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Jazyky v poezii exilu

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EN
The article focuses on the problem of several languages in poetry written in exile or reflecting exile. After a short theoretical and historical introduction, it deals with the Czech exile poetry after 1948 in which some basic relations to languages can be found. It starts with the perception of the second language as alien (by Jana Borová, Jaromír Měšťan), then treats the second language as a cultural feature of not a necessarily exilic milieu (by Milada Součková), and decribes the project of getting several foreign languages under control (by Ivan Blatný). The final part presents the conception of an Ursprache as a language field in which a subject is constituted (by Věra Linhartová).
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Textová kontinuita a diskontinuita Ústavy ČR

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Constitutions are legal documents that usually avoid frequent amendments. Nevertheless, they do undergo changes from time to time, as evidenced by constitutional history of Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic featuring several constitutional documents. The focus of this article is on (dis-) continuity of texts of these constitutions, especially with regard to that of the current one. It shows that the latter uses formulations found already in the provisional constitution of 1918 (or even in norms of the Habsburg monarchy). The greatest affinity can be seen with the text of the 1920 Constitutional Charter, an explicit inspiration for the drafters of the 1993 Czech Constitution. Nevertheless, some affinity can also be found between the Charter and the 1948 Constitution, as well as both small and larger differences illustrating the preceding change in societal situation. The constitutional legislator could, however, also draw inspiration from the socialist Constitution of 1960 and its 1968 amendments establishing Czechoslovak federation, such as in case of the basic definition of the Constitutional Court. Therefore, the article proves that there is a continuity in texts of Czech and Czechoslovak constitutions, and that it is easier to find it in details rather than in larger parts of the text. Inspiration can also be drawn from rather unexpected sources.
CS
Ústavy jsou právní dokumenty, které obvykle nepodléhají častým novelizacím. Přesto se občas mění, a Česká a Československá republika jich za svou stoletou existenci vystřídaly několik. Tento článek se zaměřuje na (dis)kontinuitu textů těchto ústav, a to zejména se zřetelem na text té aktuální. Ukazuje, že přebírá formulace již z krátké provizorní ústavy z roku 1918, ba dokonce z norem habsburské monarchie. Největší formulační blízkost lze spatřit vůči Ústavní listině z roku 1920, která byla dle pamětníků explicitním východiskem při tvorbě té současné. V článku se ovšem prokazuje také na formulační blízkost Ústavní listiny a Ústavy 9. května z roku 1948, a jsou zdůrazněny drobné i větší rozdíly ilustrující změnu společenských poměrů, která přijetí této ústavy předcházela. Ústavodárce se však mohl inspirovat i v Ústavě ČSSR z roku 1960 a její federalizační novele z roku 1968, odkud přejal základní vymezení Ústavního soudu. Článek tedy prokazuje formulační kontinuitu textů československých ústav a Ústavy ČR, přičemž ji lze spatřovat spíše v detailech než v rozsáhlejších částech ústavního textu. Prokazuje také, že formulační inspirace lze čerpat i z dokumentů z dob, u kterých bychom to spíše nečekali.
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What a person is like and what he or she does can be a fact of her “nature“ or a fact of what she has learned up to that point in life - the constituent of her “intellectual nurture”. This divide acquires a very concrete form, especially if we look at a person as a product of evolution; and in literature extensive discussions are conducted about it. After an initial inclination towards a determining role for “nature” (a human would be as deeply genetically determined as are the other creatures), the view that much of what we do might be more culturally than genetically determined, and therefore “nurture” instead of “nature”, is now coming back into play. In this article, we conclude that though a person is, just as are other creatures, genetically determined, his or her specific, genetically-given capability is an unprecedented flexibility of behavior, and this leads to the fact that the connection between her specific manifestations and her genetic makeup is incomparably freer than is the case with other animals. (A person is “predetermined to not be predetermined”.) And from this point of view we can see culture as a route toward normalizing behavior, introducing it into the “standard” pathways when its excessive flexibility becomes a problem. This is connected with the specific role that rules play for us people.
