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Vertikalismus na španělsko-portugalském pomezí: leonština a mirandština

100%
Mrva J.
Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)
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2021
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vol. 103
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issue 1
74-87
EN
In this article we present to the Czech reader for the first time the concept of verticalism or linguistic verticalization as a process of language shift and language change, first introduced by the linguists Salmons (2005) and Frey (2013). The theory aims to clearly describe the transition of self-government functions on the community level into the hands of a superior political entity. In our case, we approach it primarily from a sociolinguistic point of view, where the community is represented by a minority language and the specific superior political entity by a majority language. We applied this verticalization theory in a very interesting area: Western Asturian-Leonese languages, Mirandese and Leonese, which are spoken in Portugal and Spain. Although these languages are genetically very closely related, each of them is at a different stage of a co-officialization process, which is involved in determining the degree of verticalization. Field research in the described areas yielded results based on the experience of bilingual speakers as reported in questionnaires and interviews that completed the final picture of the ongoing verticalization process.
2
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Enantiosémie z perspektivy lingvistických teorií intersubjektivity

100%
Beneš M.
Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics
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2018
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vol. 9
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issue Special Issue 2018
124-134
EN
This paper deals with two rather under-researched aspects of enantiosemy, i.e. the state in which one word in a given language has two opposite meanings. First, the paper investigates how is it possible for the second, opposite meaning to emerge (= individual-psychological aspect); second, it focuses on the processes of spreading throughout the language community (= social-psychological aspect). As far as the first aspect is concerned, this paper is based on the Vygotskian trends in SLA (FLT, FLL; see e.g. van Compernolle, 2015; Wertsch, 1994) and conceives enantiosemy as result of an inferring false hypothesis about the meaning of the given word from the input. It shows that these false hypotheses, if not disproved, subsequently transform into rules constituting the new, opposite meanings. As far as the second aspect is concerned, this paper is based on the linguistic theories of intersubjectivity, where meanings are conceptualized as rules, i.e. normative social facts, existing in the so-called intersubjectivity of the language users’ minds (see e.g. Itkonen, 2003; 2008a; Zlatev et al., 2008; Zlatev, 2016; Verhagen, 2015). The spreading of the second, opposite meaning is perceived as a series of consequent individual-psychological acquisitions of the new rule with the new, opposite content (i.e. false hypothesis > new, opposite rule) by the first, second, third etc. language users. From this perspective, it is possible to demonstrate the difference between enantiosemy from the language’s point of view (one part of a language community knows the old meaning only, while the second knows only the new, opposite meaning) and enantiosemy from the user’s point of view (some members of a community knowing both the old and the new, opposite meaning).
3
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Jak a proč sociologizovat pohled na jazykovou kulturu

71%
Beneš M.
Naše řeč (Our Speech)
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2016
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vol. 99
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issue 5
227-242
EN
The paper outlines the conceptualization of language cultivation from the perspective of so-called ontological “socialism”. In the first part, it briefly describes this conceptualization, concentrating on its central, most relevant aspects (concepts of intersubjectivity, common knowledge and normativity of language). In the second part, it deals with its selected implications for the subject field of language cultivation, in particular with regard to the phenomenon of language correctness. In the final, third part, the paper tentatively proposes the contours of a research program that would be useful to establish in light of these implications.
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