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EN
Assessing company performance is one of the basic elements of the management function. The traditional view on this topic based solely on financial information is now criticised due to (among other things) the short-term attitude and absence of aspects connected with the company strategy implementation. The assessment of a company performance should reflect changing needs of stakeholders and other bodies connected with the company (customers, suppliers, investors, employees, market regulators, etc.), and enable to manage the reactions of the organisation to the emerging challenges. Knowledge-based economy changed the organisations into information- and knowledge- -depending systems, which requires a specific approach to internal control in such organisations. This in turn affects the way of conducting the internal audit, which should be a support for the Managing Board, external auditors and market regulators. Internal audit plays an active role in the risk management process that is the main factor determining the survival of the company. Article certainly does not exhaust the issue concerning measuring of the added value contributed by the audit and requires further considerations, particularly regarding ways of measuring the effectiveness and employee potential using methods from the scope of human resources management.
EN
Internal audit has been present in the Polish legal system since 2002. However, the issues related to internal auditing have not been regulated in a comprehensive and precise way to date. In his article, the author assesses the completeness of the legal regulations and their usefulness in public finance governance, especially from the perspective of the responsibility set out in the Act of 17th December 2004 on public finance discipline breach. The legal comparative and analytical method has been used for the basic legal acts that regulate the issue, as well as the respective literature and judicature. The analysis also covers respective decisions taken by commissions dealing with cases related to public finance discipline breaches.
EN
Prior studies show that the degree of internal audit effectiveness tends to vary with country- and organisation-level dynamics in an internal audit environment. The antecedents of internal audit effectiveness appear not fully explored as yet. This study, based on institutional theory, is aimed at investigating the relationship of internal audit effectiveness with two organisational attributes, i.e. organisational category and organisational size. To this end, a postal survey and an online survey were conducted among internal auditors in Poland. The research results show that although internal audit effectiveness does not significantly differ between public sector and private sector organisations, larger organisations in private sector have established more effective internal audit departments than their counterparts in smaller organisations. However, in the public sector the size of organisations is not related to internal audit effectiveness.
EN
The need for rationalization of expenditures, the desire for greater financial discipline and the search for savings as a part of economy of physical and financial resources determine the need of development and continuous improvement of mechanisms (instruments) aimed at enlarging the efficiency of self-government finances. Internal audit is an instrument that could enhance management of self-government entities in the rationalization of finances, as well as in protecting society against wasteful and inefficient spending of public funds. This article attempts to assess the internal audit as an instrument supporting the efficiency of self-government finances. According to the survey it is demonstrated that internal audit in its current statutory form and in the way it is realized by the majority of self-government entities is focused primarily on legality criteria, paying less attention to the economic criteria for evaluating local finances, ie. efficiency and thriftiness.
EN
The need to standardize procedures and tackle similar questions of auditing, risk management, controlling and similar related topics is vast, especially, but not exclusively in multinational companies. However, smaller companies more and more find themselves in a position to act more globally – or at least internationally – in terms of sourcing as well as sales. This brings new needs for and new foci on topics as Internal Audit as well as Corruption Prevention. This article gives some ideas, hints and challenges towards these topics. In order to clarify the views expressed in this article, the author first gives some general information about internal audit, such as its definition, tasks and objectives, its historical development, legal background, structure and implementation, in order to make clear, on which aspects and understanding the argumentation is based. This introduction will provide a theoretical basis for the description and identification of the potential problems and possible challenges in an international perspective.
EN
Objectives: The purpose of this article is to discuss the regulations on and the functioning principles for internal audits in the Polish health care system. Additionally, this study presents selected results of empirical research with regard to the effectiveness of internal audits in university hospitals. Research Design & Methods: To determine the research problems related to the functioning of the internal audit systems in selected university hospitals the authors analysed specialist literature and reviewed earlier studies addressing this question. On the basis of the analysis of such literature and applicable legislation the authors prepared an anonymous questionnaire and distributed it among internal auditors from a number of university hospitals in the voivodship (region) of Western Pomerania, including the city of Szczecin, and in the city of Poznań. Findings: This paper discusses the legal basis and functioning principles for internal audits in the Polish health care sector. On the basis of a pilot survey study carried out in selected university hospitals in Poland the authors evaluated internal audit efficiency. This study has shown that the perception of the auditor’s role and auditing efficiency varies significantly in comparable institutions. These conclusions should be considered as an inspiration for more advanced studies. Implications / Recommendations: The constantly growing scope of health care institutions bound by the internal audit obligations shows that such audits are indeed necessary and demonstrates the efficiency of internal audits in the public sector. Contribution / Value Added: The authors point to potential further research on internal audit efficiency in the Polish health care system.
