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EN
Particular scientific disciplines focus on issues related to the financial autonomy of municipalities, but still interdisciplinary approach of research is completely unique or even missing. Political science overshadowed this topic in the past and other topics dominated political research (mainly in the Czech Republic). Nevertheless, it is evident that there is a close relationship between the political and financial autonomy because the allocation of funds is a purely political decision. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the construction of financial autonomy's relation to political science and clarify the relationship of local autonomy and local democracy. The political science is viewed through the prism of Alker, Berg-Schlosser and Stamenn and Raymond Aron's primacy of politics. Th is text is patterned on partial knowledge about the financial aspects of the research project on municipal autonomy in the political system of the Czech Republic supported by the Grant Agency of the Charles University and is composed on the basis of the research of the theoretical literature of various social science disciplines and the study of research team around K. Verhoest.
Gender Studies
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2013
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vol. 12
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issue 1
93-111
EN
While the hysterical ailments of women in Shakespeare’s works have often been read from psychoanalytical standpoints, early modern medicine may provide new insights into the ‘frozen’, seemingly dead bodies of some of his heroines, such as Desdemona, Thaisa, and Hermione. In the wake of recent critical work (Peterson, Slights, Pettigrew), this paper will shed fresh light on the ‘excess’ of female physiology and on Shakespeare’s creative redeployment of some medical concepts and narratives.
EN
Thesis. The authors of the study consider important issues of the professional competencies formation during the process of teaching a foreign language to law students as a process of their professional identity formation. The authors had to identify by interviewing students what types of exercises help them to master their chosen speciality in a foreign language. Methods. The authors rely on comparative, competitive methods, as the interdisciplinary approach principles. Comparing the programmes of teaching a foreign language of speciality and international law, the authors build a system of a single learning process as one of forming a professional identity. Results. Authors of the study tried to build the process methodology of teaching the language of the speciality as a formative one of students’ professional identity. The authors cited as an example the system of methods and exercises used in the language lessons of the speciality, with the aim of formation of not only linguistic but also legal professional competencies. Conclusion. The process of forming a professional identity in the process of studying at a university is one of the most important in the development of the professional personality of a future specialist. Teaching a foreign language in humanitarian universities is an important process which should be revised in accordance with the main discipline teaching programmes. It’s important to create such methodological complexes that would allow the speciality language lessons to bring the learning process as close as possible to a professional one.
EN
The system of professional training is characterized by diverse relations between the branches of scientific knowledge. That’s why the problems of modernization of professional system, including teacher education, appear as an integrated multidisciplinary, occurring at the border of pedagogical and other sciences. The peculiarity of the use of pedagogical innovations in the sphere of art education in the process of professional training of a future teacher is that it is an interdisciplinary phenomenon. Training of a future primary school teacher in the sphere of art education with a high level of readiness for implementation of the tasks of aesthetic education in primary school with involvement of innovative technologies is a multifaceted and multidimensional problem. It is based both on the modern system of knowledge from general pedagogy, psychology and methods of teaching disciplines of artistic and aesthetic cycle of the primary school students, and system of knowledge in the sphere of art (visual arts, music, dance, theatre arts), indicating the need for interdisciplinary approach. The aim of the article is justification of the essence and the need to implement an interdisciplinary approach as an essential condition of professional training of future primary school teachers in the sphere of art education by means of innovative technologies. It is concluded that implementation of an interdisciplinary approach will make possible integrative technologies in professional-creative activities of primary school teachers. Interdisciplinary approach in the sphere of art education can be successfully implemented in conditions of the creating of new learning courses and their implementation in the process of professional training of students of pedagogical faculties, based on the use of innovative educational technologies, directing their effect at personal development and creative self-realization of each future specialist. Actual directions of the further development of identified problems can be the development of methods for the implementation of interdisciplinary approach in the training of students of higher pedagogical educational establishments in the sphere of art education.
EN
This paper is a follow-up of my research carried out on the interface area of language and literature, summarizing the conclusions that can be drawn from the approach of literary works with linguistic means. In my research I have analysed the dramatic works of G. B. Shaw with the help of the latest results of interactional sociolinguistics. After a thorough examination of the Shavian characters’ verbal interaction focusing on the relevance of ethnic features (Britishness, for instance), this article discusses the legitimacy of linguistic methods in the interpretation of literary works.
