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EN
The Author claims that the state monopoly in the field of some sorts of gambling as well as obligation to organize certain sorts of gambling only in casinos are restrictions on the freedoms of the internal market (freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services). Referring to the applicable case-law of the Court of Justice, the Author underlines that such solution is justified by an over-riding reason relating to the public interest. Moreover the relevant provisions of law are appropriate and proportionate to the intended object. They are not applied in a discriminatory manner. Due to that, the bill is compliant with the European Union law.
PL
Implementation of the internal market is one of the basic aims of cooperation between Member States within the EU, being at the same time an integration area that is perceived positively by both their supporters and opponents. Issues related to the implementation of the internal market freedoms are even more interesting in its confrontation with the protection of fundamental rights. This is undoubtedly a significant issue when we think about the degree of identification of the Union citizens with the Union itself. The reviewed monograph takes all the above-mentioned elements, focusing in particular on examining how and to what extent the protection of these rights is implemented in the EU legislation on the internal market. The scientific analysis carried out within its scope covered such important and basic rights as personal data protection, freedom of expression, basic rights related to the performance of work and the right to health protection.
Prawo
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2017
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issue 323
185-197
EN
The subject matter of this article is to selectively discuss the basic factors affecting the freedom of real property trade within the common market of the European Union. The guaranties secur­ing thefreedom to acquire by union foreigners real property in the member states follow directly from the provisions of TFEU. The set of treaty regulations relating to internal market freedoms holds a key role in the process of realising the fundamental purposes of the European Union. The free movement of capital has profound meaning for the realisation of all the treaty freedoms. Deviations from the rule, which allow for limiting the freedom and which result from the will of the member states, are acceptable within the legal system of the European Union only in exceptional circum­stances provided by that law. There are two groups of conditions required for alawful deviation from the rule of the free movement of capital. The first group covers the considerations resulting directly from the Treaty. The second includes the circumstances deemed lawful pursuant to the for­mula of imperative requirements of the public interest.
EN
Legislative policy is understood in this paper as a holistic approach to the law-making process. EU legislative policy is missing the overall idea on how to legislate, a fact which has induced fragmentation, lack of cohesion and improper implementation of EU law. The goal of this study is not a theoretical discussion on the negative aspects of directive functioning, but to focus on selected imperfections of EU legislative policy and to illustrate them with examples of selected directives. My thesis is that EU legislative policy based on directives is far from perfect or even effective and requires definite changes. As a first step, using fragmentary regulations of particular domains (sectors) of socio-economic life should be stopped. Second, the EU legislature needs to make significant progress in terms of the legislative quality of the laws created. Finally, mechanisms requiring the implementation of directives by member states should be strengthened. These measures require prompt application if the EU legal system is to be an effective tool for, rather than obstacle to, European integration.
EN
EU has presented five scenarios from which only one can be used as a guideline for the future path of European integration. None of the five scenarios has been selected as the one that will be followed in the future since the time they were shown to the public in March 2017. EU documents indicate that preferences are clear and “Europe plans to do more and together with all”. A similar situation is indicated by the context of closer cooperation between NATO and the EU. Nevertheless such a choice does not seem to get the uphold as far as the political situation in most of the EU states shows. The aim of this article is to present the conditions that will be used as a starting point for the formulation of three possible scenarios: most probable, pessimistic and optimistic.
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2018
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vol. 21
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issue 2
87-100
EN
The first projects to repair the political system of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth were limited in Saxon times. In the case of Stanisław Konarski, the greatest thinker of those times, the ethical aspect of the state repair programme, which was the reform of Piarist education, was temporarily ahead of the political aspect. The latter was presented only at the end of this time in the work “O skutecznym rad sposobie” (“How to give advice effectively”). The Piarist scholar proposed auctioning off the army and preventing the breaking of parliament sessions by means of the liberum veto principle. Some writers of this period (Stanisław Leszczyński, Stanisław Konarski) had weak and inconsistent proposals to abolish the peasants’ serfdom and their enfranchisement, similar to the statements of later Polish physiocrats on this subject. In the views of the main thinkers of Saxon times, the postulates about the need to develop agriculture, industry and trade were combined with mercantilist topics. These writers were populationists. Stefan Garczyński’s considerations on the role of the internal market, presented in his “Anatomy of the Republic of Poland”, should be specially emphasized.
