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Blasts from the Preclassical Past: Why Contemporary Economics Education Should Listen to Preclassical Thought

100%
Michaud T. A.
Studia Gilsoniana
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2019
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vol. 8
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issue 4
839-855
EN
Contemporary economics is dominated by logical positivism, a methodology that emphasizes empirical validation of theories but excludes normative evaluation. Preclassical economics was premised on normative analysis. With the growing socialist movement in the USA, especially among the millennials, who are fixated on moral issues of justice and equality, positive economics is alienated from addressing the normative challenges of socialism. There are, however, basic normative principles from Preclassical thought which can be used to contest socialist moral claims, particularly in economics education.
2

May contracts be entirely free? Some comparative remarks on various approaches to freedom of contract

100%
Marzec Ł.
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
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2014
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vol. 7
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issue 1
59–67
EN
The range of the real freedom of contracts in private law was both a growth factor of societies as well as a measure of the extent of their internal changes. The practice worked out by the Roman lawyers, though limited formally by contract nominalism, became the basis of modern-day solutions. In spite of a simultaneous reconstruction of the social and economic systems which may be summed up after H. Maine as a development from status to contract – the principles of the freedom of contract together with their fundamental limitations, had remained valid. In this context, one may mention the laws which protect the rights of economically weaker subjects, such as the ban on the loss of the pledged asset (lex commissoria), the permissible relation of the price to the value during sale transactions (laesio enormis), maximum prices on basic goods (edictum Diocletanii de pretiis rerum venalium). A special but continually valid issue which is analyzed, among others by Cicero, is that of mutual honesty of vendors and purchasers: to what extent can they make use of the information which is unknown to the other party; at what point we can say that they have overstepped the boundary-line of stratagem. As regards the latter issue, there is no uniformity of opinion in different legal systems; it seems that it is the principle of maximum facilitation of trade that takes the upper hand and is not unknown to the Roman law. The author of the article also analyzes the beginnings of actio de dolo and the different contemporary court experience. In conclusion, the author poses an open question concerning the future of contract law in view of the too far advanced freedom of contracts
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Siódme: „Nie kradnij”. O średniowiecznym odkrywaniu rynku na marginesie książki Paola Prodiego

51%
Bukała M. W.
Rocznik Tomistyczny
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2018
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vol. 7
177-192
EN
In the article, the topic of the medieval „discovering” of the market is discussed, with the references to the Paolo Prodis’ book Settimo non rubare. Furto e mercato nella storia dell’Occidente. The author of the book, following Harold Berman, finds the changes in the 11th and 12th century Church, as the decisive mile stones in the development of the civilization of Western Christianity. The mentioned „papal revolution” led to the historical distinction between the spiritual and the political sphere, and later, to the autonomy of economic one. Accordingly, the Italian historian rejects the thesis that Enlightenment was the new beginning in the European history. In the P. Prodi’s analysis, the Latin term forum plays the crucial role. The word signified the place, square, especially the place where court proceedings occurred. Therefore, in the later abstract sense forum signified criteria or rules of judgement: both in the juridical meaning (forum civile, f. canonico, f. consciantiae), and the economic one, in which forum meant exactly „the market”. The “discovering” of the market rules was a consequence the development of the theoretical reasoning about mercantile activity. It was essentially related to the concepts of the just price (iustum pretium) and the common estimation (communis aestimatio). According to P. Prodi the common character of the estimation was of essential importance, as well as the new version of the Roman rule Res tantum valet, quantum vendi potest, with the medevial addendum: scilicet communiter. The author criticised the view, that the process of defining of the market was mainly the result of reception of Aristotelian Ethics and Politics. He underlined that in the penitential handbooks of the 12th and 13th century the focus was significantly shifted from the vice of avarice to the commandment „You shall not steal”; moreover the significant violation of the rules of fair market exchange begun to be considered as a sin against this commandment. In the article, the significance of the application of the notion forum commune by Thomas Aquinas (in the treatise on credit sale) was underlined. The interconnection between the concept of the market and the idea of common good was expressed in the juxtaposition of terms: forum commune – bonum commune. M. W. Bukała observes that the thesis about the limited influence of Aristotelian thought on the examined issue can be additionally confirmed by the analysis of the Article on mercantile profit in Summa Theologiae by St. Thomas (II-II, q. 77, a. 4), where Aquinas distances himself from the Philosopher’s view. The P. Prodi discourses were amended by the significant distinction: not every violation of ethics of economic life was considered as the theft by the medieval moralists – e.g.: the determinatio of the casus of buying grain with the deferred delivery for an undercut price, in canon „Naviganti” (X 5.5.19, 2do), and in the related comments of the 13th century canonist, Clarus Florentinus. Moreover, the Jacques Le Goff’s critique of the Prodi’s approach was undermined.
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