EN
This article examines the economic essence of benchmarking, identifies areas for con-ducting benchmarking of financial and economic indicators by the internal audit service, highlights issues of legal regulation of internal audit in the Republic of Belarus and the use of benchmarking based on international experience by business entities, and determines how to solve them
Olsztyn Economic Journal
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2014
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vol. 9
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issue 2
153-163
EN
The paper reports the major results of a study of performance measurement of internal auditing in various organizations operating in Poland in 2013 and prospects for development. The research implies that many internal audit departments formally do not measure performance, while others do measure, but only informally. Many times satisfaction indicators of key internal audit stakeholders are not identified, the information on performance is not reported to anyone apart from the internal audit staff, and the information is not used for continues improvement. The most often used performance measures in practice are focused on measuring effectiveness of audit processes and impact of internal audit services on organizations' performance. In addition there are internal audit efficiency and output measured. Quality measures are less common. Stakeholders, scope and usage of performance measurement are related to various organizational characteristics. Many respondents have declared that in future will start and formalize performance measurement and based on it they will improve internal audit performance. In future performance measurement will be more focused on internal audit quality and value added.
EN
In the contemporary economic reality and organization’s activities aiming at effectiveness and efficiency of functioning, a lot of significance is attached to a financial audit as an important instrument for protecting the organization against the risk factors. The aim of this article is to present theoretical and practical (on the basis of the examined example) aspects concerning the (internal) financial audit in the organization within the context of its assessment of the exposure to risk. The applied research methods are based on the method of conceptual analysis of the literature on the examined field, as well as on the case study of the auditing task. The results of the performed analyses and examinations allow to state that the financial audit constitutes an effective tool for protecting the organization against internal, as well as external risks.
EN
In the present European Union economic and financial crisis and the enlarging size of public debt, the instruments, which prevent the financial risk and ensure the financial safety, play an important role. This issue is important for Europe, the State and also for local government. Activities of local governments have a significant impact on the formation of public debt, and thus on financial security. In order to ensure the economic and financial security there exist different forms of control, including financial control, control of activities of the State and local government. The scope of this issue depends on the type of local government units. The scope of financial management control in small municipalities is different from the one in large cities. Metropolitan cities have specific problems, therefore issues of control, controlling and controlled entities, the subject and scope of control are also specific. Financial control in the broad sense is a particular type of control. Financial control can be divided into internal, external, and internal audit. The most important are external controls carried out by the Supreme Chamber of Control (NIK), the Regional Audit Office (RIO), the Tax Inspection Office, the Provincial Office, the Marshal's Office and other entities, where, in principle, there is no overlap between the subject of the control carried out by different entities. Recently the increase of controls related to the use of EU funds can be seen, due to the expiry of the period of settling accounts associated with the completion of the EU's Financial Perspective.
Cybersecurity and Law
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2022
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vol. 7
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issue 1
191-200
EN
This article concerns internal auditing, which is an active tool supporting the head of the unit of the public finance sector in fulfilling their duties. In connection with the implementation of assurance tasks, there are legal obligations of the auditee to cooperate with the internal auditor, necessary for the proper course of such activities. Transfer of information about the planned implementation of the assurance task begins the process of preparation by the audited unit of all documentation and transmission of various information, closely related to the task in question.
EN
The purpose of this article is to present how internal auditors in the public and private sectors define ongoing monitoring of internal audit activities. The empirical material for analysis was gathered from interviews conducted in Poland with 28 internal auditors employed in 30 organisations. The gathered data revealed many similarities and differences between internal auditors’ perception of the essence of this term. The results show that ongoing monitoring of internal audit activities is most often understood as supervising internal auditor by the CAE to ensure that an audit engagement is performed in accordance with the International Standards for Professional Practice of Internal Auditing, the objectives of the engagement are reached, and the work program is realized.