EN
Objectives This paper aims to present the relations between legal, economic, technological instruments and the factors affecting the dominating standard of social awareness which affects ethical choices in the scope of environmental protection. Material and methods The article uses the method of analysis and criticism of the literature as well as dogmatic and legal. Results Effective environmental protection demands an interdisciplinary approach. It should rest on the foundation of legal regulations setting out rules for the use and protection of natural resources with the principle of sustainable development. People need these resources for survival but they contribute to their degradation. To secure the basic rights of people, the environment and economic growth, effective environmental protection is a must. Conclusions This analysis served to develop a model that integrates these elements for the purpose of effective environmental protection. In a nutshell, effective environmental protection cannot be attained through legal instruments alone; they must be coordinated – the use of the best available techniques – with adequate economic tools and ethical standing of the society.
EN
This article aims to describe the cultural model of disability. In contrast to the social model of disability, which is strongly coherent, the cultural model of disability has not yet been specified, despite ongoing discussions on cultural determinants of understanding disability. In the first part of the article, the origins and essence of the cultural model are presented. Next, the four main assumptions underlying the model are characterised: 1) people perceive reality through the prism of their culture and experience acquired with it, 2) disability can have different meanings depending on what kind of discourse constitutes its meaning, 3) disability does not mean a feature of an individual, but a category of human differentiation, which can be embodied and thus materialised, 4) instead of just “looking” at people with disabilities and asking what problems they are struggling with, and what support from the society they need, the current perspective should be broadened and include the entire society and its culture. The final part of the article highlights the most important advantages of the cultural model of disability.
EN
Aim/Thesis: The aim of this research is to promote the use of the three concepts-- the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), the Gettier Problem, and Corpus Linguistics (Contextual Learning)--to increase the academic performance of early undergraduate engineering students. Concept/Methods: 30 Engineering students completed one untimed Mensa IQ Test of 10 questions and one Simon-Binet IQ Test of 50 random IQ questions with a 12 minute time limit. These 30 students were chosen from two different college sections:  15 students from each section. Before the second Simon-Binet Test, one group, G(a), was given ZPD scaffolding in three major topics - Working Memory, Fluid Reasoning and Spatial Reasoning -as they had answered questions based on these concepts incorrectly in their first Mensa IQ test. The second group, G(b), was not given  the ZPD scaffolding. A statistical t-test that was later performed indicated that G(a), with scaffolding, outperformed G(b), without the scaffolding, in the second IQ test.  Results and conclusion: Using the t-test, it is seen that the hypothesis of this research that ZPD, Gettier Problem and Corpus Linguistics can enhance the performance of the students in a short time period is correct. After the first Mensa IQ test, the level of both the groups G(a) and G(b) of engineering students was  almost the same, indicated by a very similar mean results.  However, after supporting G(a) utilizing ZPD, Gettier Problem and Corpus Linguistics for their three problem areas - Working Memory, Fluid Reasoning and Spatial Reasoning  - identified after their first IQ test where the students needed scaffolding, the performance of this group  improved more in comparison to G(b),  as indicated by the results of the second online Simon-Binet Test.        Research restrictions: It was not possible to provide all the random questions of the online Simon-Binet test given to all 30 students because the total number of questions would be 30*50=1500. Only the first ten questions of the Mensa IQ test are included in this research paper. Further, the third and fourth year engineering students are not included in this research as it is assumed that they have had already developed expertise and the effect of the investigated tools would not be clearly visible.  Practical application: ZPD scaffolding was applied to the students when the students’ major problem areas were identified as requiring contextual learning and support. The Gettier Problem-- an epistemological concept-- was also used to keep their mind open at all the times during the learning process and Linguistics Corpus gave the contextual support as ZPD proposes the social-contextual mode of learning. Originality/Cognitive value: The paper presents empirical research on engineering students demonstrating the practical utility of ZPD, Gettier Problem and Corpus Linguistics in the process of learning, potentially irrespective of any discipline.
Human and Social Studies
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2013
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vol. 2
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issue 1
125-148
EN
In the modern age, the hermeneutics of the sacred text knows a differentiated approach, defined by the belonging to a certain school or exegetic group, researchers being more and more interested from an analytic point of view in the strong connection between history and theology, in its phenomenology. For specialized research, the interdisciplinary approach introduces new and surprising perspectives to the results, as the thematic of the Psalms underlines not only the interest rejoiced of by the fascinating Hebrew poetics, but also the analytic interest in their complexity, and most of all in the divine message, the historical, social and economic context in which they were written.
