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EN
The study concerns: (1) the relationship of the weekly cycle with the fixed feasts of the Incorporeal Host, John the Bapstist, Ss Peter and Paul and St Nicholas of Myra (2) the calendar layout including ‘previous’ and ‘past’ Saturdays and Sundays; (3) the dates of celebration of the collects of the saints and of some icons in the Menaion and the Triodion periods; (4) the relationship of the Triodion and Pentecostarion with fixed feasts (Ss Theodore Tyron, Gregory Palamas, Mary of Egypt); (5) the Saturdays of Remembrance. The paper presents some manuscripts in Polish collections that exhibit differences in the combination of the Lenten and Paschal cycles with fixed feasts. A detailed investigation of the extant manuscripts of this type (notably the variation of prescriptions from the last part of the Typikon and other liturgical marginal notes) should yield significant data on the history of the divine service in the Orthodox churches of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
EN
Kasjan (Kalikst) Sakowicz (about 1578-1647) was born as a son of orthodox priest. He studied in Zamojski Academy, Cracow University. From 1620 to1624, he was the rector of the orthodox school in Kiev. Sakowicz decided to become Basilian monk and later Augustinian monk. He wrote interesting polemical papers; for example: „Kalendarz Stary” (two versions) and others. Sakowicz published the chronological table to calculate Easter date up to 1933 year. Piotr Mohyła metropolitan of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth criticized Sakowicz’s arguments for the gregorian calendar use.
EN
Wisdom and discernment of ecumenical patriarch Jeremiah II Tranos has helped to safeguard the Orthodox Church and the faith against foreign influence of the non-Orthodox who have pursued solely to ensure their benefits. Orthodox believers in Polish Republic have obediently followed his orders consistently rejecting any novelties and aberrations of the Latin Church who has not accepted a method of dialogue preferring to use calendar reform as a measure to apply papal propaganda. Initial failure of the Roma has not restrained its policy on Orthodoxy. Active and uncompromising proselyte activity of Jesuit order has repeatedly led to tensions and fights between faithful of both Churches. Initial trial to impose the new calendar has turned into battlefield of pressure and persecution. In such a particularly critical period in history ecumenical patriarch Jeremiah II Tranos has himself rushed to the aid of Kiev Metropolis located within boundaries of the Polish Republic. Orthodox Church in Poland continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform after a time on 12 April 1924, for the sake of convenience in international trade. Orthodox people of the Polish Republic have protested against the new calendar treating it as one of the main reasons of their struggle
EN
From the very beginning of the 13th century medieval Serbia moved towards making “national” saints of its own. Emancipation of Serbian church and gaining of autocephaly (1217) gave a strong impulse towards that goal. First national Serbian saint was Stephen Nemanja, founder of the dynasty that has ruled medieval Serbia for almost two centuries. We have taken into consideration the period up to the mid 15th century i.e. till the moment when independent Serbian state ceased to exist. During that period eighteen persons were proclaimed saints, among them rulers (kings, dukes and tsars), archbishops, hermits, amongst them only one woman. Most popular among them, according to the medieval sources, were Nemanja himself, his son Rastko – Saint Sabba (first archbishop of the Serbian autocephalous church) and Saint Arsenios, successor of St Sabba. Such a conclusion can be drawn upon the numerous preserved copies of the church services composed to honor them. Some of the Serbian cults were established under the influence of political issues. Some of the services (eg. to archbishop Nicodemus or patriarch Ephrem) are extremely rare, preserved in small number of copies. Services (akolоuthiai) and Vita of Serbian saints that were imported into the official calendar of the Serbian church during the medieval period are being, from the end of the 15th century, collected in the miscellanea named Srbljak eg. manuscript № 479 from the Chilandar monastery or № 18 from the National Library of Serbia.
FR
Wyzwanie związane z pomiarem czasu jest tak antyczne jak ludzkość. Problem dotyczący dokładności kalendarza zajmował wybitne umysły, z wynikami jednak zawsze niezadowalającymi. Dopiero w 1582 roku, z Grzegorzem XIII doszło się do precyzyjnego kalendarza, będącego wynikiem naukowych umiejętności różnych krajów europejskich. Znajomość niektórych elementów, które leżą u podstaw kalendarza gregoriańskiego, jest celem badania, które pozwali uchwycić sens pomiaru czasu, który krąży od około trzech tysięcy lat wokół daty Wielkanocy.
