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PL
The article analyzes the rights in the area of social security resulting from the European Social Charter and the Revised European Social Charter. The study presents both standards resulting directly from the provisions of the above-mentioned treaties as well as requirements interpreted by the European Committee of Social Rights. Particular attention was paid to the guarantees of the social security system and protection of entitled persons in the event of the necessity to limit the level of granted benefits, especially in the event of an economic crisis.
EN
In accordance with the international agreements, the Supreme Audit Office started the examination of financial statements of the Multinational Corps Northeast in Szczecin. In 2018, NIK presented the results of the audits related to 2016 financial statements, within the contribution of framework countries and multinational funds, as well as the legality of the expenditures – they have been discussed in this article. These audits are conducted on a rotational basis by the Supreme Audit Institutions of Denmark, Germany and Poland. Rotation takes place every three years.
EN
Between 2009 and 2011, the comprehensive Law on Weapons and several subsequent sub-legal acts on weapon market control came into force in Kosovo. The new system replaced the old UNMIK regulations that seemed not be effective in such postconflict zone as this part of Balkan region. The main objective was to enhance the control over the weapon market for civilian use, limit the illegal possession of weapon in Kosovo and improve the effectiveness of law enforcement bodies performance in the field of combating illegal weapon trafficking. One of the elements of the system was appropriate marking of firearms, their parts and ammunition. Authors of this article do not address the overall efficiency of the weapon control system, but analyze Kosovo’s requirements for marking of weapons from the perspective of international standards. Marking of weapons is perceived as one of the three main pillars for effective tracing of weapons (marking, record-keeping and exchange of information) that allows to examine the background of firearms and, in certain cases, also parts of firearms and ammunition. Marking also allows to preserve strict control over the firearms in private hands by linking the producer, dealer and owner of the particular firearm. Markings on firearm shall also depict all major changes to the status of weapon (e.g.: proof marking, deactivation marking, transfer from government stocks or import). The article refers in detail to all the methods and requirements on marking.
EN
The article is concerned with the use of the international standards applied in the field of bibliography and library in the libraries of Azerbaijan. It is noted that in the con¬text of globalization, the application of international standards and norms helps to determine the correct priorities both in economical and institutional context as in the other fields. It is indicated that the proper use of such standards contribute to a more optimal and sustainable interlibrary international relations.
EN
Since several years already, a public law has been adopted in the Republic of Albania on the civil servants as well as their ethics in workplace. Integrity of civil servants and prevention of corruption are two key elements needed highly required from the latter aiming at serving the public interest at best. The legislation is a key measure to reach such a goal. This papers aims at assessing the efficacy of the two main laws, the status of civil service and rules of ethics for such a pursue and their consistency with best international practices of provisions of civil service legislation related to recruitment, promotion, job security, the independence and capacity of the body/bodies responsible for oversight, including OECD/SIGMA and Council of Europe recommendations. The paper presents several suggestions, according to which either the integrity of civil service recruitment should be better monitored or several legislation amendments are needed.
EN
The article touches upon a set of issues related to the cross-border crime definition and features. Cross-border crime can be defined as a criminal-legal, criminological and criminalist concept. The author’s approach is that it is exactly criminal-legal dimension of this problem that is primary one. A criminal-legal understanding of cross-border crimes is suggested. It is analyzed by comparing the provisions of a number of international and national acts in the context of cross-boundary as a legal concept and characteristics of offences. There is emphasized that cross-border crimes constitute a relatively stable set of crimes that threaten the interests of states in the sphere of border and national security. The cross-border crimes objective features are considered. They include public interests, offender’s modus operandi, the victim, items transferred across the border. It is concluded that the cross-boundary nature in the criminal law of Ukraine stems from the peculiarities of the offender’s actions. The classification of crimes into unconditionally and conditionally cross-border is suggested. Such a division is associated with the obligatory/optional nature of such an objective feature as border crossing.
PL
Prezentowane opracowanie podejmuje zagadnienie rosnącego znaczenia norm i standardów międzynarodowych oraz rynku nieruchomości jako czynników pobudzających narodową i lokalną dynamikę gospodarczą. Przeprowadzona analiza zmierza do oszacowania zakresu wdrażania i osiągania korzyści z implementacji norm przez struktury funkcjonujące w warunkach współczesnego rynku nieruchomości. Efektem podjętych badań będzie zatem wstępna ocena zakresu implementacji i osiągania korzyści z wdrażania norm przez podmioty funkcjonujące w warunkach współczesnego rynku nieruchomości i kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju.
