Political lexis may be divided into two vast divisions: internal policy and external policy. A distinctive quality of foreign policy is the fact that in the international arena exists no one center and the whole policy in point is constituted by relations between states. Therefore the central place is in this case occupied by linguistic elements denominating just political relations and actions. The article is an attempt at a thematic and formative characteristics of the lexical group EXTERNAL POLICY. The first part of the article is thematic classification. On its basis three groups of lexemes have been distinguished. The first one contains general and basic terms which are indispensable to describe the international arena and its entities (e.g. внешняя политика, сверхполитика). The second group consists of expressions for international relations connected with the activity of representations of various states (e.g. дипломат, консул, полпред). The third group includes names of international relations connected with activities of states (integration/separation,signing/cancelling agreements, conflicts between states). The second part of the article is an analysis of selected formative processes within the group EXTERNAL POLICY. It discusses the process of prefixation and the analysis demonstrated inconsiderable variety in this field, since the lexemes noted had only a few prefixes (про-, нео-, меж-, де-, сверх-, супер-). No expressions with the prefixes анти-, контр-, лже-, псевдо-, после, пост-, ультра-, пред- and до- have not been noted.
The paper presents baptismal names of inhabitants of Bielsk Podlaski from the years 1890–1909 excerpted from the church records of Orthodox parishes and a Roman Catholic parish. In the context of this confessional diversification the frequency of individual given names, their share in terms of the religious-cultural motivation and linguistic origin, as well as the forms in which they were recorded were analysed.
The subject of this article is the contemporary fashion in name-giving analyzed in the linguistic and cultural context. Today, name-giving preferences are not limited to the use of names of a single certain origin. Contemporary name-giving fashion is evolving in multiple ways. Today, traditional Christian first names, first names Slavonic in origin, as well as modern names borrowed from onymic systems of other nations are popular in Poland. Anthroponyms of Christian origin enjoy the greatest popularity. Also, a change of factors decisive for the choice of a name can be observed in the contemporary name-giving culture. Previously, religious determinants and family tradition were decisive for the name of a newly born child. Today, the choice of a name is mostly affected by fashion and aesthetic preferences.
The turn of the 20 th and 21 st centuries is connected with the significant development of the technology of social media. This is the period when the so-called new media that have a significant impact on building religious awareness of modern societies. This article is a record of research on the meanings of the concept of mission in new media, as well as the extent to which these meanings have changed over time, from ancient periods to the present day. The author presents changes in the scope of the meaning of the term missions and shows his contemporary meanings that are present in new media: entertainment, political, business, cosmic, vocational, diplomatic, automotive, health or sports. The concept of missions in the Christian field occurs in around 13%. The author makes a statement of this fact, to what extent it is the result of the secularization of society, and how much of a positive process of implementing the concept of missions into a broader linguistic range of meaning, or both.
In this paper we will examine various types of narrative techniques in the short story medium, as well as examples of the literary techniques relevant to style, plot, and perspective/point of view. Carmen Laforet’s narrative techniques provide deeper meaning for the reader and help the reader use imagination to visualize situations. Literary elements in narratives include such things as the setting, plot, theme, style or structure, characters, and perspective, or voice of the story, since literary techniques are best understood in the context of one of these elements. Common techniques relevant to plot, which is the sequence of events that make up a narrative, include backstory, flashback (analepsis), flash-forward (prolepsis). Common techniques relevant to narrative perspective, or who is telling the story, include first person, second person, third person, and third-person omniscient. The aim of this article is to examine the backstory that is used when the author, Carmen Laforet, feels it is important for the reader to know something that has happened prior to the actual events described in the short novel El piano. We will also examine the many Flashback used when the narrator or the main character takes the story back in time, and the events go back and forth between the past and the present. And so the Flash-forward, when the writer allows the reader to see future events, will be studied and analysed.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań nad technikami narracyjnymi istotnymi dla stylu, fabuły i punku widzenia narratora w nowelach Carmen Laforet oraz prezentuje ich przykłady. Pozwalają one Czytelnikom dostrzec głębsze znaczenie tekstu Carmen Laforet oraz pomagają w jego wizualizacji. Elementy literackie w narracji, poddane analizie i interpretacji w artykule, obejmują: fabułę nowel, ich tematykę, styl, strukturę świata przedstawionego oraz perspektywę narracyjną i jej ideologiczną wymowę. Techniki szczególnie istotne dla budowy fabuły i świata przedstawionego nowel Carmen Laforet to: retrospekcja, analepsa oraz prolepsa, obecne w opowiadaniu kształtowanym przez narratora w pierwszej, drugiej i trzeciej osobie oraz narratora wszechwiedzącego w trzeciej osobie. Celem artykułu jest analiza i interpretacja zabiegu retrospekcji, który jest używany, gdy Carmen Laforet uznaje za istotne, aby czytelnik wiedział, co wydarzyło się przed wydarzeniami opisywanymi w noweli El Piano. Artykuł przedstawia rownież wyniki badań nad retrospekcją stosowaną w sytuacjach, gdy autor i główna postać noweli zmieniają perpektywę czasową w swoich opowiadaniach, oscylując między teraźniejszością a teraźniejszością, a zarazem autor ujawnia Czytelnikom przyszły rozwój opisywanych wydarzeń.
