Search results

1

Ideowe spory wokół dziejów parlamentaryzmu polskiego

100%

Byliński J.

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2016

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vol. 14

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issue 3

9-43

EN

The history of the Polish parliamentarianism has aroused numerous disputes since long due to many factors, causing difficulties in determining the beginnings of existence of this institution in the former Poland. The basic problem emerged in the distinction of the term “Sejm” (“Polish Parliament”) from the earlier rallies, court veches, local conventions or those covering larger areas of the country, or even all-state conventions, summoned by the particular regional dukes and after the unification of the state by monarchs. The disputes were related to the critical look at the role of Parliament in the history of the state: some glorified it, others expressed their critical view, determined by the historical school which the particular author belonged to. During those disputes, the final form was gained by the Polish Parliament as a bicameral parliament with the king, as one of the states, with the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies in the years 1493–1505.

2

Die Methodologie und der Stand der Erforschung des Lebens an den Höfen der polnischen Herrscherinnen und Herrscher im Spätmittelalter

99%

Czwojdrak B.

Mediaevalia Historica Bohemica

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2018

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vol. 21

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issue 1

7-23

EN

Research on royal courts in the Late Middle Ages in Poland has a relatively short tradition. Polish medievalists studying the period of the Late Middle Ages have been from the very beginning concentrated, first and foremost, on discussing the genealogy of successive magnate families, politics of monarchs in relation to lands and royal subjects they managed, problems of agricultural and economic nature in the Polish state at that time, matters of church and monasteries and, most of all, wars and broadly understood political sphere. It should be noted here that the political, cultural and court related problems were most often situated at the margins of their interests. Naturally, this does not mean that these issues have not been studied as a number of works has been written by i.e. Aleksander Gieysztor, Małgorzata Wilska – which showed to a wider group of historians how important it was to study the cultural and social issues, and what a significant role they played in the context of political history – but they, however, still leave a certain deficiency in this area of research.

3

Rola króla w Izraelu w stosunku do ojcostwa Boga i do społeczeństwa w kontekście starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu

99%

Waszak P.

Verbum Vitae

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2011

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vol. 20

43-58

EN

The understanding of the origins, functions and duties of a monarchy in the ancient world was influenced by religious beliefs current at that time. This „theology” fundamentally impinged on the establishment of the concept and the character of „royal paternity” having previously determined the relations between the king himself and the supernatural world. According to biblical sources, at the time when Israel was a monarchy, it is possible to state that there was a specific awareness of the role of the king that consisted in stipulating the covenant between the nation and God. This demanding and charismatic model has been embodied and realised not until the moment when Messiah – the King who perfectly revealed God’s fatherhood

PL

Rozumienie źródła, funkcji i obowiązków monarchii w starożytnym świecie pozostaje pod wpływem wierzeń religijnych tamtych czasów. Ta "teologia" zasadniczo rzutowała na koncpecję i charakter "królewskiego ojcostwa" determinując uprzednio relację między samym królem i światem nadprzyrodzonym. Wg źródeł biblijnych w czasie, gdy Izrael był minarchią, możliwe jest stwierdzenie istnienia specyficznej świadomości o roli króla w przymierzu zawartym między ludem i Bogiem. Ten wymagający i charyzmatyczny model ucieleśni się i zrelaizuje nie wcześniej niż z Mesjaszem-Królem, który w doskonały sposób objawi ojcostwo Boga.

4

Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1888

99%

Savić S.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 1

535-548

EN

In the paper, the author analyzes the adoption procedure, characteristics and significance of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbia from 1888. After the Kingdom of Serbia acquired the status of an independent and sovereign state by the decision of the Congress of Berlin, all restrictions regarding its constitutional arrangement disappeared. Emphasizing that the constitution of 1869 was passed illegally during his childhood, and that it gave the people too much freedom, King Milan Obrenović initiated the adoption of a new constitution. Created as a result of a political agreement between King Milan and the Radical Party, the constitution was supposed to secure the interests of both parties, i.e. the survival of the ruling dynasty on the throne and the introduction of a parliamentary system. The constitution was intended to establish a balance between the rights of the people, the ruler and the assembly. By arranging the political system of the state on the principles of parliamentarism and democracy, which sought to satisfy the interests of different layers of the Serbian citizenry, and by providing favorable conditions for further democratization of political life, the constitution of 1888 represented one of the most advanced constitutions in Europe at that time. However, practice has shown that parliamentary democracy requires a more developed social environment than the one that existed in the Kingdom of Serbia at the end of the 19th century.

5

The 'last' king of Makuria (Dotawo)

85%

Godlewski W.

Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean

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2019

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vol. 28(2)

479-492

EN

Representations of Makurian Kings and Queens (Mothers of the King), dated from the end of the 8th through the 13th centuries, have been preserved inside several churches of Makuria, but mostly inside the cathedrals of Pachoras. The representation of the king inside the monastery church NB.2.2 in Dongola is the latest one and the most fully preserved with the regalia and late dress.

6

Districtus Policensis a "Bezdězský les". Dva příklady z urbanizace Čech

85%

Žemlička J.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

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2021

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vol. 47

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issue 2

143-164

EN

The process of urbanization of the Bohemian lands had a number of forms. An important, in fact a crucial phase, took place in the 13th century. King Přemysl Otakar II (1253–1278) was a great supporter of towns of the new type. Two significant documents dated 1264 and 1265 are linked with his name. They were supposed to bring to life two royal towns in so far remote and scarcely populated regions in the north and in the east of Bohemia. While the first plan was implemented and the town of Polička became a market and administrative centre of the region in a short time (1265), the result of the second plan fell behind the bold expectations (1264). The stumbly development ended up only after a town was established in Bělá pod Bezdězem in 1337. The comparison of both the aforementioned events demonstrates that initial plans guaranteed by a royal privilege can end up very differently.

7

Status ustrojowy władzy wykonawczej w Belgii

80%

Kużelewska E.

Przegląd Politologiczny

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2017

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issue 1

21-32

EN

Belgium is a founding member of the European Union (EU). It is a trilingual federation, consisting of four different entities constituted on the basis of language. The linguistic groups within the Belgian population have had a long history of conflict. For many years, tensions between the French and Dutch speaking areas have been ameliorated through the principle of “territoriality.” The application of this principle resulted in the division of the country into three areas: the Flemish Region (the Dutchspeaking region in the north), the Walloon Region (the French speaking region in the south) and the Brussels-Capital Region (officially bilingual but predominantly francophone). In each of those areas, only one language has official status, and the speakers of other national languages residing there have no linguistic rights. The principle of territoriality has resolved some tensions between the linguistic groups by guaranteeing linguistic rights within geographic boundaries, yet it has not fully resolved them. The Belgian experience in dealing with a multicultural and multi-linguistic polity will clearly provide valuable insights for other national groups wrestling with the ever-increasing heterogeneity among their linguistic populations. More important in the short term, however, is the ongoing struggle for dominance between French and Dutch speakers within Belgium. The specificity of the Belgian federal system is also reflected in the executive power.

PL

Artykuł koncentruje się na władzy wykonawczej w Belgii na poziomie federalnym. Omówione są tu organy egzekutywy, ich miejsce w rozwiązaniach ustrojowych oraz faktyczna rola w sprawowaniu władzy. Wyjaśniony został proces formowania rządu i trudności w sformowaniu gabinetu koalicyjnego. Wskazano także źródła konstytucjonalizmu belgijskiego i konstytucyjne podstawy ustroju Belgii.

8

Uniwersały Rady Nieustającej z lat 1775–1788. Część I: Charakterystyka ogólna

71%

Głuszak M.

Studia z Dziejów Państwa i Prawa Polskiego

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2019

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vol. 22

37-49

EN

Universals (pol. uniwersały) – normative acts of an executive or information nature adopted by the Permanent Council (pol. Rada Nieustająca) in 1775–1788 – constitute an important, though not yet widely discussed in the literature, aspect of its activity. They were addressed to the indicated group of entities: central and local offices, courts, civil and military authorities, magistrates or residents of specific lands and voivodships. Universals, issued between the sessions of the Sejm, enabled the Council to systematically organize and regulate matters not reserved for the legislative authority. The general scope of the universals included, among others, the problems of the court system, substantive and procedural law, economy, social and educational policy, and border issues.

PL

Uniwersały – akty normatywne o charakterze wykonawczym lub informacyjnym uchwalane przez Radę Nieustającą w latach 1775–1788 – stanowią istotny, choć nieomawiany dotąd szerzej w literaturze aspekt jej działalności. Adresowano je do określonej grupy podmiotów: urzędów centralnych i lokalnych, sądów, władz cywilnych i wojskowych, magistratów lub mieszkańców konkretnych ziem i województw. Uniwersały, wydawane między obradami sejmu, umożliwiały Radzie bieżące porządkowanie i regulowanie materii niezarezerwowanych dla władzy ustawodawczej. Zakres przedmiotowy uniwersałów obejmował między innymi problematykę: ustroju sądów, prawa materialnego i procesowego, gospodarki, polityki społecznej i edukacyjnej oraz spraw granicznych.

