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2017
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vol. 7
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issue 3
393-398
EN
Book review: Franz Posset, Johann Reuchlin (1455-1522). A Theological Biography (Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte 129; Berlin – Boston: De Gruyter, 2015). Pp. XXVI + 917. EUR 99,95. USD 140.00. GBP 74.99. ISBN 978-3-11-041947-4
PL
Polsko-żydowskie pogranicze językowe powstało w wyniku zetknięcia się ograniczonej terytorialnie jednojęzycznej kultury polskiej z wielojęzyczną i aterytorialną kulturą żydowską. W wyniku tego zetknięcia doszło do szeregu interferencji językowych, a także do ukształtowania się socjolektu mieszanego (polszczyzny Żydów) i języka mieszanego (jidysz – zgodnie z teorią slawocentryczną). Artykuł poświęcony jest omówieniu stanu polskich rozważań nad wzajemnymi wpływami polsko- -żydowskimi w dziedzinie językowej i ogólnemu zarysowaniu perspektyw badawczych, zwłaszcza w obrębie socjolingwistyki historycznej i dialektologii kontrastywnej.
EN
The Polish-Jewish language borderland was created as a result of the meeting of the territorially limited monolingual Polish culture with the multilingual and aterritorial Jewish culture. As a result of this encounter, a number of linguistic interferences and a mixed sociolect (Jewish Polish) and mixed language (Yiddish – according to the Slavocentric theory) emerged. This article discusses the state of Polish reflections on the mutual Polish-Jewish influences in the linguistic field and outlines general research perspectives, especially in the context of historical sociolinguistics and contrastive dialectology.
EN
For many years, Karaite exegesis had been relatively unknown to numerousBiblical scholars. This situation has been changing with an increasingaccess to source materials. As a result, more and more Karaite exegeticaltreasures representing the trends of Karaite Judaism have come to the fore.One of them is the Commentary to the Book of Hosea by Yefet ben Eli, oneof Karaism’s tenth century most significant representatives. Yefet ben Eliexhibits a remarkable knowledge of Hebrew etymology which enables himto provide unique answers to interpretative problems in the Masoretic Text.His apologetic concern for prospective Muslim readers of his commentary is also noteworthy. Although, in general, Karaism sought to concentrate onthe literal sense of Scripture, Yefet ben Eli does not shy away from recourseto rabbinic oral tradition. Still, his exegetical contribution remains unique,as selected examples from his Commentary clearly show.
EN
The Vilnius Old Testament Florilegium has been preserved as part of manuscript F 19-262 (Vilnius, The Wróblewskie Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences), dating back to the first third of the 16 th century (after 1517) and comprising Old Testament books (Job, Ruth, the Psalter, the Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Proverbs, Lamentations, Daniel, and Esther) which, except the Psalms, had been translated from Hebrew into Ruthenian. The author argues that these are in fact the third volume of the Tanakh in a Ruthenian translation produced during the 2 nd half of the 15 th century in Kiev. There is reason to think that unlike the rest of the Old Testament books which were translated into Ruthenian, the Psalms of this corpus were originally written in Hebrew using the Cyrillic characters. A small portion of this Cyrillic transcription (Psalm 150) is found in the Cyrillic Manual of Hebrew which is preserved in an East Slavic miscellany of the 3 rd quarter of the 16 th century (Moscow, Russian State Archive of Early Acts, F. Mazurin collection (f. 196), inventory 1, No 616, f. 124-130) and textually related to the Vilnius Old Testament Florilegium. At least some psalms must have been sung or recited in Hebrew by certain groups of East Slavs in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Novgorod the Great, and Muscovy during the 15th -16th centuries.
EN
Origen is the exegete and Old Christian writer whose influence on the under­standing of the Bible has always been determinative. Undoubtedly, for ecclesiasti­cal reasons he deemed the Septuagint superior and regarded it as the Christian Old Testament. He thought highly of Hebrew text as well, which he often used for his research. An expression of this belief was among others the Hexapla worked out by Origen, which can be regarded as an exceptional manifestation of esteem towards the Old Testament and its Hebrew version. Origen’s attitude towards the Bible can be characterized by two approaches: on the one hand it is the ecclesiastical approach which gives the first place to the text commonly accepted in the Church namely the Septuagint, but on the other hand he is open to every other text Hebrew or Greek, trying to understand it and take it into account in his commentary.
Dzieje Najnowsze
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2022
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vol. 54
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issue 4
85-108
EN
The Zionist movement, born at the end of the nineteenth century, called for the establishment of an independent state for the Jews. The development of the Zionist idea and the restoration of Jewish statehood was accompanied by restoring Hebrew into a language of daily use. Hebrew became the gateway to Israel. The first Hebrew lesson triggered the process of initiation into the new culture. The adoption of Hebrew was accompanied by an identity transgression that crossed many boundaries set by cultural norms associated with Diaspora languages. This process was not always quick and unambiguous. It was not infrequently accompanied by a state of limbo between old and new lifestyles, habits and requirements accompanying acclimatization to new living conditions in Israel.
PL
Pod koniec XIX w. narodził się ruch syjonistyczny, który postulował odbudowę siedziby narodowej Żydów. W synergii z rozwojem idei syjonistycznej i odbudową państwowości żydowskiej znajdował się proces przywrócenia języka hebrajskiego do codziennego użytku. Hebrajski stał się bramą do Izraela. Pierwsza lekcja hebrajskiego uruchamiała proces inicjacji do nowej kultury. Przysposobieniu języka hebrajskiego towarzyszyła transgresja tożsamościowa, która skutkowała przekroczeniem wielu granic wyznaczanych wcześniej przez powiązane z językami diaspory normy kulturowe. Proces ten nie zawsze był szybki i jednoznaczny. Nierzadko towarzyszył mu stan zawieszenia pomiędzy dawnym i nowym stylem życia, przyzwyczajeniami i wymogami towarzyszącymi aklimatyzacji do nowych warunków życia w Izraelu.
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