EN
In the article the Author addresses the problem of the increasing role of international standards and the real estate market as factors stimulating national and local economic growth. The conducted analysis aims at assessing the scope of implementation and benefiting from the implementation of standards functioning in the conditions of the contemporary real estate market. The research results will be a preliminary assessment of the scope of implementation and benefiting from the implementation of standards functioning in the conditions of the contemporary real estate market in the context of sustainable development
EN
The need to support the family by the state is considered as one of the fundamental principles, both by international standards, as well as national regulations. Article refers here both on the European Social Charter and the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, which occupies a prominent place art. 18 which states that the family is under the protection and care of the Polish Republic. In this article the author discusses the tasks of local government units and its administration in cases of family emergencies, administrative aspects of the position control, basically the limits set by the rules of bodily material and formal administrative law. The purpose of these tasks indicates that they are undertaken primarily in order to allow families to overcome difficult situations arising or resulting from the crisis in the family. Mark also be that these tasks are undertaken when the family alone, without the support given to her not being able to restore indicated above intrafamilial stability and balance. These tasks are undertaken within the social assistance as an instrument of social policy. Among the possible solutions I found it useful overview of the tasks to be performed legally entrusted to municipalities, counties and local government voivodship. This choice is justified by the position, which in the exercise of public functions account for local self-government. Applies here, the constitutional principle of the presumption set of tasks and responsibilities of local government. Local government shall perform all public functions except those that have not been reserved by the Constitution or statutes to the organs of other public authorities. scope of the discussion has been limited to discussion of local government tasks undertaken in a crisis of relations and relations between parents and child. These tasks primarily linked with, that in emergency situations to help ensure proper care of the family and children. However, the State had expressed in these cases, especially in the judicial function of the courts in family matters and juvenile justice, law enforcement bodies actions and judicial probation service. The activities carried out in the field of institutional support can be analyzed from different points of view. The items made here considerations, it seems reasonable to draw attention to three issues, namely: the nature and type of tasks assigned to local governments, form and operation of these units and their organizations and procedure.
EN
The paper is a review of the most important standards of personal data protection developed by international organizations including the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The paper describes both universal standards of the United Nations, as well as regional standards (Council of Europe and European Union) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. It presents the development of international regulations concerning the protection of personal data, indicating at the same time in which countries of Central and Eastern Europe the particular documents apply. The paper constitutes an attempt to assess the consistency of international solutions and their real impact on national legislation.
PL
Artykuł stanowi przegląd najważniejszych standardów ochrony danych osobowych wypracowanych przez organizacje międzynarodowe skupiające m.in. kraje Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. W opracowaniu opisano zarówno standardy uniwersalne Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych, jak i regionalne (Rady Europy oraz Unii Europejskiej), a także Organizacji Współpracy Gospodarczej i Rozwoju. Przedstawiono rozwój międzynarodowych regulacji dotyczących ochrony danych osobowych, wskazując przy tym, w których krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej obowiązują poszczególne dokumenty. Artykuł stanowi próbę oceny spójności międzynarodowych rozwiązań oraz ich realnego wpływu na ustawodawstwa krajowe.
EN
The aim of the article is to analyze the development of international legal standards concerning enforced disappearances. According to international human rights law enforced disappearances occur, when persons are deprived of their liberty, at least with the acquiescence of a state, which is followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation or by concealment of their fate or whereabouts. The definition of enforced disappearances in the statute of the International Criminal Court covers also disappearances perpetrated by (or with at least the acquiescence of) political organizations.   The article consists of a thorough analysis of provisions contained in four legal documents: the Declaration on the protection of all persons from enforced disappearance, the Inter-American Convention on Forced Disappearance of Persons, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.