9

Zaangażowanie polityczne królewicza kardynała Fryderyka Jagiellończyka za rządów Jana Olbrachta (1492-1501)

71%

Grąbczewski G.

Resovia Sacra : Studia Teologiczno-Filozoficzne Diecezji Rzeszowskiej

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2019

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issue 26

131-142

EN

Prince Frederick, Cardinal Jagiellonian (1468-1503), is one of the most outstanding, though still unrecognizable representatives of the Polish episcopate at the turn of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. As the youngest son of King Casimir IV Jagiellonian and Elizabeth of the Habsburg family, he was destined to become a clergyman, in order to support the dynasty on behalf of the Church. Frederick fulfilled this task perfectly. Climbing quickly the levels of church dignity as bishop of Cracow (from 1488), then while maintaining the Wawel Cathedral, also the archbishop of Gniezno and the primate (from 1493) and the cardinal (1493), he showed an effort in pastoral matters of the dioceses entrusted to him, as well as undertaking significant activities in the political arena. He devoted special merits to his older brother King John I Olbracht (1459-1501). He skillfully elected him to the throne of Cracow in 1492 and then managed the state during the Black Sea expedition of Olbracht in 1497 and repeatedly supplied the royal treasury with significant amounts of money from the church fund. As a politicain, Cardinal Frederick displayed an excellent sense and orientation both in the internal state and on the international arena. The aim of the article is to outline the political biography of Frederick Jagiellonian by recalling his actions in the era of Jan I Olbracht.

10

Laudacja bohatera narodowego w "Pieśniach o księciu" Józefie Artura Oppmana

71%

Magryś R.

Napis. Pismo poświęcone literaturze okolicznościowej i użytkowej

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2019

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vol. 25: Pamiątka, hołd, laudacja w literaturze i kulturze

107-121

EN

The article concentrates on the lofty representation of the protagonist of the collection of lyrical works. "Pieśni o księciu Józefie" make a reference, in their historical and axiological aspects, to the biography by Szymon Askenazy, "Książę Józef Poniatowski 1763-1813" [Prince Józef Poniatowski 1763-1813]. That biography presents the central figure as an exemplary patriot and citizen, who does not hesitate to give his life for the fatherland. The poet, however, goes much further than Askenazy in elevating his hero, as he sacralises the figure of prince Poniatowski by making him the main martyr of the national cause, who pleads for Poland with God.

11

Jerozolima: prehistoria, zdobycie miasta i panowanie Dawida

71%

Szymończyk M.

Scriptura Sacra

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2016

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issue 20

225-238

EN

Jerusalem is located on the tops of Hills of Judah. The city is of key importance in the historical narrative of the texts, contained in the Old and New Testaments. Jerusalem was hidden in the mountains, far from the main roads. Residents of the city had access to water (spring: Gichon). This old Jebusite stronghold was captured by David (2 Sam 5:6-8). Jerusalem became the hereditary property of the ruler’s dynasty. The king placed the Ark of the Covenant in it and made the political and religious capital of all Israel. A royal palace was created in the town. Extensive administration facilitated management over the entire territory. In the future, a temple was established on Mount Moria (Salomon). The temple became a pilgrimage site for all of Israel. The nation was united due to the prudent politics and piety of David.

PL

Jerozolima położona jest na szczytach Wzgórz Judzkich i ma kluczowe znaczenie w narracji historycznej zawartej w tekstach Starego i Nowego Testamentu. Miasto było ukryte pośród gór, daleko od ówczesnych głównych dróg. Mieszkańcy mieli dostęp do wody (źródło Gichon). Ta dawna twierdza Jebusytów została zdobyta przez Dawida (2 Sm 5,6-8). Stała się dziedziczną własnością dynastii tego władcy. Król umieścił w niej Arkę Przymierza i uczynił stolicą polityczną i religijną całego Izraela. W mieście powstał pałac królewski, a rozbudowana administracja ułatwiała zarząd nad całym terytorium. W przyszłości na górze Moria powstała świątynia (Salomon), która stała się miejscem pielgrzymkowym całego Izraela. Naród został zjednoczony na skutek roztropnej polityki i pobożności Dawida.

12

Światło zwycięskie, światło odrzucone. Motyw światła w Iz 1–39

71%

Popko Ł.

