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EN
The present article shows the history of participation of scholars from Poland at the international congresses of medieval canon law along with the report from the 16th Congress in Saint Louis (13–23 July 2022) and the insights concerning the future of the science of history of common canon law in Poland. The congresses have been held since 1958 every four or five years on both sides of the Atlantic and they are an academic celebration for the scholars united by the same research objectives, namely medieval canon law and subjects related to it. Only sixteen scholars from Poland participated in the sixteen congresses and there were only nine papers authored by Polish academics in the renowned conference proceedings. These modest numbers show that the participation of Polish scholars in the international science of medieval canon law has been very limited over the past half century. Nevertheless, the last congress in Saint Louis witnessed a couple of harbingers of a positive trend of the growing inclusion of Polish scholars into this international academic community. The 16th congress itself was a organizational and scientific milestone for this community, which is currently looking forward to the next congress in Canterbury.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia historię udziału uczonych z Polski w międzynarodowych kongresach średniowiecznego prawa kanonicznego wraz ze sprawozdaniem z XVI Kongresu w Saint Louis (13-23.07.2022 r.) oraz spostrzeżenia dotyczące przyszłości nauki historii powszechnego prawa kanonicznego w Polsce. Kongresy odbywają się od 1958 r. co cztery lub pięć lat po obu stronach Oceanu Atlantyckiego i stanowią naukowe święto dla uczonych zjednoczonych przez te same cele badawcze, tj. średniowieczne prawo kanoniczne oraz powiązane z nim przedmioty. Zaledwie szesnastu uczonych z Polski brało udział w przeszłych szesnastu kongresach i raptem dziewięć artykułów autorstwa polskich naukowców zostało zaprezentowanych na łamach ich słynnych materiałów pokonferencyjnych. Te skromne liczby pokazują, że udział polskich uczonych w międzynarodowej nauce średniowiecznego prawa kanonicznego był mocno ograniczony. Niemniej ostatni kongres w Saint Louis był świadkiem kilku pozytywnych zwiastunów nowego trendu włączania polskich uczonych w szeregi tej międzynarodowej społeczności akademickiej. Sam XVI kongres stanowił organizacyjny i naukowy kamień milowy dla tej społeczności, która obecnie z niecierpliwością wyczekuje kolejnego kongresu, który odbędzie się w Canterbury.
Studia Gilsoniana
|
2022
|
vol. 11
|
issue 4
673-734
EN
In his 2022 volume Common Good Constitutionalism, and in a series of essays and other works prior to the book’s release, Harvard Law School professor Adrian Vermeule advances a new vision for the American republic. Against the two dominant strains of constitutional interpretation in the United States, namely originalism and progressivism (“living constitutionalism”), Vermeule argues for common good constitutionalism, a return to the ius commune pursuit of that which is good for all in accordance with the natural law. While Vermeule’s work is ambitious and his intervention into originalist-progressivist debates welcome, a question remains: will common good constitutionalism be able to overcome America’s Enlightenment civil religion? In this paper, I consider the challenges which America’s Enlightenment civil religion poses to common good constitutionalism (and any other attempt to think past the Constitution from within a constitutional framework), concluding that common good constitutionalism, insofar as it is predicated on the pre-existing Constitution and deployed within the American politico-theological domain, cannot overcome America’s Enlightenment civil religion to effect the common good.
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Cantus vivit lege Romana!

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EN
In the 14th-century treatise Ars cantus mensurabilis mensurata per modos iuris, the principles of menstrual music are explained by references to ius commune. This article aims to trace their Roman roots and to show that music too is sometimes governed by Roman law.
PL
W XIV-wiecznym traktacie Ars cantus mensurabilis mensurata per modos iuris zasady muzyki menzuralnej tłumaczone są przez odniesienia do ius commune. Celem artykułu jest prześledzenie rzymskich korzeni tych nawiązań i wykazanie, że i muzyka żyje czasem prawem rzymskim.
PL
Wśród historyków prawa istnieje przeświadczenie, że w Europie istnieje dość jednolita tradycja prawna. To przekonanie o jednolitości tradycji wynika z badań nad recepcją prawa rzymskiego przez różne kraje Europy i przyjęcie prawa rzymskiego jako podstawy dla prawa kanonicznego. Prawo rzymskie uważane jest zatem za faktyczny, historyczny fundament różnych porządków prawnych. W tym sensie, prawo rzymskie przejmuje funkcję, przypisywaną mu już w średniowieczu, ratio scripta, zbliżoną w treści do funkcji prawa natury. Co więcej, odwoływanie się do jednolitej tradycji prawnej, prowadzić może do wyrażania anachronicznych opinii o sytuacji politycznej w Europie. W artykule stawiam tezę, że prawo rzymskie nie powinno stanowić odpowiedniego punktu odniesienia dla budowania porządku prawnego w Europie, mimo oczywistych powodów, dla których mogłoby nim być.