CS
To, jaký člověk je a co dělá, může být věcí jeho „povahy“ (nature), nebo věcí toho, co se během dosavadního života naučil - součástí jeho „intelektuální potravy“ (nurture). Toto rozdělení nabývá velmi konkrétní podoby zejména tehdy, podíváme-li se na člověka jako na výtvor evoluce; a v literatuře se o něm vedou obsáhlé diskuse. Po počátečním příklonu k určující roli „povahy“ (člověk by měl být silně geneticky determinován podobně jako jiní tvorové) se nyní začínají do hry vracet názory, že za mnohé z toho, co děláme, může spíše kultura než genetika, a tedy spíše „potrava“ než „povaha“. V tomto článku dovozujeme, že ač člověk je, tak jako jiní tvorové, geneticky determinován, jeho specifickou geneticky danou zdatností je bezprecedentní flexibilita chování, která vede k tomu, že souvislost mezi jeho specifickými projevy a jeho genetickou výbavou je nesrovnatelně volnější než u jiných živočichů. (Člověk je „předurčen k nepředurčenosti“.) A kulturu můžeme z tohoto úhlu pohledu vidět jako cestu, jak chování normalizovat a uvést do „standardních“ kolejí tam, kde je přílišná flexibilita na obtíž. To souvisí se specifickou rolí, kterou u nás lidí hrají pravidla.
EN
A Fala is a language spoken in three villages on the border of Spain and Portugal. The three villages respectively attest the three varieties of the language: Valverdeñu in Valverde del Fresno, Lagarteiru in Eljas, and Mañegu in San Martín de Trevejo. This article describes the legal status of the language, its exclusion from the public education system, and the sociolinguistic situation in the three villages. The main objective is to discuss issues regarding the orthographic standardization of A Fala. The subtopics include the scope of the standard, the authority to create the standard, and two approaches to standardization: the standard as a model and the standard as general usage. Since there is no prestigious variety of A Fala which could serve as a model, the latter approach to standardization seems to be more feasible than the former. Endeavours to standardize the language should also take into account that A Fala is an independent language and not a dialect of one of the Romance languages.
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The paper discusses problems which stem from the following question: what is the goal of grammatical research of a certain language? Three main problems are uncovered: (1) the “grammatical system” is a theoretically bounded construct, (2) various approaches differ in what they account for and what they leave out of the description and (3) certain research methods are often cannot be directly linked to a particular theoretical framework, which is related to the problem of the “conversion rules” between the results and the theory and may also lead to a change in the framework under the influence of the method. Based on these problems, three questions are raised: (1) what is the best solution to these problems (provided there is one), (2) are these problems principal or temporary and (3) do we really need to look for a solution to these problems while doing grammatical research. The paper tries to find an answer to these questions and argues that the current diversity of approaches and aims in the research of language and its use is universally beneficial.
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Valonština v Belgii

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Walloon is a Romance language, closely related to French. The two languages have existed in close proximity for centuries and have influenced one another. Especially since the beginning of the 20th century, Walloon has been oppressed by the more dominant language. That is one of the reasons why it is gradually dying out. This article describes Walloon and its evolution, characteristics of the language, its literature, and current activities promoting its survival. Research work undertaken in this area is also presented, with particular reference to investigations accomplished in 2011/2012 by means of the questionnaire method. The questionnaire focused on Walloon interlocutors, on the Walloon background, generational transmission, presence of the language in the respondents’ everyday life, on their attitude to the language and the mutual interference of Walloon and French. The findings of the research work confirm the following hypotheses. Walloon is spoken most frequently by older men living in the countryside. The language is not transmitted from generation to generation. These facts are common to the majority of regional languages.
EN
Arabizi, the romanized version of the Arabic writing system, is a phenomenon born with the dissemination of new technologies at the end of the 20th century. The first mobile phones and internet weren’t at first able to use other language systems than Latin. Thus Arabizi — a combination of the words Arabi and Inglizi (Arab word for English) — emerged. It uses Latin alphabet and numerals to put down Arabic. The idea is not exactly new — there have been to be promoters of Latinized version of Arabic since the 19th century. Nowadays, Arabizi has its advocates as well as opponents. This paper maps the history of the phenomenon of Arabizi, it presents its basics and introduce the main effects it has on the present-day Arab society.
