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EN
Swearing and cursing are immediate and obvious expressions of emotions. While this kind of communication almost certainly exists in almost all cultures and languages, studies about it are generally limited to the individual language, or are often conducted from a popular science perspective. As far as the German language is concerned, the use of insulting and swear words is associated with the discourse of scatology, morphologized and lexicalized in word formation, phraseologisms, etc. Yet, for the Latin language such analyses are almost completely missing. My contribution aims at a typological comparison of Latin and German, especially in the period of their direct contact – the Middle Ages.
EN
Beside an editorial note and the edition itself, the article includes a study focusing on three analytical levels. The first of them presents the Latin humanist tract textually, i.e. how it was determined by a formalized narrative mode (so-called ‘writing in excerpts’ derived from ancient authorities which were shared in the community of scholars). The second level investigates the argumentation developed in the text – in this concrete instance, a historical account of the origins of the Slavs and the Bohemian tribe from Transcarpathian region, along with its ideological background that is treated according to the recent concept of humanist ‘fight for honour’ by C. Hirschi. Finally, the author concentrates on the level of further texts which appeared thanks to interpretations of Matthias treatise and provoked – in close connection with the abovementioned formal and content-based levels – an outstanding and unique humanist polemic. It draws attention not only to performative techniques of invective, but also to period discourses of nation as well as strategies for institutionally defining the very possibility of writing that were linked to the categories of ‘order’ and symbolic capital (here with a discussion of academic titles).
EN
The article presents a study on invective as a lyrical genre from the point of view of its semantic structure, based on samples of the genre identified in Russian and Polish poetry of 19th–20th centuries. Comparative analysis of texts facilitated an emergence and description of stable semantic structure, which is a unique one amongst other genres. This confirms status of invective as an independent literature genre and contributes to the building of a model of a genre process.
EN
The author considers a group of Russian poetic texts aimed at the political foes of Russia as a state. The author argues that these texts are samples of lyrical genre of invective, which is proved by their semantic structure and the objective of the text as a kind of poetic expression. The structure of the genre and its tradition imply a specific image of Russia, which forms in all of the texts analysed, regardless of the literary epoch and political beliefs of the poets.
EN
The recent book by Agnieszka Dziuba will be appreciated by both the ancient historians and the classical scholars in Poland for, as a monograph of a Roman woman, it has no antecedent. The study concerns Clodia’s background (“Clodia in historiography”), her portrayal by Cicero in the speech In Defense of M. Caelius Rufus, and her depiction in Catullus’ poetry. In the latter case, the author had to assume that in some of the poems Lesbia can be identified with Clodia Metelli. Despite some minor misrepresentations and misprints, the book is a sound analysis of the literary texts featuring the eponymous character. In addition, it offers a lively picture of the role women played in the Roman aristocratic society.
PL
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EN
In Jude 10–13 the biblical author uses blatant invectives that show the ungodly and demoralized attitude of heretics. In the ancient Greek literature and in some other biblical books there are similar means of stigmatizing erroneous knowledge and behavior incompatible with commonly accepted customs. For this reason in this article we first discuss inversion as a literary genre, and then analyze the sentences from Jud 10–13 in order to show the content and meaning of the instructions and reprimands contained in this passage.
EN
In the ancient literature (Greek, Roman, Jewish and Christian) we can easily find expressions full of irony and insults. In this article the author tries to present the role of invective in antiquity. As it results, it was necessary to use invective in polemical works, because expressions full of irony and insults were nothing else as rhetorical moods.
EN
The paper focuses on the collection of political epigrams from the time of the Four-year Sejm. It is compilation of a few hundred pieces depicting in a different light all the participants of the parliamentary sessions, as well as a number of women in these circles. In critical epigrams, the role of an argument is often played by more or less open allusions to love life of the criticised people. Although the riddles touching upon this subject constitute only a minor part of this collection (approx. 14%), different strategies in employing the theme of love life can be distinguished: from delicate taunts to depicting the love life of the given character as the main argument against the person, related to allegations of indifference to the fate of their homeland or even treason. An interesting disparity can be observed while comparing the riddles about men and women. In the case of women, criticism of their love life occurs more frequently than in the case of men. Despite the use of sexual themes as an argument in the political struggle, Polish poetry of the Four-year Sejm era is much less radically vulgar or obscene compared to, for instance, French political literature of the Revolution.