EN
The challenge concerning measuring time is as ancient as humanity. The problem of the accuracy of the calendar occupied outstanding scholars, but the results were always unsatisfactory. It was not until 1582 that at the times of Gregory XIII a precise calendar was created, which was the result of the scientific skills in various European countries. To identify some of the elements that underlie the Gregorian calendar is the purpose of this study, which examines the sense of measuring time that has been circulating around Easter for about three thousand years.
6
72%
ELPIS
|
2013
|
vol. 15
107-116
EN
The issue of the liturgical calendar of the Orthodox Church is one of the topics currently being discussed. Using the julian or neojulian liturgical calendar raises in faithful not only dilemmas or doubts, but also confusion, as shown by discussions on some social networking sites.The author of this text wants to bring closer reader to the problems of this issue and clarify the liturgical and calendar duality. This paper also develops such topics as the history of the christian calendar, reckoning of years, creation of calendars: julian, gregorian and neojulian, as well as problems arising from using two calendars within one local Church. This work shows that the use of one kind or another calendar is not a violation of dogma, but may lead to a breach of a rule, established at the time of the Ecumenical Councils. You should be aware that the julian calendar was not strictly a calendar set up for the liturgical aims, but it was adapted for formulating the liturgical order. Experience of the liturgical life shows that, even though type of calendar is not a dogma, entering neojulian calendar permanently divided some local Orthodox communities. Introduction of neojulian calendar was not necessary, and the events at the beginning of the twentieth century is warning to refrain from taking radical action to reform liturgical life. Certainly this is a difficult issue that requires common action under the providence of Grace of the Holy Spirit.
PL
The article presents the major hypotheses concerning the emergence of the 364-day calendar within Judaism and the related calendrical controversy, which presumably caused the separation of a certain group of Jews, known to us as the Qumran Community, from the temple cult in Jerusalem. It is not known whether the 364-day calendar tradition is older than that of the Astronomical Book, or whether the adoption of this tradition was accompanied by conflicts. The Qumran texts do not provide unequivocal evidence for any calendrical polemics. The only witness to these polemics is The Book of Jubilees, copies of which were found in the Qumran library. However, the Qumran Community itself did not share the radical line of The Book of Jubilees, which condemns reliance on the moon in time-keeping. The 364-day calendar is presumed to have been a distinctive feature of the Qumran Community, which however did not arouse any controversies within Second Temple Judaism.
9
72%
EN
In the face of the majestic conclusion of the flood narrative in Gen 9,1-17, the short text in Gen 8,20-22 seems sometimes to be neglected in biblical literature or considered as only a side issue. In our article, we focus on the promise of God concerning the organization of the cosmos after the flood cataclysm, trying to show the extent and theological depth of the biblical author's vision in Gen 8,22. In his view, God's promise is not limited to a purely temporal re-organization of the cosmos after the cataclysm. Rather, it  evokes the principles of the primordial organization of the cosmos established in the original creation act. 
PL
Wobec rozmachu majestatycznego opisu zakończenia potopu zawartego w 9,1-17, uznawane tradycyjnie za dzieło redaktora jahwistycznego zakończenie kataklizmu opisane w Rdz 8,20-22 bywa niekiedy traktowane jedynie zdawkowo w literaturze biblijnej, jako mające znaczenie drugorzędne. W niniejszym opracowaniu, koncentrując się zapowiedzi Boga dotyczącej świata po potopie pragniemy ukazać głębię teologicznej refleksji autora biblijnego. W jego ujęciu obietnica Boga zawarta w Rdz 8,22 nie ogranicza się do czysto temporalnej reorganizacji kosmosu po wydarzeniu potopu, ale przywołuje zasady pierwotnej organizacji świata, określone przez Boga w dziele stworzenia.