EN
Objectives: The purpose of this article is to discuss the regulations governing and the functioning principles for internal audits in financial institutions and private sector entities in Poland. Additionally, this study presents selected results of empirical research with regard to the effectiveness of internal audits in organisations. Research Design & Methods: To determine the research problems related to the functioning of the internal audit systems in financial institutions and private sector entities the author analysed specialist literature and reviewed earlier studies addressing this question. On the basis of the analysis of such literature and applicable legislation the author prepared an anonymous questionnaire and distributed it among internal auditors from a number of organisations. Findings: This paper discusses the legal basis and functioning principles for internal audits in financial institutions and private sector entities. The analysis related to internal audit functioning in financial and private sector presented in this paper made it possible to argue that the greatest development over the last several years took place in banks and insurance companies. On the basis of a survey carried out in financial institutions and private sector entities in Poland, the author set out to assess internal audit efficiency in organisations. Summarising the analysis of the internal audits in these entities, it should be argued that internal audit is highly diversified in specific types of entities. This results from the fact that individual entities operate in various legal and organisational environments and they differ in terms of their objective activity. Implications / Recommendations: This study has shown that the perception of the auditor’s role and auditing efficiency varies significantly in comparable institutions. These audits are indeed necessary and demonstrate the efficiency of internal audits in the financial and private sectors. These conclusions should be considered as an inspiration for more advanced studies. Contribution / Value Added: The author points to potential further research on internal audit efficiency in financial institutions and private sector entities.
EN
Theoretical background: The pandemic situation affected the functioning of each organization, including the assessment of quality management systems. The implementation of remote audits, including remote internal audits, has become an urgent necessity.Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to present the results of research on potential difficulties in conducting remote internal audit, from the perspective of auditors and auditees. The auxiliary goal is to collect and organize definitions of remote audit and describe its essence in the light of scientific literature and other sources of a formal nature.Research methods: A review and critical analysis of the literature, the method of a diagnostic survey, and then the method of synthesis and logical reasoning were used.Main findings: Several bottlenecks related to certain difficulties can be identified. Both auditors and audited persons should not waste time searching for relevant documents or records. There is a need to check in advance to what extent the applied information technology is efficient, effective and available to all interested parties during the audit. It is necessary to clarify the roles and tasks before and during audits, and to make sure in advance that all resources, both tangible and intangible, are available during the audit.
PL
W referacie przedstawiono funkcjonowanie audytu wewnętrznego na poziomie samorządu terytorialnego, na przykładzie Starostwa Powiatowego w Chojnicach. Celem takiego audytu jest poprawa zarządzania poprzez usprawnienie pracy audytowanej komórki oraz pomoc w zminimalizowaniu zagrożeń i unikaniu ewentualnych błędów. Wykorzystując literaturę oraz akty prawne i źródła wewnętrzne opisano mechanizmy i procedury związane z audytem wewnętrznym. Zwrócono uwagę na metodykę, ryzyko i planowanie audytu oraz jego raportowanie.
EN
The paper presents the internal audit function at the level of local government, for example, the district office in Chojnice. The purpose of this audit is to improve management by streamlining work audited cells and help in minimizing risks and avoiding potential errors. Using literature and legislation and internal sources described the mechanisms and procedures related to internal audit. Attention is paid to the methodology, risk and audit planning and reporting it.
PL
Ustawodawca nie pozostaje obojętny wobec konieczności podnoszenia efektywności i sprawności działania jednostek sektora finansów publicznych. Dlatego też wprowadził do przepisów o finansach publicznych instytucję audytu wewnętrznego, od którego oczekuje wsparcia dla kierownictwa w realizacji celów i zadań postawionych przed konkretną jednostką sektora finansów publicznych. Zadania audytora wewnętrznego należy zatem utożsamiać z dążeniem do poprawy zarządzania, zwłaszcza zarządzania ryzykiem i procesami zarządzania daną organizacją. Oznacza to, że powinien on się skupiać bardziej na czynnościach o charakterze diagnostycznym, doradczym, pomocniczym niż kontrolnym. Spełnienie tak postawionych oczekiwań wymaga od audytora wewnętrznego specyficznych umiejętności i kwalifikacji.