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Laická jazykověda

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So-called folk linguistics, i.e. folk beliefs concerning language, may be a valuable source of information for various linguistic fields and for practical applications, e.g. in teaching practice. The author presents an analysis of folk linguistics as it can be reconstructed from Internet discussions by Czechspeaking women (especially mothers). The results show that the folk theory of language and its use is quite complex, with multiple connections to a scientific theory of language (probably acquired through school education) and with important evaluative features (including e.g. folk theories of correctness and errors). The author proposes a new Czech term (laická jazykověda) and suggests that the theory should be seen as dynamic (e.g. changing over time and during speakers’ lives) and structured (e.g. consisting of a centre and peripheries and containing several “layers” of shared sub-theories).
EN
The main objective of this study is to bring experience from the development of suprasegmental phenomena to pupils learning to read, fluently speaking with the emphasis on raising the language level and cultivating the auditory form of correct speaking and literary Slovak.
SK
Hlavným cieľom tejto štúdie je sprostredkovať skúsenosti z rozvíjania suprasegmentálnych javov u žiakov, ktorí sa učia čítať, plynule rozprávať s akcentom na zvyšovanie jazykovej úrovne a kultivovanie auditívnej podoby správneho hovorenia a spisovnej slovenčiny.
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Jazyk a krajina v antropologickém výzkumu

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Language is a key element in the perception, formation, and reproduction of landscapes and group boundaries. It is effective in at least three dimensions, namely, the inner/cognitive, the outward/appropriative, and the collective/identitarian. The inner dimension refers to the fact that our perception of landscape and our spatial cognition are determined, to a large extent, by the linguistic terms and grammatical structures specific to our language. The outward dimension refers to the capacity of language to project linguistically- and culturally-determined understandings into the physical world and create and appropriate places and landscapes by the act of naming. Finally, the collective dimension points to the importance of the linguistic delimitation of landscapes and their association with group identities. The article summarizes crucial recent findings in all three of the aforementioned dimensions and suggests possibilities for further research.
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It is the aim of this article to examine the relations between the conception of masculinity and the Czech language. This conception can be reconstructed on the basis of academic, journalistic and artistic National Revival texts. This research focuses on the period in which fundamental changes were taking place in European thinking on language and gender order. The article attempts to prove that on the basis of statements made on language, much can be learnt of the way in which Czech National Revivalists conceived their own masculinity. The question is foregrounded whether Czech was perceived as a language that was so masculine that it could even guarantee the conceived masculinity of its male users.
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The article is acontrastive analysis of word-forming potential for six Czech and Polish ono­matopoeic verbs, such as: HLTAT / ŁYKNĄĆ; 2) CHLEMTAT / CHŁEPTAĆ; 3) CHROUPAT / CHRUPAĆ; 4) MLASKAT / MLASKAĆ; 5) SRKAT / CHLIPAĆ; 6) ŠPLOUCHAT / CHLUPAĆ. Using methodology of word-formation nests, two aspects of these words were analyzed: 1) abstract word-forming paradigm, 2) aword-forming chain. The analysis showed that in both languages ono­matopoeic verbs quite regularly will derive verbs naming the result of the action and the verbs expressing intensity or weakening of the action. In Czech language there are also verbs naming completion of the action, verbs accentuating the beginning of the action or its direction. Word-form­ing chains are different: Czech are constituted by: verb → adjective → adverb, Polish by: verb → noun → verb.