Roczniki Nauk Prawnych
|
2017
|
vol. 27
|
issue 4
109-126
PL
Artykuł Patronaty świętych i błogosławionych w prawodawstwie Kościoła łacińskiego zawiera następujące zagadnienia szczegółowe: podstawy prawno-dogmatyczne kultu świętych i błogosławionych, dlaczego oddajemy kult świętym i błogosławionym, jakie są przyczyny rozwoju kultu świętych. Ponadto, zostały ukazane zasady wprowadzania świętych do Ogólnego kalendarza rzymskiego, jak również zasady dotyczące wpisywania świętych i błogosławionych do kalendarza liturgicznego oraz ustanawianie świętych patronami województw, powiatów, miast, większych terytoriów, ulic, stowarzyszeń, szkół, uniwersytetów oraz rodzin zakonnych. Szczegółowe dane odnośnie do kalendarza danego kraju i wprowadzenia nowych świętych do kalendarza zawierają aktualne dokumenty Kościoła łacińskiego. Dokumenty te podkreślają, że wszelkie obchody dotyczące Kościoła partykularnego, które należy uwzględnić w kalendarzach mają być – zgodnie z wytycznymi Kongregacji ds. Kultu Bożego i Dyscypliny Sakramentów – podporządkowane obchodom powszechnym. Do tejże Kongregacji należy ocena warunków przedstawionych w prośbie, wskazanie rangi obchodu liturgicznego oraz przedstawienie prośby Ojcu Świętemu. Święci mogą być także ustanawiani – za zgodą Kongregacji ds. Kultu Bożego i Dyscypliny Sakramentów – patronami województw, powiatów, miast, większych terytoriów, ulic, stowarzyszeń, szkół, uniwersytetów oraz rodzin zakonnych. Błogosławieni mogą zaś być patronami tych miejsc tylko na mocy specjalnego indultu Stolicy Apostolskiej.
EN
The Patronage of Saints and Blesseds in the Legislation of the Latin Church is comprised of the following particular matters: the juridical-dogmatic foundations of the cult of saints and blesseds; why we observe the cult of saints and blesseds; what are the causes for development of the cult of saints. In addition are presented the rules for adding saints to the General Roman Calendar and also for inscribing saints and blesseds into the liturgical calendar as well as establishing patron saints for provinces, counties, cities, larger territories, streets, associations, schools, universities, and religious community families. The particular details regarding the calendar of a given country and introducing new saints to the calendar are contained in current documents of the Latin rite Church. These documents emphasize that all commemorations concerning the particular Church which are included in the calendar, are to be subordinated to the commemorations of the universal Church, in conformity with the directives of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. It belongs to this Congregation to evaluate the conditions presented in requests, to assign liturgical ranking, and to introduce petitions to the Holy Father. Saints can also be established – with the approval of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments – as patrons of provinces, counties, cities, larger territories, streets, associations, schools, universities, and religious community families. Blesseds however can only be established as patrons of places only with special permission granted by indult from the Holy See.
ELPIS
|
2016
|
vol. 18
65-73
PL
Artykuł został poświęcony menologionowi znajdującemu się w jedynym cyrylickim starym druku Ewangeliarza pełnego wydanego Drukarni Kijowsko-Peczerskiej Ławry w 1707 roku. Zawiera ogólną charakterystykę części minejnej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem liczby dni w poszczególnych miesiącach, lokalnych świąt oraz świętych (ich obecność lub opuszczenie). Jako materiał porównawczy wykorzystano 18 innych starych druków tetraewangelii (tłoczonych do 1712 roku w różnych zakładach drukarskich (w Moskwie, Wilnie, Lwowie i Kijowie). Szczegółowa (liturgiczna i tekstologiczna) analiza, ograniczona do miesiąca września, wskazała na bliskie podobieństwo omawianego lekcjonarza pełnego i dwóch innych tetraewangelii wydanych w Kijowie w latach 1697 i 1712.
EN
The article is devoted to the menologion of the only Cyrillic full lectionary Gospel printed by the Printing house of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra in the year 1707. It gives general description of its menologion with a special attention to the number of days for every month, local celebrations and saints (their presence or absence). A detailed analysis (based on liturgical and textological research) of the September in comparison with 18 other early printed tetragospels (printed to 1712 in different printing houses of Moscow, Vilnius, Lvov and Kiev) shows close relationship of the analyzed full lectionary only with two Gospels printed in Kiev at 1697 and 1712.