EN
The legislator is concentrates on the need for improving efficiency and performance of public finance sector units. Therefore, the legislator has introduced the institution of internal audit to the provisions on public finance. The institution is expected to support management in achieving goals and objectives set for a specific public finance sector unit. Therefore, tasks of an internal auditor should be equated with a desire to improve management, particularly risk management and management of processes inside an organization. This means that the auditor should focus more on activities of a diagnostic, consultative, support nature rather than try to control a unit. To meet such expectations, the auditor must possess specific skills and qualifications.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie roli audytu wewnętrznego we wdrażaniu innowacji w organizacjach publicznych. Działania audytu wewnętrznego w podmiotach publicznych przyczyniają się do wdrażania nowych procedur oraz rozwiązań organizacyjnych w Urzędach. Ponadto sam audyt wewnętrzny realizując swoje zadania wdraża innowacyjne rozwiązania w organizacji. Autor w publikacji przybliża znaczenie audytu wewnętrznego dla rozwoju innowacji w sektorze publicznym.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the role of internal audit in the implementa-tion of innovations in public organizations. Internal audit activity in public entities contribute to the implementation of new procedures and organizational solutions. Moreover, the internal audit have influence of implemented innovative solutions in the organization. The author in the publication shows the importance task of internal audit for the development of innovation in the public sector
PL
Autor podjął próbę opisania systemu kontroli zarządczej w jednostkach sektora finansów publicznych w oparciu o zmiany w ustawie o finansach publicznych, które weszły w życie od 1 stycznia 2010 r. Celem niniejszej pracy jest przedstawienie problematyki związanej ze rozumieniem i wdrażaniem sytemu kontroli zarządczej w administracji publicznej. Przedstawione w artykule wyniki są rezultatem analizy literatury przedmiotu, w tym przepisów prawa oraz obserwacji procesu wdrażania kontroli zarządczej w administracji publicznej. Autor w niniejszej pracy stawia tezę, że pojęcie kontroli zarządczej w administracji publicznej, nie jest niczym nowym od tego, które zostało w 2009 roku wprowadzone do porządku prawnego w administracji publicznej. Zmiany wprowadzone w wyżej wymienionej ustawie o finansach publicznych dotyczące realizacji kontroli zarządczej wskazują na potrzebę zmian w kierunku zarządzania administracją publiczną – odejścia od tradycyjnego modelu biurokratycznego na rzecz nowego podejścia do zarządzania administracją publiczną określanego, jako Nowe Zarządzanie Publiczne (New Public Management – NPM). Autor przedstawił genezę i ewolucję pojęcia kontroli zarządczej w polskiej administracji publicznej. Przedstawiając definicje kontroli autor stwierdza, że samo pojęcie kontroli nie budzi wątpliwości, jednakże na gruncie polskiego prawa spotykamy różne pojęcia, wyjaśnienia wyżej wymienionego terminu. Przedstawione w artykule wyniki są rezultatem analizy literatury przedmiotu, w tym przepisów prawa, analizy wyników kontroli przeprowadzonych przez Najwyższa Izbę Kontroli w zakresie wdrażania kontroli zarządczej w administracji publicznej oraz metodologii badań obserwacji uczestniczącej w procesie wdrażania kontroli zarządczej w 10 jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego województwa śląskiego. Na przykładzie wyników kontroli NIK oraz obserwacji jednostek administracji publicznej autor pokazał problematykę wdrażania systemu kontroli zarządczej w praktyce administracji publicznej. Autor rozważa opracowanie koncepcji systemu kontroli zarządczej w administracji publicznej, polegającego na: - zbudowaniu jednolitego systemu kontroli zarządczej w administracji publicznej, - uporządkowaniu pojęć w zakresie kontroli, audytu, auditu jakości w polskich przepisach prawnych.