CS
Záměrem autorky je konfrontovat slovotvorný potenciál onomatopoických sloves češtiny apolštiny spojených s jídlem apitím, např.: 1) HLTAT/ŁYKNĄĆ; 2) CHEMLAT/CHŁEPTAĆ; 3) CHROUPAT/CHRUPAĆ; 4) MLASKAT/MLASKAĆ; 5) SRKAT/CHLIPAĆ; 6) ŠPLOUCHAT/CHLUPAĆ. Používá při tom metodologii slovotvorných hnízd, což znamená 1) vertikální analýzu hnízda — až na typický slovotvorný svazek, 2) horizontální — postupnou derivaci, kterou lze popsat v rámci slovotvorných řetězců. Zanalýzy vyplývá, že se v obou jazycích derivují substantiva s významem výsledků děje aslovesa vyjadřující zesílení nebo zeslabení děje. K typickému českému slovotvorném svazku patří také slovesa s významem úplnosti děje, slovesa zdůrazňující začátek procesu nebo jeho směr. Slovotvorné řetězce jsou v obou jazycích odlišné: v češtině je tvoří základní sloveso → adjektivum → adverbium; v polštině: základní sloveso → substantivum → sloveso
EN
The present study examines the manner in which Ivan Blatný approaches three interrelated themes — identity, language, and the human body — throughout Pomocná škola Bixley, his last verse collection. I argue that as Blatný grappled with the decline of his mental and physical strength, these themes merged in his writing. Through a series of critical readings I demonstrate the way Blatný treats poetic ability and fractured identity in terms of mastery over broken language and body. The poet splits his lyrical “I” in numerous ways, making his poems more self-aware and self-deprecating than before. There is also a tension between the joy that language brings him and his being powerless to comprehend it. The use of body imagery (arteries, bones, etc.) repeatedly accentuates this correlation, intermingling as it does with reflections on the perplexing nature of writing. By equating the failure to comprehend the human body with the incapacity to explain his own language, Blatný transforms these twin issues into a struggle to understand the person(s) he has become. This expanded thematic unity provides an approach which allows us to understand Pomocná škola Bixley as a cohesive collection, complete with an interconnected system of metaphors and imagery, rather than the disorganized mass it may appear to be at first reading.
CS
Článek se věnuje otázce, jakým způsobem přistupuje Ivan Blatný k trojici navzájem propojených témat — identitě, jazyku a lidskému tělu — ve své poslední sbírce Pomocná škola Bixley. Při zápase s úpadkem duševních a tělesných sil se Blatnému tato témata v jeho psaní spojila. Kritickým čtením předvádím Blatného pojetí básnických schopností a roztříštěné identity prizmatem vlády nad rozbitým jazykem a tělem. Básník různými způsoby štěpí své lyrické já, čímž zvyšuje sebereflexivitu a sebeironii básní, jež navíc vykazují napětí mezi radostí, již mu jazyk přináší, a jeho neschopností jazyku porozumět. Tato korelace je opakovaně zdůrazněna využitím obrazů tělesnosti (cév, kostí atd.), jež se proplétají s úvahami o matoucí povaze psaní. Ztotožněním nepochopitelnosti lidského těla s nevysvětlitelností vlastního jazyka Blatný oba problémy proměňuje v zápas o pochopení té osoby či osob, jimiž se stal. Tato rozšířená básnická jednota rýsuje přístup, který nám umožňuje vnímat Pomocnou školu Bixley jako soudržnou sbírku s vnitřně propojeným systémem metafor a obrazů a nikoli jako dezorganizovanou masu, jak se při prvním čtení může jevit.
CS
V roce 2002 se v České republice objevil zajímavý fenomén — neznámá dívka Petra Hůlová vydala knihu, která se stala největším literárním pozdvižením posledních let. Spisovatelčin debut Paměť mojí babičce získal cenu Magnesia Litera v kategorii Objev roku a zvítězil v anketě „Lidových novin” jako Kniha roku. Próza Umělohmotný třípokoj získala Cenu Jiřího Ortena. Hůlová získala v roce 2008 Cenu Josefa Škvoreckého za román Stanice Tajga. Spisovatelka je v každé knize jiná, což však neznamená, že by její tvorba neměla svůj osobitý styl. Dnes je zřejmě nejoceňovanější mladou autorkou. Upozornila na sebe jazykem, jenž je směsicí obecne češtiny a překvapivých přirovnání, ale ojedinělá je i fabulační odvahou. Kniha, která nás zajímá — Umělohmotný třípokoj — je čtvrtým románem mladé prozaičky. Polská překladatelka Julia Różewicz byla oceněna jako „Nová tvář” literárního měsíčníku „Literatura na Świecie” („Světová literatura”) za překlad této knihy Petry Hůlové (polsky Plastikowe M3, czyli czeska pornografia). Cílem této práce je analýza specifického autorského jazyka, který česká spisovatelka v knize vytvořila, a jeho následná konfrontace s jazykem, který pro jeho „českou mutaci“ zvolila překladatelka Julia Różewicz.