12
58%
Vox Patrum
|
2007
|
vol. 50
319-330
FR
L’article présente les Constutitions apostoliques recemment publiées dans la version polonaise. L’analyse du calendrier civil et liturgiąue employé dans cette compilation ainsi que la position prise par l’auteur sur la datę de Paques confirme que cet ouvrage a éte rédigé a la fin du IVe siecle dans la region de la Syrie. Par contrę, la comparaison avec les écrits anterieurs que les Constitutions utilisent, surtout avec la Didascalie apostoliąue montre le developpement des pratiques liturgiques en IIIe et IVe siécle.
EN
L’article présente les Constutitions apostoliques recemment publiées dans la version polonaise. L’analyse du calendrier civil et liturgiąue employé dans cette compilation ainsi que la position prise par l’auteur sur la date de Paques confirme que cet ouvrage a éte rédigé a la fin du IVe siecle dans la region de la Syrie. Par contre, la comparaison avec les écrits anterieurs que les Constitutions utilisent, surtout avec la Didascalie apostoliąue montre le developpement des pratiques liturgiques en IIIe et IVe siécle.
EN
In the process of celebrating holidays and cultivation of religious ceremonies Orthodox Macedonians mainly were using the Julian calendar, even though, at the time when the territory of Macedonia was ruled by other countries, also the Gregorian calendar were in use. At the moment, the Macedonian Orthodox Church and the faithful use the Julian calendar, i.e. an old, unreformable style, but numerous members of the diaspora are convinced they should use, for pragmatic reasons, the calendar of the “Western tradition” in calculation holidays, because they want to have the opportunity to spend holidays – especially Christmas – in the family circle and in their own country, like the other Christians. An important aspect is the issue of differential treatment of many rites (ceremonies) and rituals. As an example we can give the ritual of Christmas, consists in inserting a coin into the so-called “pita” (layer pastry) and breads in Macedonia: central, southern and eastern parts of the country celebrate it on the day of Christmas Eve by the old calendar style (i.e. 6 January), while in the northern, western and south-western regions it is celebrated on the eve of Vasilica (St. Basil, January 13). Cultural and religious diversity and tradition that prevailed in Macedonia over the centuries, has imposed some form of celebrating holidays that have a little in common with Christianity, such as the celebration of the Virgin Mary on August 28th or the time of “unclean days “, which are celebrated between Christmas and the revelation of the Lord. Therefore it is important to examine what is the view of the majority of the faithful, ordinary citizens or the Synod about this issue.
EN
In the 19th century, writing underwent a rapid development. Books and magazines were widely available, not only among high society but also among the people who were less wealthy. New printing houses were established, also in Prussia, such as Walenty Stefański’s printing house in Poznań and Ernst Lambeck’s printing house in Toruń. Antoni Gąsiorowski learnt the art of printing and making woodcuts in the above-mentioned places. He set up his own printing house in Brodnica in 1847, but he transferred it to Masuria to Szczytno (Ortelsburg) in 1848, and a year later to Pisz (Johannisburg). In Szczytno he started printing the bilingual weekly "Kurek Mazurski – Der Masurische Hahn", which he continued to publish in Johannisburg. Gąsiorowski’s printing house was one of the most active printing houses in East Prussia, in which a number of magazines were published. However, most of them were discontinued after releasing the first issue, for instance, "Ewangelicki Tygodnik Gminny" or "Gospodarz Mazurski". Apart from weeklies, Antoni Gąsiorowski published Polish and German books, particularly religious ones, course books and calendars. In the 1860s, his printing press also released the texts written in Cyrillic intended for the Old Believers. Gąsiorowski’s printing house operated in Johannisburg until 1866. Nevertheless, from 1862 onwards, most publications – including the calendar – were taken over by the library and printing house of Ernst Lambeck in Toruń. The last Polish print published by Antoni Gąsiorowski was the book by B. Schmolke The Gold Jewel Dedicated to God Intended for People Worshipping God the Father and the Holy Spirit. It was released in 1865.