RU
Политические преобразования в государствах бывшего Советского Союза, имели, несомненно, глубокие причины и мотивы. Важным факторoм этих изменений былo также внешнеевлияние, и, в частности, влияние демократических стандартов, предлагаемых международными организациями. Среди них особое место занимает Совет Европы. Процесс политической трансформации совпал с желанием стран бывшего CCCP получить членствo в Совете Европы. Чтобы получить членство, эти страны должны отвечать требования: проведение свободных парламентских и президентских выборов, а также подписать и ратифицировать Европейскую конвенцию о правах человека. Ряд дальнейших обязательств, уже достигнут в ходе членства, в рамках процедуры мониторинга. Эта процедура довольно быстро была закрыта в Литву, Латвию и Эстонию, которая доказывает, что эти страны показывают, что там было осознание стандартoв Совета Европы. Долговечность процедуры наблюдения в отношении других стран (Россия, Украина, Молдова, Армения, Азербайджан, Грузия) указывает, что в этих стран столкнулся с серьезными трудностями в осуществлении демократических стандартов Совета Европы. В свою очередь Беларусь остается вне рамок Совета Европы, потому что она не соответствует порог требований даже членства. Это показывает, что эффективность влияния Совета Европы на процесс политических преобразований в государствах бывшего Советского Союза была разнообразной.
EN
Political transformation in the states of the former Soviet Union had undoubtedly deep determinants and internal motivations. However one of important determinants of this transformation was international influence, namely influence of the democratic standards offered by the international organizations. Among those special place has the Council of Europe. Process of transformation coincided with applications of those states of former Soviet Union to access to the Council of Europe. To achieve this goal, those states should fulfill a basic requirements, e.g. held free parliamentary and presidential elections and sign and ratify the European Convention on Human Rights. Other commitments toward the Council of Europe was realized during the monitoring procedure. This procedure was closed toward Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, that means that those states fully realized commitments and obligations connected with the membership in the Council of Europe. However, some other states (Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia) are still in the monitoring procedure which shows that not all obligations has been realized. Belarus is out of the Council of Europe because this state do not fulfill basic democratic values which open the chance to be a member of the Council of Europe. It shows that effectiveness of the Council of Europe influence on political transformation in the states of the former Soviet Union was differential.
Path of Science
|
2016
|
vol. 2
|
issue 4(9)
2.37-2.45
UK
У статті узагальнено основні вимоги нових стандартів «Базеля-ІІІ» у контексті регулювання капіталу банків та визначено перспективи їх впровадження для вітчизняних банків на основі аналізу міжнародного досвіду. Актуальність даної проблеми сформульована в необхідності відновлення стабільності банківської системи України за допомогою нових стандартів, мета яких полягає у підвищенні стійкості банків і захисті прав споживачів фінансових послуг. Визначено основні загрози, з якими зіткнулися банківські системи розвинутих країн, та які можливі для української фінансової системи. Запропоновано шляхи досягнення максимально позитивного ефекту від впровадження нової банківської реформи.
EN
This article summarizes the main requirements of the "Basel III" new standards in the context of banks capital regulation and identifies prospects for implementation of domestic banks based on analysis of international experience. The urgency of the problem is formulated in the need to restore the stability of the banking system of Ukraine with the new standards, which purpose is to increase the stability of banks and to protect the rights of financial services consumers. The main threats faced by the banking systems of developed countries and possible for the Ukrainian financial system were determined. The ways of achieving maximum benefits of new banking reform introduction were proposed.
EN
In the article the analysis of experience and best practices of Europe and the world regarding the methods and tools of risk management in customs affairs. In accordance with the requirements of the Kyoto Convention the risk management is the main basic principle of modern customs control methods, which allows optimal use of resources of customs bodies, without reducing the effectiveness of customs controls, and exempt the majority of foreign trade operators from unnecessary bureaucratic control. Procedures based on risk management, concentrate customs control on areas, where there is the greatest risk, allowing the bulk of goods and individuals relatively free to pass the checkpoint at the customs border Special attention is paid to the principles and methods of risk management and their impact on the simplification of customs procedures through the use of risk-based thinking. The paper discusses the problems concerning the application and implementation of modern risk management techniques in customs procedures subject to the requirements of international standards ISO for the quality management system and risk management based on risk-based thinking.