PL
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EN
By issuing its Judgment of 17 November 2017 in case T-263/15 the General Court (Seventh Chamber) (Extracts) in case Gmina Miasto Gdynia and Port Lotniczy Gdynia Kosakowo sp. z o.o. v European Commission, the Court has set aside the previous EC decision as of 26 Feb. 2015 in case 2015/1586, SA.35388 (13/C) (ex 13/NN and ex 12/N) — Poland — Establishment of an airport Gdynia-Kosakowo (OJ 2015, L 250, p. 165). However this judgement does not constitute any ground to deliver any new state aid toward the company managing the airport, and such being considered as compatible with the internal market. The article presents the main up-to-date conditions of granting state aid and shows there are no perspectives for further public financing of the planned transformation of the military airport into an airport of public use.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie unijne zamierzenia mające prowadzić do likwidacji barier w handlu usługami. Głównym narzędziem przeciwdziałającym negatywnym skutkom różnorodnych przepisów krajowych mają być procesy harmonizacji. Przeprowadzona wzajemna ocena ujawniła tymczasem, że źródłem kłopotów w Unii bywają również same regulacje unijne. Tym bardziej zasadnym wydaje się powrót do koncepcji oparcia rynku wewnętrznego usług na zasadzie wzajemnego uznawania.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the European initiatives recently undertaken to remove barriers to trade in the services sector. Given that the implementation of the Services Directive was incomplete further improvement of the functioning of the internal market in services was necessary. Harmonisation measures occupied the central position amongst tools for governance of the internal market in services. The results of the mutual evaluation process of the Services Directive have shown, however, that the European regulations might be also a source of obstacles for European business. Therefore, a return to the mutual recognition principle seems justified in order to realise the full potential of the common market in services.
EN
The aim of the proposal is to provide a uniform way to fill the current legal gap in those EU Member States which have not yet adopted legislation specifically on supply of digital content, and the harmonization of the legal systems of those countries that have already adopted such a legislation. Its entry into force will prevent particularization of national rules on liability for failure to perform the obligations arising from contracts for the supply of digital content and for the improper performance of obligation, including the lack of conformity of the digital content with the contract. As a result, it will prevent fragmentation of the digital content market. Entry into force of the proposed directive should improve legal protection of consumers in the event of non-compliance with the contract of digital content received from their suppliers. The proposed directive will have a significant impact on the legal situation of suppliers of digital content. Worth consideration is the removal of defects identified in the opinion that raise doubt as to its legislative correctness.
EN
The aim of the proposed directive is full harmonization of national legislation on consumer goods in relation to conformity with the contract for distance sale, the seller’s liability for lack of conformity of goods with such contract and under the commercial guarantees. The proposal causes no legislative objections. Its entry into force requires implementation through an amendment of the Civil Code. The implementation of the directive may lead to re-fragmentation of the legal system as concerns the liability for the lack of conformity of goods with the contract. In the case, indeed, the implementation of the proposal will mean the creation of a specific rules relating solely to consumer contracts for a distance sale, and will result in establishing a particular legal regime governing the seller’s liability for one of the many types of sales contracts, distinguished upon the way of its conclusion.
EN
European integration involves many socio-economic areas, including tax systems of EU Member States. Indirect taxes have been harmonised, while direct taxation remains a domain of the member states. The autonomy in the area of direct taxation does not, however, mean full sovereignty. Member States have to take into account the fundamental freedoms of the EU internal market, the restricting of which should be evaluated in the light of the principle of proportionality.
PL
Integracja europejska obejmuje wiele obszarów społeczno-gospodarczych, a jednym z nich są systemy podatkowe państw członkowskich. Harmonizacji poddano podatki pośrednie, natomiast podatki bezpośrednie pozostają nadal domeną państw członkowskich. Autonomia w dziedzinie opodatkowania bezpośredniego nie oznacza jednak pełnej suwerenności. Państwa członkowskie muszą brać pod uwagę fundamentalne swobody rynku wewnętrznego, których ograniczanie regulacjami podatkowymi oceniane być powinno w świetle zasady proporcjonalności.
Prawo
|
2019
|
issue 329
233 - 245
PL
Artykuł przedstawia proces reorientacji celów Unii Europejskiej w szczególności wskutek wprowadzonych zmian podstaw aksjologicznych UE, zwłaszcza społecznej gospodarki rynkowej jako podstawy ustroju gospodarczego wspólnoty, zakładającej równoważność celów gospodarczych i społecznych państw członkowskich. Podstawowym zadaniem opracowania jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy przewidziane w Traktacie z Lizbony cele gospodarcze i społeczne mają równy status z punktu widzenia prawnych instrumentów zapewniających ich realizację oraz balansowanie (innymi słowy z punktu widzenia spójności regulacji prawnej polityki społecznej i osiągania celów gospodarczych na przykładzie gospodarczych i społecznych praw podstawowych).
