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EN
The main purpose of the survey discussed in this paper is to answer the question of which factors describe the status of political integration of Poles in Austria. Political integration concerns the phenomenon of joining the political life of a given political system and, to some extent, also its results. For the purpose of this study the notion of political integration is to stand for the involvement of the ‘visiting’ citizens in the political life of the ‘host’ state, in particular political participation, taking the form of public activity and voting in elections. The survey adopts a general theoretical model where the state of integration of Poles in Austria is comprehended in terms of a three-element political culture (comprising cognitive, emotional-and-assessing, and behavioral elements). It undergoes external influences, related to the period spent living abroad, and domestic influences of social identity (approached functionally). Additionally, the model assumes that these factors can be internally related. The empirical aspect of the analysis is based on the authors’ own survey carried out using a questionnaire, psychological scale and focus group interview of a sample of Polish émigrés in Austria.
EN
The main subject of the article is concerned with projects of political reintegration between Belarus and Russia from the beginning to the end of the 1990s. The article begins with a short introduction about the historical and cultural bonds which connect both countries. The next part focuses on three levels of political reintegration conducted by two states — Commonwealth, Union and finally Union State of Belarus and Russia. The description is divided between pre-Lukashenko and Lukashenko era in Belarus and presents the differences between them. The last part contains a short summary establishing whether these processes can be seen as s success and benefit for both members or a failure.
EN
Europe has failed to fully integrate its immigrants, and difficulties in this domain influence public opinion regarding newcomers and immigration policies today. Drawing on the concepts of Swedish political scientist Tomas Hammar, who proposed four “gates” to (political) integration, countries should define “gates” for the political, economic and cultural integration of their immigrants. As experiences of the last decades have shown, political integration is necessary, but not sufficient. The economic sphere has been accepted as key, but the cultural sphere has yet to receive the attention of scholars and policymakers it requires. Policies directed at receiving societies are also necessary to facilitate integration.
PL
Europa nie poradziła sobie z pełną integracją imigrantów, a trudności w tej dziedzinie wpływają dziś na stosunek społeczeństw do przybyszów i na polityki imigracyjne państw. Opierając się na koncepcjach szwedzkiego politologa Tomasa Hammara, który zaproponował cztery „bramki” integracji (politycznej), państwa powinny zdefiniować dla swych imigrantów „bramki” integracji politycznej, ekonomicznej i kulturowej. Doświadczenia ostatnich dziesięcioleci pokazują, że integracja polityczna jest konieczna, lecz niewystarczająca. Sfera ekonomiczna jest już powszechnie uznawana za kluczową, natomiast badacze i twórcy polityk nadal przywiązują niewystarczającą wagę do sfery kulturowej. By ułatwić integrację, konieczne są także polityki kształtujące postawy społeczeństw przyjmujących.
PL
W artykule sobą podjęto próbę porównania zachodnioeuropejskiego i eurazjatyckiego modelu integracji politycznej. Analiza ta prowadzi do wskazania podobieństw i zasadniczych odmienności owych modeli. Autor ukazuje, w zwięzły sposób, dwa różne procesy integracji w ich historycznej i instytucjonalnej perspektywie, uwzględniając geokulturowe oraz geopolityczne tło związane z kształtowaniem się wspomnianych dwóch modeli.
EN
The paper is an attempt to compare Western European and Eurasiatic models of political integration. The analysis includes an overview of the similarities and essential differences between the models. The author presents, in a concise way, the two different processes of political integration in their historical and institutional perspective, including geocultural and geopolitical background related to the forming the models under consideration.
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