EN
The author analyses presumption of innocence in the media’s reporting of the judicial procedures. The principle of presumption of innocence says that the accused will be considered not guilty, unless his guilt will be proved in the final judgment of the court. This principle is written down in art. 42.2 of the Polish Constitution and art. 5 § 2 of the criminal procedure code. The above principle concerns all people, i.e. authorities of criminal process, police, administration agencies and even simple citizens. The Polish press law prohibits publication of personal data of the accused without the consent of public prosecutor or court as well as data of the injured person and witnesses without their consent. The press law also prohibits to prejudge the guilt of the accused before his conviction by the court of first instance. Alas, there are numerous cases of violation of such rules. Today one observes the increasing process of infotainment of mass media becoming more and more tabloid. They have a negative influence on realization of principle of presumption of innocence in everyday practice.
EN
The article reviews a compendium of the most important international instruments that guarantee human rights in the fifi eld of social security. It contains basic conventions and recommendations adopted by the ILO since 1952. The process of their adoption was also synthetically presented, indicating the interrelationships and external conditions of their establishment. As indicated by the publisher: the book may act as an unusual guide in the process of building coherent national systems in this area.
PL
Książka jest kompendium zawierającym najistotniejsze międzynarodowe instrumenty gwarancji praw człowieka do zabezpieczenia społecznego. Zawiera podstawowe konwencje i zalecenia przyjęte przez MOP od 1952 roku. Syntetycznie przedstawiono także proces ich uchwalania, wskazując na wzajemne powiązania i uwarunkowania zewnętrzne procesu ich stanowienia. Jak wskazuje wydawca: publikacja może pełnić rolę nietypowego przewodnika w procesie budowania spójnych systemów krajowych w tym zakresie.
PL
Sygnalista, demaskator, informator, whistleblower - „osoba dmuchająca w gwizdek” - w języku polskim brakuje określenia oddającego precyzyjnie znaczenie tego terminu. Procedury sygnalizujące o nieprawidłowościach stanowią część kultury organizacji i na świecie znane są od dawna. Ważnym czynnikiem w procesie tworzenia regulacji dotyczących ochrony sygnalistów była i jest aktywność organizacji międzynarodowych (ONZ, Rada Europy i Unia Europejska). Niestety, polski ustawodawca nie podjął dotychczas skutecznych działań w celu uregulowania pozycji sygnalistów. Obecnie obowiązujące przepisy prawne w tej materii są sektorowe, bardzo wybiórcze i ograniczone, co w konsekwencji powoduje małą aktywność w zakresie informowania o nieprawidłowościach. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie statusu sygnalistów w polskim porządku prawnym w kontekście regulacji Dyrektywy 2019/1937, na mocy której państwa członkowskie mają czas na wdrożenie jej postanowień najpóźniej do 17.12.2023 r. Omówione zostały wybrane akty prawa polskiego oraz projekty ustaw, które implikują regulacje dotyczące statusu sygnalistów. W tle rozważań autorka wskazuje również na wybrane akty prawa międzynarodowego i europejskiego.
EN
A whistleblower - "a person blowing a whistle" - the Polish language lacks a word to precisely express the meaning of that term. Procedures signaling irregularities are part of the organizational culture and have been known in the world for a long time. The activity of international organizations (UN, Council of Europe and European Union) in the process of creating regulations regarding whistleblower protection has also been witnessed for some time. Unfortunately, the Polish legislator has not taken effective measures yet to regulate the position of whistleblowers. The current legislation in this area is sectoral, very selective and limited, resulting in little activity in reporting irregularities. The main objective of this article is to determine the status of whistleblowers in the Polish legal order in the context of provisions of the Directive (EU) 2019/1937, under which Member States are obliged to implement its provisions into their legal orders until 17 December 2023. Selected acts of the Polish law and draft laws that contain regulations on the status of whistleblowers are discussed. In the background of the considerations, the Author also points to selected acts of international law and European Union law.