EN
In 2002 in the Czech Republic a very interesting phenomenon occured — an unknown young woman named Petra Hůlová published a book, which caused the biggest literary stir of recent years. The writer’s debut Paměť mojí babičce received the Magnesia Litera Award in the Objev roku (Discovery of the Year) category and won the Lidove noviny’s poll as Kniha roku (Book of the Year). The prose of Umělohmotný třípokoj won the Jiry Orten Award. In 2008, Hulova was awarded with the Josef Škvorecký Award for the novel Stanice Tajga. In every book the writer seems different, which does not mean that she has no individual style. She is undoubtedly the most award‑winning young author today. She captured readers’ attention with the language used, which is a mixture of colloquial Czech and surprising similes. Quite unique is also the bravery of her storytelling. The book we are interested in, Umělohmotný třípokoj, is the fourth novel by the young writer. The Polish translator Julia Różewicz was awarded for the “New face” category of the literary magazine Literatura na Świecie for her translation of the Petra Hulova’s book (in Polish: Plastikowe M3, czyli czeska pornografia, Afera 2013). The goal of this study is to analyze the Czech author’s specific language and to later confront it with the language chosen for its “Czech mutation” by the translator, Julia Różewicz.
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Karel IV. a čeština

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The text focuses on different aspects of the relation of Charles IV of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia, to the Czech language and other languages. As is well known, Charles IV mastered German, Czech, French, Italian and Latin, in both oral and written forms. He was also the author of many literary works (autobiography, legend, parts of chronicles, legal literature). In the Golden Bull (the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire), Charles IV set the Czech language as one of the three official languages of the Empire (together with German and Italian), promoted literature written in Czech and initiated the creation of Klaretovy slovníky. He sponsored the foundation of the Emmaus Monastery in Prague and its scriptorium, where numerous texts in Old Slavonic were created.
EN
The paper concentrates on selected passages from Uwe Johnsonʼs opus magnum, Jahrestage (Anniversaries), in which the Prague Spring and the events of 1968 play a key role, and develops some ideas on how narrations of history and critique of language can jointly (as a translation of sorts) be understood as a critical approach to what is taken to be the present and the reality of the past. It is argued that Hannah Arendtʼs notion of the unpredictability of the future and of the event variously influenced the modalities of narration as employed by Johnson. The central issue of Jacques Derridaʼs Prague lecture on how a city determines ‘our’ modes of (self-)preception and how a location can be grasped and ‘dated’ in writing is put to use in order to develop a singular perspective on some neglected aspects in Johnsonʼs work. Johnson’s novel and its commentaries nils plath 179 form a diverse reflection on time, reality, and the media which can affirm its contemporaneity when understood as exemplary in contesting, by the voice of literature, the functionalization of history and its narrative.
CS
Článek probírá vybrané pasáže z hlavního díla Uweho Johnsona Jahrestage, v němž významnou roli hrají události „pražského jara“ v roce 1968, a zamýšlí se nad možností chápat historická vyprávění a kritiku jazyka společně (v překladu sui generis) jako kritický vztah k takzvané současnosti a k realitě minulosti. Článek ukazuje, jak jsou způsoby vyprávění, jichž Johnson využívá, ovlivněny pojetím nepředvídatelné budoucnosti a události u H. Arendtové. Klíčové téma pražské přednášky Jacquesa Derridy — jak město determinuje „naše“ vnímání a sebevědomí a jak lze při psaní uchopit a „časovat“ lokalitu — tu je využito k získání přístupu k některým opomíjeným aspektům Johnsonova díla. Johnsonů román a komentáře k němu podávají vnitřně rozmanitou reflexi o čase, skutečnosti a médiích, reflexi, která osvědčí svou současnou platnost, pokud ji vnímáme jako exemplární, hlasem literatury přednesené zpochybnění funkčního přístupu k dějinám a vyprávění o nich.
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