Tekst stanowi relację z Międzynarodowej Konferencji Naukowej "Речь. Человек. Мир: Речевое воздействие в разных дискурсах", zorganizowanej przez Katedrę Pragmatyki Komunikacji i Akwizycji Języka Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego w dn. 19-20 maja 2016 roku.
The analysed handbook is a Polish translation of Piotr Krescencjusz’s latin books de Ruralia commoda that were very popular in medieval Europe. The books were printed for the first time in 1471, 150 years after the author’s death. Translated into many languages, the books were printed subsequently in Polish in 1549 and 1571. The subject of the work is 65 names for 29 herbs, all coming from the 2nd part of IV book entitled Wtora czesc o rzeczach ogrodnych/ które nie tak ku pokarmowi jako dla lekarstwa albo tez dla lubosci bywaja chowane. The collected names were compared with the Latin version, the first Polish edition and other historical herbals, for example manuscripts compiled by J. Rostafiński, books about herbs by M. Siennik, S. Falimirz, K. Kluk, B.S. Jundzicz. The analysis of the material focuses both on the correlation between the translation of original Latin edition and Polish historical names and on the originality of herbal names surviving up to modern times.
Dans l’article l’auteur se déclare pour la théorie du développement phonétique irrégulier du a la fréquence, formulée par Witold Mańczak. D’apres l’auteur, ce que porte a croire que la théorie de Mańczak est bien fondée ce sont, avant tout, quatre circonstances : 1) parallélismes entre les réductions syntaxiques, morphologiques et graphiques d’une part, et les réductions phonétiques postulées par Witold Mańczak de l’autre, 2) parallélismes au cadre des éléments linguistiques soumis au développement phonétique irrégulier du a la fréquence, 3) réductions réitérées des éléments linguistiques identiques du point de vue génétique et 4) parallélisme interlinguistique au cadre des éléments linguistiques soumis au développement phonétique irrégulier du a la fréquence.
Autorka, uczennica Profesora przedstawia drogę życiową swojego Mistrza. Szczególną uwagę poświęca osiągnięciom naukowym Profesora Witolda Śmiecha i obszarom naukowym, którymi On się zajmował. Zwraca również uwagę na działalność Profesora poza Uniwersytetem Łódzkim, przede wszystkim w Łódzkim Towarzystwie Naukowym.
EN
The author, a former student of Witold Śmiech, describes the story of her professor’s life. She especially concentrates on his scientific achievements and his research fields. She also describes his activity outside of the University of Lodz, especially in the Lodz Scientific Society (Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe).
In Polish onomastic terminology, ojkonym means name of the town, village or other human settlments. Periphrastic expressions arise not only for common words, but also for proper names, including geographical ones. In Polish language exist periphrases of names of continents, regions, states, names of water (hydronyms). The articles discusses the semantics and structure of about 70 periphrases relating to names of towns and villages in Poland. The most numerous collection was formed by the two-component names, whose center (the central element) was common name or a proper one. Ornamental function was the primary function of analyzed periphrases. Equally important was the marketing function, which aim is to arouse potential tourists interest.