EN
This paper is an attempt to present the ongoing process of reorientation of the European Union’s objectives resulting from changes in its axiological bases, now founded on the assumption of equivalence between economic growth and maintenance of social cohesion. The basic task of the article is to address the issue whether the economic and social goals set forth in the Treaty of Lisbon have equal status from the point of view of legal instruments ensuring their implementation and coherence, in other words from the perspective cohesion of the social policy’s regulation and the achievement of sustainable economic growth as an example of social and economic fundamental rights.
EN
Economic integration in the European Union market is a long process, constantly evolving and bringing calculable economic benefits. Existence of the internal market in the EU structures, formed over several years, is conducive primarily to a social market economy with high competitiveness, aiming at full employment and social progress. Each country applying for accession to the EU should understand and accept these assumptions, as well as unconditionally adhere to them. The EU competition policy, defining the legal framework for free competition, although it may sometimes be contrary to the national interest of Member States, should be strictly respected. Despite many years of experience, EU countries still face problems which in consequence disrupt the functioning of the principles of this policy. Contemporary examples of state aid for either direct or indirect support of the economic entities are the best proof of this. For the proper development of the internal market it is necessary for all the member states to adhere to the principles of this policy. Only in this way does the European Union stand a chance to become an area of greater economic competitiveness, and can thus compete with the biggest economies in the world.
PL
Model przyjęty w ustawie o doręczeniach elektronicznych zakłada działanie operatora pocztowego zwanego operatorem wyznaczonym, który obok usług powszechnych świadczy publiczną usługę rejestrowanego doręczenia elektronicznego oraz publiczną usługę hybrydową. Obok owego operatora mają działać kwalifikowani dostawcy usług zaufania świadczący kwalifikowane usługi rejestrowanego doręczenia elektronicznego. Zgodnie z intencją projektodawcy przyjęty model ma służyć kreowaniu rynku konkurencyjnego. Przeczy temu jednak eksponowanie roli operatora wyznaczonego w przepisach ustawy o doręczeniach elektronicznych.
EN
A model adopted in the Act on Electronic Deliveries is based on the activity of the postal operator that is called designated operator and that provides universal services as well as the public service of registered electronic delivery and public hybrid service. Qualified providers of trust services are to provide qualified services of registered electronic delivery acting next to a designated operator. The intention of the drafter is to adopt a model aimed at creating a competitive market. However, a prominent role of a designated operator in the Act on Electronic Deliveries contradicts this idea.
PL
Powiązania społeczno-gospodarcze regionów przygranicznych stanowią przedmiot rozważań wielu autorów w polskiej i zagranicznej literaturze przedmiotu. Przyjmuje się, że są one niezwykle powszechne na pograniczu polsko-niemieckim. Ich szczególne uwarunkowanie stanowi rynek wewnętrzny Unii Europejskiej. Nie znajduje on jednak wyraźnego odzwierciedlenia w rozważaniach prowadzonych nad problematyką regionów przygranicznych na gruncie szeroko rozumianych studiów regionalnych. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie powiązań społeczno-gospodarczych polskich i niemieckich regionów przygranicznych w świetle ekonomii rynku wewnętrznego UE. Podstawową metodę badawczą wykorzystaną w pracy stanowi analiza literatury przedmiotu z zakresu regionów przygranicznych i współpracy transgranicznej oraz integracji rynkowej.
EN
Cross-border economic relations are analysed by many researchers. However, the concepts of cross-border cooperation illustrated in the literature of regional studies do not present the EU market as a factor of cross-border economic relations. In consequence, it is necessary to carry out an in-depth analysis of the literature on cross-border cooperation and economic integration in order to capture the impact of the single market on cross-border relations. The aim of this study is to describe cross-border cooperation in the Polish-German border area, taking into account the economics of the single market.
