysis, we found that financial literacy significantly increases households’ borrowing intentions. This applies to financially sound consumers both in crisis and normal times. In terms of sociodemographic features, young adults and the less educated are less willing to borrow during the pandemic.
3
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Civic Participation and Gender Beliefs: An Analysis of 46 Countries

100%
Voicu M., Voicu B.
Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review
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2016
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vol. 52
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issue 3
321-345
EN
Gender equality has progressed a great deal in recent decades in response to modernisation, industrialisation, and the generally rising level of education. A transformation in gender beliefs has accompanied the progress on gender equality and beliefs about gender roles have mainly changed in countries in North America and Europe, while in Muslim and Asian countries they have remained the same. The analysis in this article focuses on civic participation and investigates its relation to equalitarian gender beliefs. Multi-level regression models and data from World Values Survey (WVS) collected from 46 countries in 2005 allow depicting the relationships. The findings show that membership in civic associations covariates with equalitarian gender beliefs, but the sign of the relation depends on the gender and the type of association.
4
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Income, political institutions, conflict, and population size

75%
Höschle F.
Czech Journal of Social Sciences, Business and Economics
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2014
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vol. 3
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issue 2
73-79
EN
This paper estimates the effect of growth on civil conflict by comparing the identification strategies and the necessary assumptions for the different instrument variable approaches. We show that different exclusion restrictions might contradict each other which cast serious doubt on the validity of their identification strategies. We find it very reasonable to believe that there are causal effects between civil conflict, quality of democratic institutions and government size.Therefore, one can doubt that the way weather variations have been used to create instrument variables in the literature leads to consistently estimated parameters for the causal effect of civil conflict, quality of democratic institutions, demography and government size on civil conflict.
5
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Efekt zewnętrzny wykształcenia

75%
Strawiński P.
Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics
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2009
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vol. 232
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issue 5-6
39-60
EN
The author sets out to measure the external rate of return on secondary and university-level education in Poland. The rate is defined as the excess rate of return for human capital. However, the author says it is difficult to precisely quantify the rate due to methodological problems and the unavailability of data. The economic model used in the article is based on the comparative advantage theory. The econometric model identifies the external rate of return on education thanks to the use of instrumental variables. The analysis confirms that there was a shift in the structure of demand for higher education in Poland in 1998-2005. The author uses empirical data to show the positive external effect linked with education. The private annual rate of return on education in Poland exceeded 7 percent in 1998-2005 and was among the highest in Europe. Additionally, the author shows that there is an external effect linked with education. It stands at 1%-5% annually, Strawiński says. The results obtained in the analysis were confirmed using various model options and estimation methods. Moreover, Strawiński showed that as the proportion of the population with a secondary education increased, people began to earn higher paychecks. This means that secondary education generates a spillover effect, Strawiński concludes.
6
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Returns To Education During And After The Economic Crisis: Evidence From Latvia 2006–2012

51%
Vilerts K., Krasnopjorovs O., Brekis E.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe
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2017
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vol. 20
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issue 1
133-157
PL
W artykule wykorzystano dane dla Łotwy, pochodzące z europejskiego badania warunków życia ludności (EU-SILC), celem zbadania jak kształtowały się zwroty z edukacji w czasie kryzysu ekonomicznego 2008–2009 i w latach następnych. Stwierdzono, że zwroty z edukacji znacznie wzrosły w czasie kryzysu a następnie nieznacznie spadły w trakcie późniejszego ożywienia gospodarczego. Efekt antycykliczny był widoczny w niemal wszystkich grupach ludności. Po zakończeniu kryzysu edukacja bardziej niż dotychczas związana była z wydłużeniem tygodnia pracy i większym prawdopodobieństwem zatrudnienia. Ponadto wykazano, że zwroty z edukacji na Łotwie są generalnie wyższe w stolicy i w jej okolicach niż poza tym regionem, jak również są one wyższe dla obywateli Łotwy niż dla rezydentów niebędących obywatelami i dla obywateli innych krajów, ale niższa w przypadku mężczyzn i młodzieży. Modele zróżnicowania płac wskazują na stosunkowo wysoką premię płacową za wyższe wykształcenie i raczej niską premię za średnie wykształcenie. Oszacowania uzyskane przy zastosowaniu modeli zmiennych instrumentalnych znacznie przekraczają szacunki uzyskane za pomocą zwykłej metody najmniejszych kwadratów.
EN
We employ EU-SILC micro data for Latvia to study how returns to education changed during the economic crisis of 2008–2009 and afterwards. We found that returns to education increased significantly during the crisis and decreased slightly during the subsequent economic recovery. The counter-cyclical effect was evident in nearly all population groups. After the crisis, education became more associated than before with a longer working week and a higher employment probability. Furthermore, we show that returns to education in Latvia are generally higher in the capital city and its suburbs than outside the capital city region, as well as for citizens of Latvia than for resident non-citizens and citizens of other countries, but lower for males and young people. Wage differential models reveal a relatively large wage premium for higher education and a rather small one for secondary education. Estimates obtained with instrumental variable (IV) models significantly exceed the OLS estimates.
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