This work deals with the problem of intersemiotics in Orthodox Slavonic culture in the Middle Ages. Attention here is focused on the source, essence and ontology of correspondence of the arts. Despite the fact that in the Middle Ages word and image (icons, frescos, miniatures of manuscripts) had completely different specificity of signs, they were connected with each other on a different level of perception. According to the Church Fathers (John of Damascus, Maximus the Confessor, Basil the Great) and East Christian mysticism (Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite), the art of the written word and visual art had the same aim and function, because they referred to eternal and spiritual reality and to the divine archetype. The ontology of the word and icon was linked to the specific version of Pseudo-Dionysius’ symbolism. Moreover, this symbolism is connected with the term – “paradigmatical image”, functioning beyond text and iconography, in the iconosphere of the Orthodox Middle Ages. Paradigmatical image becomes a specific link between a word and an icon. Of course, paradigmatical images were created on the basis of Biblical (and/or apocryphal) and Patristic Byzantine texts, although they started to function regardless of their original context. This work presents the way paradigmatical images function in Orthodox iconography and literature (the Raising of Lazarus, the Last Judgement, the Trinity).
PL
This work deals with the problem of intersemiotics in Orthodox Slavonic culture in the Middle Ages. Attention here is focused on the source, essence and ontology of correspondence of the arts. Despite the fact that in the Middle Ages word and image (icons, frescos, miniatures of manuscripts) had completely different specificity of signs, they were connected with each other on a different level of perception. According to the Church Fathers (John of Damascus, Maximus the Confessor, Basil the Great) and East Christian mysticism (Pseudo Dionysius the Areopagite), the art of the written word and visual art had the same aim and function, because they referred to eternal and spiritual reality and to the divine archetype. The ontology of the word and icon was linked to the specific version of Pseudo-Dionysius’ symbolism. Moreover, this symbolism is connected with the term – “paradigmatical image”, functioning beyond text and iconography, in the iconosphere of the Orthodox Middle Ages. Paradigmatical image becomes a specific link between a word and an icon. Of course, paradigmatical images were created on the basis of Biblical (and/or apocryphal) and Patristic Byzantine texts, although they started to function regardless of their original context. This work presents the way paradigmatical images function in Orthodox iconography and literature (the Raising of Lazarus, the Last Judgement, the Trinity).
The aim of the intersemiotic and conceptual prose of Damir Miloš is to overcome the limitations of language and literary description, especially when presenting reality through the prism of sensual experience, both visual and olfactory. In Miloš’s prose the interconnectedness of art forms, often perceived today as a symptom of a literary crisis or a trend towards intermediality, becomes a special and convenient pretext to use intersemiotic translation, visuality and synaesthesia as a means of presenting sensuality in literature. The Croatian author creates a world in which his protagonists, marked with certain incapacities or hypersensitivity of senses (an absolute sense of smell, colour-blindness or blindness), conjure up their own individual and subjective reality. Thus, Miloš stresses the postmodern aspect of the multiplicity of truths and perspectives.
PL
The aim of the intersemiotic and conceptual prose of Damir Miloš is to overcome the limitations of language and literary description, especially when presenting reality through the prism of sensual experience, both visual and olfactory. In Miloš’s prose the interconnectedness of art forms, often perceived today as a symptom of a literary crisis or a trend towards intermediality, becomes a special and convenient pretext to use intersemiotic translation, visuality and synaesthesia as a means of presenting sensuality in literature. The Croatian author creates a world in which his protagonists, marked with certain incapacities or hypersensitivity of senses (an absolute sense of smell, colour-blindness or blindness), conjure up their own individual and subjective reality. Thus, Miloš stresses the postmodern aspect of the multiplicity of truths and perspectives.
It stands to reason that ekphrasis cannot be limited to the detailed but plain description of the artifact, for it often concerns what is not there in the painting as well. Authors of the ekphrases sometimes “animate” or “revive” a work of art, which manifests itself in narrativization of painted scenes. The process is also frequently supplemented by its continuation or backstory and fictitious utterances of figures depicted in the painting. The paper discusses a specific literary form of that kind of “animation”, that is texts in which characters that can be seen in a painting (or paintings itself) receive the voice through the prosopopoeia and expose their selfawareness of “artificiality”. The precise subject of this study is P. Assouline’s novel Le Portrait which is narrated by baroness Betty de Rothschild, the figure from the J.A.D. Ingres’ painting. In this article, I am focusing on the mode and meaning of prosopopoeia in Assouline’s novel. I am also trying to examine whether every text that is based on the concept of a “speaking” work of art (i.e. in which prosopopoeia is used) can be described as ekphrasis.
PL
Ekfraza – literacka deskrypcja dzieła sztuki – nie jest, rzecz jasna, wyłącznie dokładnym opisem artefaktu; często dotyczy również tego, czego na obrazie nie ma. W ekfrazach dzieła sztuki ulegają czasem swoistemu „ożywieniu” – narratywizacji namalowanych scen, a także uzupełnieniu ich o przed- i „poakcje” czy też o wyobrażone wypowiedzi przedstawionych postaci. Artykuł dotyczy specyficznej formy takich literackich „ożywień”, czyli tekstów, których autorzy, wykorzystując prozopopeję, oddali głos bohaterom obrazów oraz świadomym swej sztuczności (i eksponującym ją) obrazom-przedmiotom. Ciekawym (i rozbudowanym) przykładem zastosowania prozopopei jest powieść Portret P. Assouline’a. Narrację prowadzi w niej namalowana przez J.A.D. Ingres’a Betty de Rothschild. W artykule omawiam sposób i sens zastosowania tej figury retorycznej w powieści Assouline’a i zastanawiam się nad tym, czy każdy tekst literacki, w którym narratorem (dzięki prozopopei) czyni się postać z obrazu, można nazwać ekfrazą.
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