EN
Some legal historians believe that there is a fairly uniform legal tradition in Europe. That conviction is brought about by the research of Roman law’s reception in different countries and its function for canon law. Hence, Roman law is considered to be an actual, historical foundations of different legal orders. In that sense, Roman law takes over a function, already attributed to it in Middle Ages, of ratio scripta. In content it is similar to natural law. What is more, constant reference to the uniform legal tradition can lead to anachronistic opinions on political situation in Europe. In the article I venture an opinion that Roman law should not be a valid reference point for a construction of legal order in Europe – despite the obvious reasons why it could be.
PL
The formation of Gratian’s Decretum as an example of the vitality of Roman law Gratian’s Decretum was one of the most significant legal collections in the history of canon law and was the foundation of canon law science. It was compiled in about 1140 as the consequence of many important factors. Firstly, the creation of Gratian’s Decretum was the result of various trends appearing in the history of canon law. Secondly, Decretum was an answer to the changes taking place in the Catholic Church in the 11th and 12th centuries. Finally, the formation of Gratian’s collection was related to the revival of Roman law: the teaching of Irnerius’s work recovered Roman law and the relations between canon and Roman law. Decretum became a sign of the vitality of Roman law and the beginning of canon law. The importance of Gratian’s work consisted in the method of proceeding with legal sources. The new method resulted from both scholars’ achievements and those of medieval Roman jurists.
EN
The subject of this study is the analysis of the text of Modestinus D. 49.14.10. This is an excerpt rarely interpreted by Romanists. The aim of this analysis is to show its significance for the author, Justinian compilers and contemporary romanists. The implementation of this goal is achieved through the application of the legal-historical and dogmatic analysis of this text. The most important, however, is the analysis of the original location by Modestyn. This will allow showing the meaning that the author gave him. The result of these interpretive procedures is the demonstration that it was a text guaranteeing the freedom of oral and written expression of advocates or trial lawyers in the judicial proceeding against the tax office. Thus, the fragment of Modestinus became an archetype of modern lawyer’s immunity, consisting in the possibility of free discussion and argumentation during court hearings and in legal opinions.
PL
Wśród recypowanych instytucji prawa rzymskiego, których historyczna ewolucja w ramach ius commune jest wyjątkowo interesująca, wskazać należy zagadnienia związane ze sposobem rozdziału szkód powstałych na skutek wyrzucenia ze statku części ładunku ze względu na ryzyko jego zatonięcia wynikające z przeciążenia. Zebrane w tytule De lege Rhodia de iactu rozważania prawników rzymskim były już przedmiotem twórczej interpretacji średniowiecznych prawników. Szczególnie znacząca wydaje się tutaj rola przedstawicieli szkoły glosatorów, stanowiąc istotny wkład w rozwój europejskiej nauki prawa późniejszych stuleci. W czasach nowożytnych innowacje wprowadzone przez przedstawicieli wspomnianej szkoły postrzegano jako communis opinio doctorum i stosowano w praktyce orzeczniczej Sądu Kameralnego Rzeszy. Celem ich była naprawa wszelkiej szkody, która poniesiona została w interesie wspólnym lub cudzym, co przełożyło się na treść ABGB oraz polskiego Kodeksu Cywilnego oraz norm prawa rzymsko-holenderskiego.
EN
Among the institutions adopted from Roman law whose historical evolution within ius commune is particularly interesting, it is worth pointing out the issues connected with the distribution of damage incurred as a result of throwing a part of the cargo overboard from a ship due to the risk of its sinking because of overload. Deliberations of Roman lawyers, gathered under the title De lege Rhodia de iactu, were object of medieval jurists’ creative interpretation. The role of the glossators’ school representatives seems to be particularly significant here as an important contribution to the development of the European legal doctrine in subsequent centuries. In the modern era, the innovations introduced by representatives of this school were considered communis opinio doctorum and it was applied in legal practice of the Imperial Chamber Court of the Reich. Its purpose was compensation for any damage incurred in joint interest or in other people’s interest, which was reflected in the content of ABGB, the Polish Civil Code and Roman-Dutch Law.
PL
Primarily, Gratian is known as the author of the Concordia discordantium canonum and is regarded as the “Father of Canon Law” and the most famous canonist. In the title of the Decretum he included an idea which accompanied him during his work: it was reconciliation and coordination of inconsistent canons. As a lecturer of the School of the Law in Bologne he knew how important cohesion in law was and as a follower of the Gregorian Reform he knew, too, how important the Canon Law was in the dispute between imperium and sacerdotium. Both factions, i.e., the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope, in their right argumentation, appealed to the recognized authorities and the law. Both needed the law itself internally consistent as a source of these arguments. These issues, as mentioned in the title, are discussed by the author of the present article.
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