EN
Zasada niedyskryminacji leży u podstaw urzeczywistnianego w jego ramach ładu społeczno-gospodarczego, którego głównymi parametrami są zrównoważony wzrost gospodarczy, stabilność cen, społeczna gospodarka rynkowa o wysokiej konkurencyjności zmierzająca do pełnego zatrudnienia i postępu społecznego, włączenie i spójność społeczna, niedyskryminacja, w tym równość kobiet i mężczyzn oraz sprawiedliwość społeczna (art. 3 ust. 3 TUE). W tej perspektywie zakaz dyskryminacji staje się warunkiem sine qua non osiągnięcia traktatowych celów UE, silnie skorelowanym z teorią ordoliberalizmu. Celem artykułu jest analiza sposobu normatywnego zabezpieczenia zasady niedyskryminacji w prawie UE w perspektywie ordoliberalizmu i wynikających z tego implikacji dla polskiego porządku normatywnego. Autorzy zamierzają odpowiedzieć na pytanie badawcze dotyczące tego, w jakim zakresie teoria ordoliberalizmu wywarła wpływ na rozwój zasady niedyskryminacji, rozumianej jako prawo podmiotowe do równego traktowania bez względu na indywidualne cechy, inne niż przynależność państwowa, przez porównawczą analizę relewantnych przepisów prawa unijnego oraz kodeksu pracy.
EN
The principle of non-discrimination lies at the heart of the socio-economic order of the EU, the main parameters of which are sustainable economic growth, price stability, a highly competitive social market economy aiming at full employment and social progress, inclusion and social cohesion, non-discrimination, including equality between women and men and social justice (TEU: art. 3.3). Therefore, the prohibition of discrimination becomes a sine qua non condition for achieving EU treaty goals, strongly correlated with the theory of ordoliberalism. The aim of the article is to analyse the normative way of securing the principle of non-discrimination in EU law in the perspective of ordoliberalism and its implications for Polish law. The authors intend to answer the research question about the extent to which ordoliberal theory had an impact on the development of the principle of non-discrimination, understood as a subjective right to equal treatment, regardless of individual characteristics, other than nationality, through the comparison of relevant provision of EU law and the Polish Labour Code.
PL
Zasada niedyskryminacji leży u podstaw urzeczywistnianego w jego ramach ładu społeczno-gospodarczego, którego głównymi parametrami są zrównoważony wzrost gospodarczy, stabilność cen, społeczna gospodarka rynkowa o wysokiej konkurencyjności zmierzająca do pełnego zatrudnienia i postępu społecznego, włączenie i spójność społeczna, niedyskryminacja, w tym równość kobiet i mężczyzn oraz sprawiedliwość społeczna (art. 3 ust. 3 TUE). W tej perspektywie zakaz dyskryminacji staje się warunkiem sine qua non osiągnięcia traktatowych celów UE, silnie skorelowanym z teorią ordoliberalizmu. Celem artykułu jest analiza sposobu normatywnego zabezpieczenia zasady niedyskryminacji w prawie UE w perspektywie ordoliberalizmu i wynikających z tego implikacji dla polskiego porządku normatywnego. Autorzy zamierzają odpowiedzieć na pytanie badawcze dotyczące tego, w jakim zakresie teoria ordoliberalizmu wywarła wpływ na rozwój zasady niedyskryminacji, rozumianej jako prawo podmiotowe do równego traktowania bez względu na indywidualne cechy, inne niż przynależność państwowa, przez porównawczą analizę relewantnych przepisów prawa unijnego oraz kodeksu pracy.
EN
The subsequent stage of liberalisation of the electricity market in the European Union was the implementation of the network codes model. Their innovative nature was demonstrated by transferring competences to market participants in the scope of creating a draft network code within the framework of a strictly defined procedure at the EU level. Then, by way of comitology, the European Commission adopted such a network code with the active participation of representatives of the Member States. The entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty disturbed this model of creating network codes to such an extent that for the next 10 years they were being adopted de facto without any new rules. Only Regulation (EU) 2019/943 of the European Parliament and of the Council, which entered into force on 1 January 2020, is a compromise solution to several problematic issues. It introduces a number of changes to the model of application of delegated and implementing acts to network codes, to the definition of the matters governed by network codes, or to the clarification of the scope of application of the guidelines as means of regulating areas not regulated at the European Union level. It also strengthens the rules for the participation of market participants in this multicentric regulatory model. These changes significantly affect the place of Member States in this process, resulting in the need to develop mechanisms for wider multi-sectoral cooperation to achieve public objectives. The aim of the article is to show — on the basis of historical conditions — the directions of changes in the creation of electricity market network codes.