The article is about the metaphorical usage of proper names and their place beyond the language system. Proper names quite frequently appear in modern (Polish and Russian) journalistic texts as a part of metaphors. These are, for example, such expressions as polski Hitler, Гитлер без вермахта, Himalaje wszelkiego zakłamania, “гималаи” пивных и водочных бутылок, Nowy Jork we wschodnim stylu, подмосковный Версаль, katolicki Gorbaczow, этакий черногорский Обломов, nasz Leonardo da Vinci, сегодняшние Корчагины, Мересьевы, Гагарины and others. A name loses its system properties in figurative usage. That means the name does not denote or distinguish a particular person or place that was originally designated by it, but begins to be seen as a meaningful unit. Metaphors with proper names in their structure are created from connotational meaning of a proper name, which is a given social group’s unlimited knowledge of the object that the name refers to, in its basic use.
The purpose of this article is to analyse the semantic connotations of silver in the poetry of Maria Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska. The research material includes 14 lexemes and their 108 occurrences in the text. In most cases, silver is used as a semantic determinant of the night; then, of the colour white, and occasionally, the colour grey. It holds numerous connotations deriving from references to metal (sparkle), moon and stars (death and night) and the colour white (innocence, holiness, virginity, and old age). In Pawlikowska-Jasnorzewska's poetry, silver represents the colour and shine of inanimate nature (it is stereotypically used to describe the Moon, stars and water, etc.); animate nature (flora and fauna); and extraterrestrial beings. Silver is also used to convey positive or negative connotations of the words it refers to.
The goal of this paper is to perform a preliminary investigation of the notion of inducing someone to do something. The first part of the text presents the state of research into indicators of inducing someone to do something, while the second is an attempt to compile a list of expressions which represent the notion in question.
Bei dem zu analysierenden Material handelt es sich um Anschriftformen in Briefköpfen des Schriftwechsels von Adam Mickiewicz an seine Freunde. Diese wurden aus einer Gesamtanzahl von 1154 Briefen herausnotiert. Einige Briefe waren an Personengruppen oder Institutionen gerichtet. Die Diskriminante jedoch bildet die Titelei in Briefen an Frauen (der Dichter unterhielt Korrespondenz mit 39 Damen).
One of the aspects of the secondary use of proper names, their metaphoric function, is under consideration in the paper. Proper names as metaphors, through a variety of connotative content, relativelyoften provide some type of evaluation of reality. These evaluations can be negative, for example, nowe wcielenie doktora Mengele, żydowski Stalin, сербская Голгофа or positive, for example, Napoleon mody, nasz Leonardo da Vinci, Эльдорадо оптовых закупок. The evaluation process with a metaphor is a generally available way of getting to know and assessing reality. This universal means of communication is frequently applied by authors of journalistic texts.
Tout d’abort l’auteur examine des facteurs qui décident du lieu qu’une langue donnée occuppe parmi les autres et ensuite il s’efforce à établir le rôle que le polonais a joué dans les siécles derniers et qu’il joue à présent parmi les langues de l’Europe.
Disturbances in communication have been inherent to the Polish society during the period of political transformation after 1989, which coincided with the electronic “revolution” in civilization and the growing domination of visual message transmission over verbal means of communication. In those conditions a new variety of the Polish language has emerged, for which I use the term “turn of the 21st century everyday communication Polish”, which is replete with foreign-language elements and numerous neologisms and semantic neologisms. As a result, primarily due to various external non-linguistic factors, the entire Polish language community has stratified. The most significant divisions are consistent with age group boundaries. Younger generations are more easily adaptable to modern ways of communication and have incomparably more extensive knowledge regarding the general area of electronics. However, they frequently lack general humanistic knowledge and traditional verbal communication skills. Conversely, older generations adapt to the new reality with lesser or greater difficulty, including the acceptance and acquisition of the multiplicity of new lexemes and forms, which constantly pour in as they are created in the surrounding world. However, they maintain a higher level of general knowledge and more traditional patterns of social communication than their younger counterparts. In the article I discuss the most prominent properties of everyday Polish language (lexical, semantic, phraseological, and derivational) and linguistic behaviors specific to contemporary social communication.
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