EN
The author has made an attempt at outlining the management control system in the Public Finance Sector units on the basis of changes which have been introduced in the Public Finance Act, aforementioned Act came into force from the 1st January, 2010. The main aim of this paper is to present the issues strictly related to the general comprehension as well as the implementation of management control system in public administration. The results which are presented in this article are prepared by referring to the result of the analysis of literature, including the law regulations, and the careful observation of the implementation of management control in public administration. The author of this paper proposes a thesis that the concept of management control in public administration, should not be considered as something new and innovative as it has been already introduced into the legal order in public administration in 2009. Changes which were introduced in the aforementioned Act on Public Finance concerning the implementation of management control indicate the need for change as far as the public management is concerned – departing from the traditional bureaucratic model in and opting for a new approach to public management, referred to as New Public Management (New Public Management - NPM). The author tends to present the origins and evolution of the concept of management control in the Polish Public Administration. By presenting the definition of control author states that the very idea of control is not dubious at all, however, as far as Polish law is concerned, there are a number of various concepts, explanations of the notion in question. The results outlined in this article are prepared in accordance with the reliable result of the in-depth analysis of literature, including the rules of law, furthermore, the findings are also drew up on the basis of the analysis of the results of audits conducted by the Supreme Chamber of Control in the implementation of management control in public administration and the methodology of participation observation study research in the implementation of management control in 10 local government units Silesian province. By making reference to NIK audit results and observations of public administration, the author highlighted the problems of implementing management control system in the practice of public administration. The author considers the development of the concept of management control system in public administration which will be consisted on objectives as follows: - The creation a uniform system of management control in public administration. - The Arrangement the concepts of control, audit, audit quality in Polish legislation.
PL
Publikacja ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na problemy i zagrożenia związane z wprowadzaniem nowych regulacji prawnych w zakresie funkcjonowania audytu wewnętrznego w jednostkach sektora fi nansów publicznych (jsfp) w Polsce. Poprzez analizę regulacji prawnych i opracowań w powyższym zakresie autor wskazuje na potrzeby doprecyzowania lub wprowadzenia zmian w obowiązujących aktach prawnych. Uwzględnia także istotę problemów i zagrożeń, które wpływają, na jakość, prawidłowość i zgodność ze Standardami IIA funkcjonowania audytu wewnętrznego w Polsce. W publikacji zastosowano metodologię opartą na analizie regulacji prawnych i opracowań w zakresie oceny funkcjonowania audytu wewnętrznego w jsfp. Wskazane problemy i zagrożenia przedstawione w tej publikacji są problemami obecnie występującymi w sektorze publicznym. Ich rozwiązaniem zajmują się zarówno audytorzy wewnętrzni zatrudnieni w jsfp, usługodawcy zewnętrzni świadczący usługi w zakresie audytu, jak również kierownicy jednostek, w których audyt już funkcjonuje lub będzie wprowadzony w przyszłości.
EN
The publication is aimed at drawing attention to the problems and risks associated with the introduction of new legislation on the functioning of the internal audit in public fi nance sector units in Poland. Through an analysis of the regulations and developments in the fi eld of the above, the author points to the need for clarifi cation or amendment of the existing legal acts. It shows the essence of the problems and threats that impact the quality, accuracy and compliance with the IIA standards for the functioning of the internal audit in Poland. The publication uses a methodology based on an analysis of regulations and studies to assess the functioning of the internal audit in terms of the public fi nance sector. The problems and risks presented in this publication are currently occurring in the public sector. The solutions remain in the interest of internal auditors employed in the public fi nance sector, external contractors providing services within the scope of the audit and managers of the units in which the audit is functioning or will continue to function.
PL
Audyt wewnętrzny jest ważnym narzędziem wspierającym kierownika jednostki sektora finansów publicznych w realizacji jej celów. Jednym z obszarów zainteresowania audytu jest zarządzanie ryzykiem, realizowane w ramach kontroli zarządczej. Analiza ryzyka może być pomocna w weryfikacji złożonych kwestii i problemów związanych z miarami zagrożenia w realizacji zadań jednostki. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie roli, jaką odgrywa audyt wewnętrzny w zarządzaniu ryzykiem działalności podmiotów sektora publicznego. Przedmiotem analiz są możliwości, jakie daje audyt wewnętrzny oraz próba oceny efektywności zarzadzania ryzykiem przy wykorzystaniu audytu wewnętrznego.
EN
Auditing is an important tool for supporting the head of the public finance sector in the implementation of its objectives. One of the areas of interest of the audit is risk management, implemented within the framework of management control. Risk analysis can be helpful in verification of complex issues and problems associated with the measure risks in carrying out the tasks of the unit. The aim of the article is to evaluate the effectiveness of risk management in the activities of the public sector entities by means of internal audit. The subject of research is the unit located in the area of Silesia. The work uses the results of the survey carried out during the period from June to September 2016. In the following years, there will be a continuation of the research undertaken.
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