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2022
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vol. 15
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issue 25
FR
Dans le récent arrêt Sped-Pro, le Tribunal a jugé qu’afin de garantir une protection juridictionnelle efficace du plaignant, la Commission est tenue d’examiner l’indépendance de l’autorité nationale de la concurrence concernée, ainsi que les préoccupations générales en matière d’État de droit, lorsqu’elle rejette des plaintes au titre de l’article 102 du TFUE et conclut qu’une telle autorité est «mieux placée» pour connaître de l’affaire. Cette contribution vise à discuter si une telle obligation s’applique aux renvois d’affaires de la Commission aux États membres en matière de concentrations. D’une part, il s’agit des mêmes autorités nationales de concurrence et les mêmes standards devraient s’appliquer. D’autre part, le système de renvoi des affaires diffère des caractéristiques du cadre des articles 101 et 102 du TFUE. Ainsi, cet article discute de l’arrêt du Tribunal dans l’affaire Sped-Pro, du cadre juridique et de la pratique concernant les renvois en matière de concentrations et, enfin, des conséquences de l’arrêt pour l’approche future de la Commission dans la matière discutée.
EN
In the recent Sped-Pro judgment, the General Court ruled that in order to guarantee effective judicial protection of the complainant, the Commission is obliged to examine the given national competition authority’s independence, and overall rule of law concerns, when it rejects complaints regarding Article 102 TFEU and concludes that such an authority is ‘best placed’ to hear the case. This contribution aims to discuss whether such obligation applies to case referrals from the Commission to Member States with respect of concentrations. On one hand, these are the same national competition authorities and the same standards should apply. On the other – the case referral system differs from the characteristics of the Articles 101–102 TFEU framework. Thus, this paper contains a discussion on the General Court’s judgment in Sped-Pro, the legal framework and practice regarding merger referrals, and, finally, the consequences of the judgment for the future approach of the Commission in the discussed matter.
EN
While the conviction of the need for a fourteenth company law directive is almost universal, the discussion is going on around the question whether this directive should enable cross-border transfer by way of a transfer of the registered office without the need of the actual transfer of its premises. Such scenario is being challenged because of two reasons: (i) a directive adoptedbased on Article 50 clause 2 letter g of the TEU is to serve making the freedom of establishment a reality, but pursuant to the EC J’s construction of Article 49 of the TEU, a mere transformation, without the actual, real element, does not amount to taking advantage of this freedom, and (ii) the subsidiarity principle provided for in the treaty (Article 5 clause 3 of the TEU) excludes the possibility of the EU law intervention in a conflict laws of Member states. The fourteenth directive enabling a cross-border transfer without the actual transfer of the registered office, provided the law of the host state permitted, would be a manifestation of a reasonable compromise underlying the directive on cross-border mergers of companies that has been achieved in the course of the EC J’s judgments delivered in matters concerning a cross-border transfer of a registered office.
PL
Przekonanie o potrzebie wydania czternastej dyrektywy jest niemal powszechne. Dyskusja toczy się natomiast wokół pytania: Czy dyrektywa powinna umożliwiać transgraniczne przekształcenie w drodze przeniesienia (zmiany) siedziby statutowej spółki bez konieczności przenoszenia siedziby faktycznej spółki? Taki wariant kwestionowany jest głównie z dwóch powodów: po pierwsze – ponieważ uchwalenie dyrektywy na podstawie art. 50 ust. 2 lit. g TfUE ma służyć urzeczywistnieniu swobody przedsiębiorczości (art. 50 ust. 1 TfUE), a – zgodnie z przyjętą przez Trybunał Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej wykładnią – art. 49 TfUE samo przekształcenie, bez elementu realnego, nie jest postacią korzystania z tej swobody. Po drugie – ponieważ traktatowa zasada subsydiarności (art. 5 ust. 3 TUE) wyklucza ingerencję ustawodawcy unijnego w prawo kolizyjne państw członkowskich. Czternasta dyrektywa umożliwiająca transgraniczne przekształcenie bez przeniesienia siedziby faktycznej – jeżeli prawo państwa przyjmującego na to pozwala – byłaby wyrazem rozsądnego kompromisu leżącego u podstaw zarówno dyrektywy w sprawie transgranicznego łączenia się spółek kapitałowych, jak i wypracowanego w orzecznictwie Trybunału w sprawach dotyczących transgranicznego przenoszenia siedziby spółki. Umożliwienie rozdzielenia siedziby statutowej i faktycznej powinno być połączone uregulowaniem środków skutecznej ochrony tych podmiotów, których interesy w związku z transgranicznym przekształceniem spółki mogą być narażone (wierzycieli, wspólników mniejszościowych, pracowników).
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