PL
W XIX wieku w Europie nastąpił gwałtowny rozwój piśmiennictwa. Książki i czasopisma stały się bardziej dostępne i docierały nie tylko do wyższych sfer społeczeństwa, lecz także do ludności mniej zamożnej. Zaczęły powstawać nowe drukarnie, również na terenie Prus, np. w Poznaniu oficyna wydawnicza Walentego Stefańskiego czy w Toruniu drukarnia Ernsta Lambecka. W oficynach tych sztuki drukowania i drzeworytnictwa uczył się Antoni Gąsiorowski. Własną drukarnię założył w Brodnicy w roku 1847, ale już w 1848 roku przeniósł ją na Mazury do Szczytna (Ortelsburg), a rok później do Pisza (Johannisburg). W Szczytnie zaczął drukować dwujęzyczny tygodnik "Kurek Mazurski – Der Masurische Hahn", którego wydawanie kontynuował w Johannisburgu. Oficyna Gąsiorowskiego była jedną z bardziej prężnych drukarni w Prusach Wschodnich, w której powstawało wiele czasopism. Jednak większość z nich kończyła swój żywot na numerze okazowym, np. "Ewangelicki Tygodnik Gminny" czy "Gospodarz Mazurski". Oprócz tygodników Antoni Gąsiorowski wydawał również książki w języku polskim i niemieckim, głównie o tematyce religijnej, podręczniki szkolne oraz kalendarze. W latach 60. XIX wieku spod pras jego drukarni wyszły również pisma tłoczone czcionkami cyrylickimi przeznaczone dla staroobrzędowców. Oficyna Gąsiorowskiego działała w Johannisburgu do roku 1866. Jednak już od roku 1862 większość wydawnictw – włącznie z kalendarzem – zaczęła przejmować od Gąsiorowskiego księgarnia i drukarnia Ernsta Lambecka w Toruniu. Ostatnim z druków polskich – wydanych przez Antoniego Gąsiorowskiego w roku 1865 – była książka B. Schmolkego Bogu poświęcony klejnot złoty dla ludzi Boga Ojca i Ducha Świętego chwalących.
PL
Tekst analizuje zagadnienie wpływu chrześcijaństwa na rzymski kalendarz sądowy w IV w. w świetle późnorzymskich konstytucji cesarskich. Autor wskazuje na wstępie, że pomimo wspólnego z innymi zwierzętami poczucia czasu, głębokich ewolucyjnych korzeni religijności oraz wymiaru sprawiedliwości, człowiek jest jedyną istotą, która wyróżnia dni świąteczne. Następnie podziela i uzasadnia pogląd, że pierwszym pewnym przykładem wpływu chrystianizmu na rzymski kalendarz urzędowy jest konstytucja C. Th. 9,35,4 = C. 3,12,5 (a. 380), która zakazywała prowadzenia postępowań karnych z użyciem tortur w okresie czterdziestu dni poprzedzających Wielkanoc, kwestionując opinie o utożsamieniu dies solis z dies dominicus (chrześcijańską niedzielą) już w momencie wydania C. Th. 2,8,1 i C. 3,12,2 w 321 r. Na marginesie polskiej dyskusji o ustawowym ograniczeniu handlu w niedziele, w której teza ta prezentowana jest bezkrytycznie, wskazuje na koniec na ograniczenia tzw. polityki historycznej.
EN
The text analyses Christianisation of the Roman calendar in the light or the Roman imperial constitutions in the 4th century. The author first of all underlines that only humans recognise religious feasts despite that human perception of time is not that remote from the apperception of time in the case of other animals and that the belief in the supernatural/religion and rituals belong to human universals, the roots of which, together with the judiciary, are to be sought in the evolutionary past of the genus Homo. Furthermore, the author deduces that the first direct Christian influence on the Roman official calendar was probably C. Th. 9,35,4 = C. 3,12,5 (a. 380), prohibiting all investigation of criminal cases by means of torture during the forty days which anticipate the Paschal season, contesting the opinion that dies solis were regarded as dies dominicus (Christian Sunday) already in C. Th. 2,8,1 and C. 3,12,2 (a. 321). Finally, on the margin of the Polish debate concerning the limitation of legal trade during Sundays, when Constantinian roots of dies dominicus were quoted frequently and with great conviction, the limitations of politics of memory are underlined.
