We meet a lot of wild animals, reptiles and insects on Polish territory, which pose a threat to people and livestock. The attacks of wild animals directly to humans are becoming more common. By this reason, we are exposed to different type of bites, which entails the cost of treatment. In this article we present the scale of threats by such animals as wolves, beavers, otters, snakes, bears. Also it is discussed the diseases: rabies, bird flu and other spread by ticks, wasps, bees, mosquitoes, etc. In this article we indicate that the damage caused by wild animals, reptiles and insects can be covered by personal accident insurance.
There is a term ‘self-avareness’ in the literature of insurance and opinion on the insurance market. On the base of the insurance data it is concluded that Poles hale a low level of awareness. The level increases when random event occurs. The aim of his article is an attempt to define a term ‘self-awareness’ and point its connection with life and property insurances.
The issue of pension system is discussed in the article. The leading thesis is as follows: social insurance are not savings or investments or tax; (intergenerational) pension insurance contract should not be converted into a loan agreement or contract of capital transfer having the characteristics of gambling, which unfortunately happened in Poland. Proving this thesis will be to demonstrate the nature and impact of capital pillar in pension system.
The aim of this paper is to evaluate the importance of insurance in the activity and development within Poland's SME sector. The specifics of SMEs make them more vulnerable to the adverse effects of various risks. Business risk relates to different areas of the company including its resources, both human and capital assets. Risk management is performed differently for small enterprises than large enterprises. Appropriate risk management using insurance can maintain liquidity, improve solvency, build competitive advantage and create added value for the company. Inadequate insurance not only affects SMEs, but also other sectors within the Polish economy.
The article is devoted to the study of the legal nature of liability for damage caused by the source of enhanced danger. The conditions and grounds for liability for damage caused by a source of enhanced danger are considered. Determine the obligation to insure civil liability in obligations to compensate for damage caused by a source of enhanced danger. The scientific novelty is to analyze the national legislation on the legal regime of the source of high danger and to identify the elements of the danger of such sources.
The article discusses motor vehicle theft and legalisation. Despite modern methods of securing this kind of property, such offences are still committed by criminals. This type of crime is determined by the large and fast fi nancial profi ts, which criminals make not only from selling such cars, but also from ransoms obtained from the owners for returning the stolen vehicles. Criminal groups are also interested in vehicles carrying cargoes that are sold by the group or become objects of ransom obtained from owners. In the article, the author presents methods and techniques of stealing vehicles used by thieves in recent times. Moreover, the structure of criminal groups and the individual roles of their members are discussed. Furthermore, methods of legalising vehicles through previously stolen or counterfeited documents are presented, thanks to which buyers and public authorities are not able to get an idea of the practice. In most cases, the sale of properly prepared vehicles and documents is carried out under the pressure of time and attractive prices. In the last part of the article, the author presents the issue of obtaining compensation for stolen vehicles. This type of criminal activity is also a source of income for groups dealing with car theft.
The research objective of this paper is to compare the current approaches in reporting of gross written premium in selected Central and Eastern European countries. Under current Czech regulations, the gross written premium in majority of Czech insurance companies is charged under the payment method set in the contract (i.e. annually, quarterly, monthly, etc.), however revenues from gross written premium for the accounting period are always shown in the proper amount. Our research confirmed that presented information about gross written premium in various jurisdictions is based on different methodologies and proved that for the comparability of data and for their information capability there is crucial to develop a precise definition of gross written premium; only in such case there would be possible to ensure the credibility of statistical data. Using these incomparable data may lead in many cases to misleading conclusions when evaluating the level of insurance in various countries and regions.
Claims of patients against medical providers are increasingly common. In addition to the judicial mode from 1 January 2012, patients can also benefit from the administrative mode their claims. This is possible thanks to the regulations of the Act of 6 November 2008 on the rights of the patient and the patient’s Ombudsman (Section 13a). As a result of new legal solutions injured patient can also redress in administrative mode, ie when applying the findings of the medical event to voivodeship commission for adjudication of medical events. This article presents the regulations related to the potential claims of patients in administrative mode, before the voivodeship committees for the adjudication of medical events. Keywords: patient, medical event, insurance, voivodeship committee.
Companies, especially life insurers, operating under competitive conditions need loyal clients. A very important techniques used for building loyalty is appropriate communication between the insured and insurer. The article presents different kinds of communication between the insurance contract parties and some factors influencing that. The main aim of conducted analysis was to answer the question how important is the exchange of information between insurer and insured/policy holder to continue the insurance contract, building loyalty with insurers’ clients.
Due to fast development of life insurance in Poland many studies concentrates to indicate factors which encourage or discourage the conclusion of life insurance. The article presents results of most important researches conducted between 1997 and 2007 in reference to life insurance, factors influencing the decisions to take out or not insurance contract, circumstances for making contract and society opinion about insurance.