Vox Patrum
|
2005
|
vol. 48
215-231
EN
Hac in brevi dissertatiuncula auctor epistolam Joannis Maxentii monachi, quae responsio ad epistolam Hormisdae papae (514-523) habetur, uti exemplum invectivae christianae tractat atque late scrutatur.
Bohemistyka
|
2020
|
issue 4
551-568
EN
The article presents linguistic methods of achieving a comic effect in the hu- morous novel Černí baroni by M. Švandrlík. These include inter alia: combining elements from various varieties of the Czech language (spisovná čeština, obecná čeština, dialect) or Czech and Slovak language, introducing vulgarisms, skatological vocabulary and invectives into the language of totalitarian propaganda, contrast of form and content and syntactic parallelism. The important social functions of laughter are emphasized as a reaction to humor, especially during a difficult time of social life, which was the communist period, e.g. therapeutic, integrative and separating.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje językowe sposoby osiągania efektu komicznego przez Milo- slava Švandrlíka w powieści humorystycznej Černí baroni. Są to m.in. łączenie elementów z różnych odmian języka czeskiego (spisovná čeština, obecná čeština, gwary) lub czeszczyzny i języka słowackiego, wprowadzanie wulgaryzmów, słownictwa skatologicznego i inwektyw do języka propagandy totalitarnej, kontrast formy i treści,  paralelizm składniowy. Podkreślone zostają istotne funkcje społeczne śmiechu jako reakcji na humor szczególnie w trudnym czasie życia społecznego, jakim był okres komunistyczny, np.: terapeutyczna, integracyjna i separująca.
EN
The journalist’s particular diligence and integrity is not limited to faithful representation of the information he/she has obtained. The journalist’s duty is to verify, which means checking information in other sources. The result of failure to observe diligence and reliability can be on the one hand defamation of the person, and on the other hand, can be seen as violation of personal rights. Analysing the problem of defamation, one should refer to the public character of this crime, which a journalist commits using media, including the Internet.
PL
Szczególna staranność i rzetelność dziennikarza nie ogranicza się do wiernego przedstawiania informacji, które uzyskał. Jego obowiązkiem jest także ich weryfikacja, czyli sprawdzenie informacji w innych źródłach. Efektem niezachowania staranności i rzetelności może być z jednej strony zniesławienie jakieś osoby, z drugiej – naruszenie jej dóbr osobistych. Analizując problem przestępstwa zniesławienia, należałoby się odnieść do publicznego charakteru tego przestępstwa, które dziennikarz popełnia przy użyciu środków komunikowania masowego, w tym również za pośrednictwem internetu.
EN
The article provides an analysis of invectives in Polish and Russian phraseology with a somatic component. It contains a definition of invective and describes functions it performs in communication. In article phraseological phrases with an invective, containing names of parts of the body are considered. The semantic field approach was used for analysis. 15 comparative subcategories were identified as specific, invective semantic fields of specific parts of the body. There are 52 essential meanings hereinafter later called traits, which are connotated by the meaning of the analyzed phrasemes. These traits create specific semantic micropols. The analysis shows the similarities and differences in the studied area of the Polish and Russian linguistic worldview.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł stanowi analizę inwektyw we frazeologii polskiej i rosyjskiej z komponentem somatycznym. Zawiera opis pojęcia inwektywy oraz funkcji, jakie pełni ona w komunikacji. Rozpatrywane są w nim frazeologizmy o wydźwięku inwektywnym zawierające nazwy części ciała bądź odwołujące się do nich znaczeniowo. Do analizy zastosowano metodę pól semantycznych. Wydzielono 15 subkategorii porównawczych stanowiących swoiste inwektywne pola semantyczne określonych części ciała. Wyróżniono 52 zasadnicze znaczenia, zwane dalej cechami, które są konotowane przez znaczenie badanych frazeologizmów. Cechy te tworzą swoiste mikropola semantyczne. Analiza ukazuje podobieństwa i różnice w badanym obszarze polskiego i rosyjskiego językowego obrazu świata.
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