PL
“Mister Automobile” and failures of interdisciplinary approach. Some remarks on interdisciplinary studies and criteria followed in evaluating scholarly journals. Regarding Łukasz Żurek’s paper on knightly orders (Summary)This review article offers the analysis of Łukasz Żurek’s three articles on the Teutonic state’s political system and the monetary policy it conducted, as well as on the Templars’ economic activity. Although published in journals registered on the ministerial list of scored journals, the articles fail to meet basic scholarly standards. The analysis of these articles has led the author to indicate two problems faced by Polish science today. First, in addition to relying on purely formal criteria, the ministerial evaluation of scholarly journals must take into account the scholarly level of the papers that have recently been published in the pages of the journals evaluated. Second, the author points to some dangers that lie in the adoption of an interdisciplinary approach by scholars who are not well-trained in the use of various research techniques typifying different disciplines.
EN
The article deals with the advanced professional training for specialists in the communication field, which is considered one of the most relevant, current and practically-oriented areas of the Humanities disciplines. At the beginning of the 21st century we witness the rapid development of information-communication technology and its application both to the various spheres of society and everyday life. As a result, it causes popularity, intensive development and improvement of the professional training in communication field. The research was carried out on the basis of one of the oldest and most famous universities in Canada – McGill University. A major in Communication Studies allows students to be flexible and design their own curriculum with a help of scientific adviser in order to satisfy their learning needs and goals. It is therefore crucial to track major trends and tendencies. Experts in communication can choose from a huge variety of careers due to the ability to apply business, social and presentation skills and form professional relationships in the modern workplace. Communications sector is constantly updated. Thus, professional training in the communication field may vary considerably in content and approach used in the educational process, but all universities in Canada offer a practically-oriented training program in the field of communication, involving the usage of different approaches: critical, analytical, multicultural, systematic, moral-centric, andragogical, etc. The major in Communication Studies is an interdisciplinary Humanities professional training. The main goal is to offer multidisciplinary programs at the Master’s or Doctoral degree levels. For Communication Studies major, there is a wide range of career options that needed a Doctoral or Master’s degree, on the other hand, do not require any specific degree. The career options may include media, marketing, management, public relations, advertising, sports, medicine, jurisprudence, and many others. The Communication Studies departments consider internships as a beneficial supplement to students’ academic experience and encourage graduate students to undergo professional training abroad. The Internship Exchange Program has become an integral part of students’ professional education.
PL
W artykule założono, że współczesne planowanie nie może skutecznie wypełniać swoich podstawowych zadań bez zaakceptowania podejścia interdyscyplinarnego, co wymaga od współpracujących dyscyplin ciągłego poszerzania wiedzy o roli, zadaniach i metodach planowania. Intencją artykułu jest ułatwienie procesu zdobywania takiej wiedzy poprzez próbę jej syntetycznego ujęcia w kontekście kluczowych problemów, z którymi planowanie musi się ciągle mierzyć. Artykuł zajmuje się więc najpierw istotą rozwoju w ogóle, a zrównoważonego w szczególności, przyjmując za jego cel poprawę jakości życia ludzkiego bez przekraczania wytrzymałości utrzymujących je ekosystemów. Następnie rozpatruje planowanie jako ważne narzędzie w integracji celów rozwoju społeczno-ekonomicznego i ochrony środowiska naturalnego oraz w ich rozwiązywaniu, przedstawiając też zarys ewolucji planowania i jego naturę. W tym kontekście artykuł analizuje planowanie rozwoju zrównoważonego i przedstawia w zarysie jego rolę, problemy, cele, zadania i obowiązki. Prezentuje uproszczony model procesu planowania oraz demonstruje, jaki może być jego wkład w osiągnięcie równowagi ekologicznej rozwoju, dowodząc, że konieczna jest do tego nie tylko współpraca interdyscyplinarna, ale i aktywna partycypacja społeczna. Stwierdzono też, że bez właściwie rozumianego i w pełni wdrożonego podejścia interdyscyplinarnego trudno o pozytywne spojrzenie na przyszłość planowania rozwoju zrównoważonego i należy podjąć zorganizowaną dyskusję na temat jego dalszej ewolucji.