EN
The paper deals with possible ways to implement the reintegration model of serving imprisonment in the reality of Polish penal institutions and remand centres. The study is divided into two major parts. The first one outlines the structure of the European Prison Rules of 2006 as well as the key regulations concerning the issue under investigation. The second part comprises a historical glance at the problem of overcrowded penal institutions in 20th century Poland and a discussion of space norms currently in force in Poland, as seen against space requirements observed by other European countries. The presented work has an indisputable merit of being topical for it provides the latest statistical data (published on 31 January 2014) regarding the number of inmates in all penal institutions nationwide.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony został, szczególnie doniosłej w dzisiejszych czasach, problematyce jaką jest możliwość realizowania reintegracyjnego modelu wykonywania orzeczonej kary pozbawienia wolności w realiach polskich zakładów karnych oraz aresztów śledczych. Opracowanie zostało podzielone na dwie zasadnicze części. W części pierwszej, zarysowana została budowa Europejskich Regułach Więziennych z 2006 r. oraz przedstawione zostały najważniejsze uregulowania prawne dotyczące tytułowego zagadnienia. Część druga zawiera w sobie zarówno warstwę historyczną, ukazującą problematykę przeludnienia w jednostkach penitencjarnych w XX-to wiecznej Polsce, jak również stanowi omówienie norm metrażowych, obowiązujących w rodzimym ustawodawstwie, na tle wymogów przestrzeganych przez inne kraje europejskie. Istotnym walorem przedmiotowego opracowania jest jego aktualność bowiem zawarto w nim najnowsze dane statystyczne, opublikowane dnia 31 stycznia 2014 r., a dotyczące liczby osadzonych we wszystkich jednostkach penitencjarnych z terenu całego kraju.
EN
The article legally analyses international standards of the interrogation of juveniles who are suspected of having committed a criminal offence. The procedural order and tactical features of the interrogation of a minor, that are outlined in international law, are analysed. The author defines the criteria, specific rules of interrogation, as well as requirements for such procedural action. Further improvement of national legislation in accordance with international standards in the field of criminal procedural support of pre-trial investigation is necessary.
PL
Artykuł prawnie analizuje międzynarodowe standardy przesłuchiwania nieletnich podejrzanych o popełnienie przestępstwa. Przeanalizowano porządek proceduralny i cechy taktyczne przesłuchania nieletniego, które są określone w prawie międzynarodowym. Autorka określa kryteria, szczegółowe zasady przesłuchania, a także wymagania dotyczące takiego postępowania procesowego. Niezbędna jest dalsza poprawa ustawodawstwa krajowego zgodnie z międzynarodowymi standardami w dziedzinie postępowania karnego wspierającego postępowanie przygotowawcze.
EN
Purpose: This paper provides a comparative analysis of accounting systems in three Central and East-ern European countries − Croatia, Poland, and Slovakia. The main goal of the paper is to contribute to the understanding of the main differences and their main economic, historical, and cultural reasons. Methodology/approach: The research based on a comparative analysis of Croatian, Polish, and Slovak accounting regulations allows for the identification of important differences in accounting standards, despite the geopolitical proximity of the analysed countries and their Slavic roots. Findings: The paper demonstrates that the economic differences between the countries may influence the development of their accounting systems. Our empirical research also reveals that accession to the European Union had a significant impact on the development of accounting in these countries. Moreover, our research verified whether cultural differences influence accounting systems and financial reporting in the analyzed coun-tries. Originality/value: The similarities and differences in accounting systems indicated in this paper may help regulators assess real opportunities to harmonize accounting regulations in the member states of the European Union in the face of economic and cultural factors.
PL
Cel: Artykuł zawiera analizę porównawczą systemów rachunkowości w krajach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej – Chorwacji, Polsce i Słowacji. Głównym celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie różnic między analizowanymi systemami, a także ekonomicznych, historycznych i kulturowych przyczyn ich występo-wania. Metodyka/podejście: Badania oparte na analizie porównawczej chorwackich, polskich i słowackich przepisów rachunkowości pozwalają stwierdzić ważne różnice w standardach rachunkowo-ści, mimo bliskości geopolitycznej analizowanych krajów i ich słowiańskich korzeni. Wyniki: W artykule wykazano, że różnice ekonomiczne między krajami mogą wpływać na rozwój ich systemów rachunkowości. Z badań wynika, że przystąpienie do Unii Europejskiej miało znaczący wpływ na rozwój rachunkowości w tych krajach. Ponadto nasze badanie zweryfikowało, czy różnice kulturowe wpływają na systemy księgowe i sprawozdawczość finansową w analizowanych krajach. Oryginalność/wartość: Wskazane podobieństwa i różnice w systemach rachunkowości mogą pomóc organom regulacyjnym w ocenie rzeczywistych możli-wości harmonizacji przepisów dotyczących rachunkowości w państwach członkowskich Unii Europejskiej w obliczu czynników ekonomicznych i kulturowych.
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