The sector of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) is an important part of the insurance market. The growth of the economy and the changes occurring in Poland are the reasons for some changes in the behavior of entrepreneurs on the insurance market. The Authors of this article present the results of an annual survey carried out between 2010-2012 on a representative group of small and medium-sized enterprises. The data obtained during the surveys concentrates on entrepreneurs awareness of insurance and their opinions and behavior on the insurance market. Since the surveys are carried out in regular intervals it is possible to define the directions of changes in the usage of insurance products by small and medium-size enterprises.
PL
Ubezpieczenia pełnią ważną rolę w zarządzaniu ryzykiem w przedsiębiorstwach, zwiększają bezpieczeństwo prowadzonej działalności oraz pozwalają na stabilizację sytuacji finansowej. Rola jaką pełnią małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa w Polsce nie mogła zostać niezauważona przez zakłady ubezpieczeń. W ostatnich latach można zaobserwować wzrost konkurencyjności oraz poszerzenie oferty ubezpieczycieli skierowanej do sektora MSP. W artykule przedstawione zostały wyniki corocznych badań przeprowadzanych w latach 2010-2012 na reprezentatywnej próbie ponad tysiąca przedsiębiorstw z sektora MSP. W ramach badań zbierane były informacje o świadomości ubezpieczeniowej przedsiębiorców, ich opiniach i korzystania z produktów ubezpieczeniowych. Dzięki cykliczności badań możliwe stało się także określenie kierunków zmian w zakresie korzystania z ubezpieczeń przez małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa.
The financial and the insurance markets are increasingly penetrating each other, accounting for the fact that insurers are more and more often seen as major institutional investors of capital markets. The capital market offers a range of new opportunities, although it is not devoid of faults, mercilessly exposed by consecutive stock market collapses. Do insurance companies use the capital market instruments? And if so, to what extent? The conducted analysis has pointed at growing involvement of insurers in capital assets. This involvement varies significantly in particular European countries, although research shows that on average it maintains a relatively high level.
The article is based on the results of author’s study survey conducted on a representative sample of municipalities of Podkarpackie voivodship. Based on the results of research, the article will present both the current state of insurance in local government units (LGUs) of the municipal level, as well as the associated changes directly affecting the functioning of the insurance business in LGUs. The primary objective of this paper is to determine the procedures for concluding the insurance in LGUs, and also defining the types of insurance most often executed by these entities, and indication of the intermediaries, whose services are most commonly used by examined LGUs.
In Poland, we have approx. 10,000 fuel stations and fuel depots. Approximately 27 million vehicles registered in Poland and several million vehicles transiting through Poland use the petrol stations. Petrol and LPG stations are very dangerous places with flammable materials. Hence, an important element is the civil liability of employees of petrol stations and fuel and LPG depots. The article presents the scale and types of threats that may occur during the operation of these facilities, and the security elements of this type of place are also discussed. The final part of the article presents the basic elements of liability insurance for petrol operators. The basic elements of this insurance are indicated, such as the scope of the liability, the contribution, the guarantee sum and the problems with settling claims.
W artykule opisano wyniki badań empirycznych dotyczących identyfi kacji czynników skłaniających przedsiębiorstwa do zatrzymania ryzyka straty jako techniki zarządzania ryzykiem alternatywnej wobec ubezpieczenia. Empiryczna analiza uwarunkowań wyboru pomiędzy ubezpieczeniem a retencją ryzyka objęła szeroką, reprezentatywną próbę przedsiębiorstw z różnych branż, mających do czynienia z różnymi rodzajami ryzyka, co daje możliwość uogólnienia wniosków. Badanie wykazało, że siła związku między retencją ryzyka a poszczególnymi determinantami strategii zarządzania ryzykiem nie jest zbyt wysoka. Jest to dowodem złożoności wyborów między ubezpieczeniem i zatrzymaniem ryzyka. Na ostateczną decyzję w tej sprawie ma wpływ wiele czynników. Większość przeanalizowanych czynników działała raczej w kierunku zachęcającym do ubezpieczenia i zniechęcającym do retencji ryzyka. Jedynie trzy czynniki były dodatnio skorelowane z tendencją do zachowania ryzyka w przedsiębiorstwie. Były to: większa liczba szkód w przedsiębiorstwie, wyższe zatrudnienie (a więc pośrednio wielkość firmy) oraz większa kwota płaconej składki ubezpieczeniowej. Cechy te przekładały się, średnio rzecz biorąc, na wyższy stopień zatrzymania ryzyka w przedsiębiorstwie.