EN
The underlying assumption of the paper is that contemporary planning cannot efficiently fulfil its basic tasks without having approved an interdisciplinary approach, which requires the cooperating disciplines to continuously extend knowledge on the role, tasks and methods of planning. The intention of the paper is to facilitate the process of acquiring such knowledge through an attempt at a synthetic expressing it in the context of key problems that planning has to constantly cope with. The paper deals with the nature of development at all, and of the sustainable development in particular assuming, as its objective, the improvement of human life quality without exceeding endurance limits of ecosystems that support it. Next it considers planning as a significant instrument in the integration of objectives of social and economic development and preservation of natural environment, and in solving of its problems, also presenting an outline of its evolution and its nature. In that context, the paper analyses planning of sustainable development, and outlines its role, problems, goals, tasks, and responsibilities. It describes a simplified model of the planning process and shows its potential contribution in the achieving of an ecological balance of the development, proving that it is not only the interdisciplinary cooperation, but also an active social participation, which is necessary to achieve the balance. Conclusions include a belief that without a properly understood and fully implemented interdisciplinary approach it is difficult to develop a positive outlook upon the future of planning of sustainable development, and that it is necessary to proceed with an organized discussion on its further evolution
EN
This article is an attempt to reflect upon the problem of choosing a theoretical approach. From another side, it touches upon the question of conducting scientific enquiry- in the face of the actual inter-disciplinary turn taken in some fields of research. The starting point of these reflec-tions in this particular field will be the concept of interdisciplinarity as understood in France and the claims of the New Rhetorics which can themselves be understood as being interdiscipli-nary. Moreover, the New Rhetoric can be used to describe a dialogue between different disci-plines. In reference to the concept of predicate, which has different meanings in the fields of French and Polish linguistic research, the present article will touch upon fundamental dilemmas, mis-understandings and difficulties in scientific debate and the problems which stem from the dif-ferences between the French and Polish academic traditions. In this context, the New Rhetoric could play the role of a platform for dialogue between researchers representing different scien-tific traditions, because on the one hand, the New Rhetoric takes into account the relation be-tween the researcher’s formation and his prior representations concerning the matter. On the other hand, the New Rhetoric introduces the term 'plasticity of notions' based on which argu-mentation can be founded or based. In conducting research founded on interdisciplinary dia-logue it is important to adopt “a view from afar” (Levi-Strauss 1983); or, in other words, to maintain a certain distance from one's discipline, tradition and a way of querying, so that our scientific works would become comprehensible for scholars representing different disciplines and above all, to enable a dialogue within the framework of those disciplines.
PL
W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę refleksji nad problemem wyboru zaplecza teoretycznego z jednej strony, a kwestią prowadzenia wywodu naukowego z drugiej - w obliczu współczesnego interdyscyplinarnego kierunku badań. Punkt wyjścia rozważań w tym zakresie stanowi rozumienie interdyscyplinarności we Francji oraz tezy Nowej Retoryki, ktόre same mogą być rozważane jako interdyscyplinarne. Co więcej Nowej Retoryki można używać, żeby opisać dialog między rόżnymi dyscyplinami. Odnosząc się do pojęcia predykat inaczej rozumianego w obszarze polskich i francuskich badań językoznawczych, w artykule opisano podstawowe dylematy, niezrozumienia i trudności w dialogu naukowym, wywodzącym się z różnych (francuskiej i polskiej) tradycji uniwersyteckich. W tym kontekście Nowa Retoryka mogłaby odegrać rolę platformy dialogu między badaczami reprezentującymi różne tradycje naukowe, gdyż z jednej strony bierze pod uwagę związek między i formacją badacza a przedwstępnymi postanowieniami, a z drugiej strony wprowadza termin "rozciągłość pojęć", na którym argumentacja może opierać się. W prowadzeniu badań opartych na dialogu interdyscyplinarnego ważne jest "spojrzenie oddalone" (Lévi-Strauss, 1983), czyli pewien dystans do swojej dyscypliny, tradycji i dociekań tak, aby nasze prace naukowe stały się dostępne dla badaczy reprezentujących inne dyscypliny, ale przede wszystkim, aby możliwy był dialog w ramach tych samych dyscyplin.
PL
Głównym celem artykułu jest ukazanie współczesnych perspektyw dyskursu interdyscyplinarnego między teologią a naukami o edukacji. Podstawą rozważań jest koncepcja pedagogiki integralnej zrekonstruowana na podstawie postulatów wychowania polskiej pedagog Ludwiki Jeleńskiej (1885–1961). Oryginalność i aktualność tej koncepcji wynika nie tyle z powiązania treści wychowania z treściami wiary, ile raczej ze ścisłego powiązania pedagogiki z teologią oraz teorii z praktyką. W dziełach Jeleńskiej teologia – w sposób prekursorski i charakterystyczny dla współczesnej pedagogiki chrześcijańskiej – nie pełni jedynie roli normatywnego przekaziciela wartości i idei chrześcijańskich, ale jest elementem inspirującym rozwój współczesnej nauki i szeroko pojętej kultury.