XX
The article is a critical appraisal of one of the most vital publications concerning Norwid and his biography: Kalendarz życia i twórczosci Cypriana Norwida [Norwid’s life and work calendar], published by Wydawnictwo Poznańskie in 2007. This ample publication has 141 publication sheets that is 1816 printed pages (vol. 1 – pp. 800, vol. 2 – pp. 800, vol. 3 – pp. 216). It constitutes an enormous achievement of the Poznan-based Polish Studies milieu. It is a collective publication, developed by a research team headed by Professor Zofia Trojanowiczowa (co-authors being as follows: Elżbieta Lijewska, Zofia Dambek and Małgorzata Pluty, Jolanta Czarnomorska and Iwona Grzeszczak). The author of the review makes a number of corrections as regards dates and facts, yet he approaches the results of the huge collective research effort with a great deal of researcher’s humility, indispensable in pursuit of historical facts. In his analyses, the author employs the contextual apparatus: historical and philological. The author proves that Norwid’s Calendar is an undeniable source of invaluable knowledge, yet he shows that in this kind of research there is always “endless work of History” waiting ahead.
EN
Contrary to enduring stereotypes, war rarely broke out in relations between Poland-Lithuania and the Ottoman Empire. Instead, relations were mutually characterized as a way to maintain peaceful neighborliness. Admittedly, the Polish court readily used the phrase the bulwark of Christianity in its relations with other European capitals, especially with papal Rome. However, only with the post-partition era, mainly due to the influence of literary works by Henryk Sienkiewicz, did the names “Turk” and “Muslim” become synonymous with the enemy, though Sienkiewicz did this to avoid censorship from the partitioning states. Nevertheless, studies on the era of the Jagiellonian dynasty reveal that Jagiellonian kings took a pragmatic attitude in their relations with Muslims, which involved having a familiarity with their customs, religious fests and calendar, as well as an openness towards forming political and military alliances. This attitude was unchanged during the times of elective kings, when the phrase “defense of Christianity,” which was applied for domestic use and especially in relations with the West, often coincided with a respect for Muslim partners and a lack of religious bias in mutual relations. Current efforts to instrumentalize the person of John III Sobieski for anti-Muslim propaganda must be regarded as a misunderstanding, since the said monarch valued Oriental culture, spoke the Turkish language, maintained regular contacts with Muslim capitals, and his decision to led his army to Vienna was motivated by political pragmatism rather than religious concerns.
PL
Wbrew pokutującym stereotypom, wojny Rzeczypospolitej z Imperium Osmańskim zdarzały się rzadko, a we wzajemnych stosunkach przeważało dążenie do zachowania pokojowego sąsiedztwa. Frazeologia przedmurza chrześcijaństwa była natomiast chętnie wykorzystywana przez dwór polski jako argument przetargowy w stosunkach z innymi stolicami Europy, zwłaszcza z papieskim Rzymem. Jednak dopiero w okresie zaborów, głównie dzięki twórczości Henryka Sienkiewicza, Turek i muzułmanin stał się niejako substytutem wroga, zastępując ze względów cenzuralnych reprezentantów państw zaborczych. Tymczasem studia nad epoką Jagiellonów ujawniają pragmatyczny stosunek członków tej dynastii do relacji z muzułmanami, wzajemną znajomość obyczajów, świąt religijnych i kalendarza, oraz otwartość na tworzenie sojuszy politycznych i wojskowych. Nie zmieniło się to i w czasach królów elekcyjnych, gdy frazeologia obrony chrześcijaństwa, stosowana na użytek wewnętrzny i zwłaszcza w stosunkiem z Zachodem, szła często w parze z szacunkiem dla muzułmańskich partnerów i brakiem uprzedzeń religijnych we wzajemnych stosunkach. Nieporozumieniem są dzisiejsze próby wykorzystywania postaci Jana Sobieskiego dla celów antymuzułmańskiej propagandy, monarcha ten bowiem cenił kulturę orientalną, znał język turecki, utrzymywał regularne kontakty z muzułmańskimi stolicami, idąc zaś pod Wiedeń kierował się politycznym pragmatyzmem, a nie względami o charakterze religijnym.
18
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