EN
The article describes the results of the empirical examination aimed at the identifi cation of factors that induce enterprises to retain the risk of a loss, as a risk management strategy alternative to insurance. Empirical analysis of factors determining the choice between insurance and retention of the risk within the enterprise covered a broad, representative sample of fi rms, which makes it possible to draw some general conclusions. The research has shown that the dependence between risk retention and various determinants of the risk management strategy is not too strong. This is an indirect proof of the complexity of the choice between insurance and risk retention. The fi nal decision about that depends on many factors. Most of the analysed determinants acted in favour of insurance rather than risk retention. Only three factors were positively correlated with the tendency to retain the within the enterprise. These were: large number of losses suffered by the enterprise, high employment level (a bigger fi rm’s size), and the height of insurance fee. All the three factors translated, on the average, into a higher degree of risk retention.
RU
В статье описаны результаты эмпирических исследований по выявлению условий, при которых предприятия при выборе техники управления риском отдают предпочтение удержанию риска убытков, а не страхованию. Эмпирический анализ обусловленностей выбора между страхованием и удержанием риска проводился на широкой репрезентативной выборке предприятий разных отраслей, имеющих дело с разными видами риска, что дало возможность сделать обобщающие выводы. Исследование показало, что сила корреляции между удержанием риска и отдельными детерминантами стратегии управления риском, не очень высока, что является доказательством сложного характера выбора между страхованием и удержанием риска. Окончательное решение по этому вопросу принимается под влиянием многих факторов. Большинство проанализированных факторов действует в направлении поощрения скорее страхования, чем удержания риска. Только три фактора имели положительную корреляцию с тенденцией к удержанию риска на предприятии. Ими были: большое количество потерь на предприятии, более высокая занятость (т.е. косвенно величина фирмы), а также высокая стоимость уплачиваемых страховых взносов. Эти факторы приводили, в среднем выражении, к более высокой степени удержания риска на предприятии.
This article consists of two parts. The first part is based on the theoretical analysis of the concept of safety and prevention measures in road traffic, described in the existing literature and statistics. Whereas the second part focuses on the analysis of vehicle insurance as a financial instrument of economic safety of road traffic participants. In the 21st century, one of very important problems, not only socially but also economically, referring to Poland and other EU countries is the ongoing development of motorisation and, consequently, the progress in transportation. Unfortunately, this development sometimes leads to the growing number of road accidents and their effects.
D&O insurance is important both for board members, by securing them against civil liability, as well as creditors, as it strengthens their chances of being paid when a board member’s personal assets prove insufficient. The purpose of this article is to analyse the general terms and conditions of D&O insurance available on the Polish market in order to identify differences in the proposed scope of coverage. The analysis is preceded by a description of legal sources of a director’s and an officer’s liability. The end of the article discusses current problems on tax issues related to D&O insurance premiums. The author concludes, among other things, that the recent economic crisis has forced entrepreneurs to take steps to improve efficiency while also limiting their exposure to risk. D&O insurance is undoubtedly an effective tool for supporting this strategy. Further development of the company liability insurance market segment (including D&O insurance) may therefore be expected, and hence the results of the paper have important theoretical and practical value.
The aim of this paper is to characterize the most important methods which are used to determine the level of text readability. The author presents practical examples of the usage of chosen methods by foreign insurance companies. The final section of the study is completed with general conclusions relating to the application of the given solutions to the Polish insurance market.
The purpose of the research presented in this article was to assess the use of insurance products available on the market in everyday craft activity, as well as to obtain an answer to the question of which insurance companies the surveyed entrepreneurs use most often. An attempt was also made to assess cooperation of the insured with insurers. Research with the use of a survey questionnaire was conducted in the period from May to July 2016 in craft plants from the Opole, Lower Silesian and Silesian provinces associated through guilds in the Craft Chamber in Opole. Research results demonstrate that more than half of the surveyed craft enterprises use products offered by insurance companies, and the most popular insurer among these companies is PZU.
The article analyzes the insurance market trends, which have been determined by the financial crisis, and reveals the development features and prospects of non-insurance market, which accounts for almost 70% of the total insurance market, in Lithuania. The obtained results showed that after the market shrank by a quarter in 2009, the insurance sector is recovering, and while the volume of issued insurance premiums increased in 2013, they still remain lower than during the pre-crisis period. 2010 is a distinctive year for the Lithuanian non-insurance market due to a track of unusual abundance of adverse events. Throughout the analyzed period the structure of the non-insurance market issued portfolios remained the same in Lithuania, and throughout the whole analyzed period non-insurance market is dominated by Mandatory Third Party Liability Insurance (MTPLI), Voluntary vehicle insurance (CASCO) and Property insurances, which, according to estimates and analysts' forecasts, have growth potential.
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