EN
The main purpose of the paper is to present the contemporary perspectives of interdisciplinary discourse between theology and education sciences. The basis of the considerations is the concept of integral pedagogy reconstructed on the basis of the educational postulates presented by a Polish educator, Ludwika Jeleńska (1885–1961). The originality and relevance of this concept is not so much due to the association of education with faith content; it's actually due to the close association of pedagogy with theology, and theory with practice. In Jeleńska's works, theology – in a precursory manner, characteristic of contemporary Christian pedagogy – does not merely act as a normative conveyor of Christian values and ideas, but is an element that inspires the development of modern science and broadly understood culture.
PL
Media, nowe media znajdują się aktualnie na etapie zmiany, która dokonuje się przez cały czas. Ta sytuacja wywiera wpływ na proces zmian w obszarze badań naukowych dotyczących komunikacji medialnej. Poszerza się zakres badań interdyscyplinarnych uwzględniających procesy komunikacji medialnej. W obecnie prowadzonych badaniach w zakresie mediów i komunikowania coraz bardziej elastycznie, a nie, jak dotychczas, rygorystycznie, stosuje się zarówno podejście kwantytatywne, jak i kwalitatywne. Najczęściej prowadzi się badania typu survey, badania opinii publicznej, a następnie ustrukturyzowane wywiady, obserwacje i wywiady pogłębione. Inne metody i techniki stosowane są znacznie rzadziej niż to miało miejsce w przeszłości. Na tę zmianę podejścia w badaniach wywierają wpływ następujące zmiany dokonujące się w procesach komunikowania: nasilająca się interaktywność, coraz bardziej aktywna rola nadawcy / komunikatora i rozwój multimediów.
EN
Media, new media are currently at the stage of change, which has been taking place all the time. This situation has an impact on the process of change in the area of scientific research in regards to media communication. It expands the area of interdisciplinary research which includes processes of media communication. In the area of current media and communication research there is a tendency to apply, in a more and more flexible manner, both a qualitative and quantitative approach. The most common research techniques include: survey research, opinion poll research and then structured interviews, observations and in-depth interviews. Other methods and techniques which are less often applied than it was in the past. This change in approach can be explained by the following communication processes: increasing interactivity, a more and more active role of the sender / communicator and development of multi-media.
PL
Obturacyjny bezdech senny jest coraz częściej występującą chorobą cywilizacyjną, diagnozowaną u dzieci i dorosłych, dotyczącą ponad 10% dorosłej populacji. Do czynników ryzyka należą: niezdrowy tryb życia, podeszły wiek, zmiany strukturalne i czynnościowe w sferze orofacjalnej, urazy rdzenia kręgowego. Obecnie nie ma specyficznej metody leczenia tego zaburzenia. Jedną z możliwości leczenia wspomagającego, łagodzącego występowanie bezdechu podczas snu, jest terapia miofunkcjonalna orofacjalna. Celem badań przedstawionych w artykule było określenie świadomości logopedów na temat zastosowania terapii miofunkcjonalnej jako metody leczenia obturacyjnego bezdechu sennego oraz metod prowadzenia terapii u pacjentów pod nadzorem logopedy. Celem pracy jest zwrócenie uwagi na możliwość stosowania terapii miofunkcjonalnej u pacjentów z obturacyjnym bezdechem sennym.
EN
Obstructive sleep apnoea is an increasingly frequent lifestyle disease which affects both children and adults, affecting more than 10% of the adult population. The risk factors include unhealthy lifestyle, older age, structural and functional changes in the orofacial area as well as spinal cord injuries. Presently, there is no specific treatment of this disorder. One of the options for supportive treatment to alleviate the occurrence of apnoea during sleep is orofacial myofunctional therapy. The aim of the research presented in the article was to identify speech-language therapists’ awareness of the application of myofunctional therapy as a treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea and their awareness of the therapeutic methods in patients under supervision of a speech-language therapist. The aim of the paper is to emphasize the possibility of using myofunctional therapy among patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
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