Verbum Vitae

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2016

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vol. 29

117-148

PL

Poprawnie i głęboko można zrozumieć metaforę tylko w odniesieniu do określonego kontekstu. Artykuł przedstawia teksty z Iz 1–39 (2,5; 4,2-5; 5,20.30; 6,9-10; 9,5-6; 10,17; 26,19; 29,18; 30,26), które posługują się motywem światła. Podobnie jak w starożytnej kulturze bliskowschodniej światło jest skojarzone szczególnie z boskością, osobą króla, zwycięstwem i sprawiedliwymi rządami. W Iz 1–39 światło najczęściej pojawia się w kontekście eschatologii i w znaczeniu poznania, zwłaszcza poznania Boga. Motyw światła, łącząc te dwa podstawowe konteksty, wzbogaca ich interpretację i sugeruje zależność pomiędzy poznaniem Boga i eschatologicznym zwycięstwem.

EN

Any correct and in-depth interpretation of a metaphor necessarily presumes a reference to some definite context. The article presents a collection of texts from Isa 1–39 (2:5; 4:2-5; 5:20.30; 6:9-10; 9:5-6; 10:17; 26:19; 29:18; 30:26) where the motif of light is applied. Its various forms are inspired by the Ancient Near-Eastern cultures, which associate light especially with a divine sphere, king, victory and just rule. In Isa 1–39 light appears both in the eschatological contexts and in connection with the meaning of knowledge, especially knowledge of God. Thus the motif of light links these two fundamental contexts, not only enriching the interpretation of both but also suggesting a direct, causal relationship between knowing God and eschatological victory.

13

Sejm Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów 1572–1668

71%

Opaliński E.

Przegląd Sejmowy

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2021

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issue 6(167)

85–114

EN

In 1572–1668 the Sejm of the Commonwealth of Two Nations underwent constant evolution. The greatest changes occurred at the time of the first interregnum (1572–74) after the death of the last Jagiellonian monarch – Zygmunt Augustus (1572). This was the time of the emergence of two types of new Sejms (convocation and election ones), functioning exclusively during the interregnum. The Henrician Articles (1574) resolved that the Sejm was to debate only for six weeks, and that the monarch was compelled to convoke it at least once every two years. The extraordinary Sejm was established in 1613 – it could be convened in cases of urgent needs and it sat for two or three weeks. The Parliament was composed of three estates: the king, the Senate, and the deputies as well as two chambers. The upper chamber (Senate) consisted of senators nominated by the monarch on a lifelong basis, and the lower chamber (Chamber of Deputies) – of deputies of the noble estate elected at pre-Sejm sejmiks (Polish: sejmiki). An integral part of the Parliament was composed of the Sejm court, both appellant and trying gravest crimes. The Crown and Lithuanian Tribunal, established in 1578–81, assumed appellation competences from the Sejm court. Tribunal judges were elected every year for a year-long term of office at special sejmiks known as deputational or deputy (judicial), which constituted a forum; here deputies presented to the voters accounts of their parliamentary activity. At the turn of 1591, post-Sejm or relational (debriefing) sejmiks were convened after the closure of the Sejm debates; here deputies presented reports concerning their parliamentary activities. The growing composition of the Parliament was associated with an expansion of state territory as a result of victorious wars waged against Muscovy. New bishoprics, voivodeships, and sejmiki were established. There were 140 senators in 1572, and 150 during the 1630s. Analogously, the number of deputies grew from 166 to 180. The Sejm acted upon the basis of a consensus, and thus was obligated to take into account the stand of the minorities. In 1652, the protest of a single deputy for the first time rendered further Sejm debates impossible. From then on, the Polish-Lithuanian Parliament constantly succumbed to a degradation process.

14

Przyczynek do chronologii królów Izraela i Judy

57%

Mucha P. M.

Ruch Biblijny i Liturgiczny

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2019

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vol. 72

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issue 2

EN

The letters of kings are the result of the Biblical author’s intended composition. Beginning with Saul to Hosea for Israel as well as David to Zedekiah for the Davidic dynasty, each genealogy consists of twenty-two rulers. This number is not accidental, as there are 22 letters in the Hebrew alphabet as well as 22 patriarchs from Adam to Jacob. In order to attain this number of rulers in each kingdom, some kings could have been omitted or added. The letters of the kings of Israel and Judah thus do not reflect chronological reality.

PL

Listy królów są wynikiem zamierzonej kompozycji autora biblijnego. Licząc od Saula do Ozeasza dla Izraela oraz od Dawida do Sedecjasza dla dynastii Dawidowej, każda genealogia zawiera 22 władców. Liczba ta nie jest przypadkowa, gdyż są 22 litery w alfabecie hebrajskim, a także 22 patriarchów od Adama do Jakuba. Żeby uzyskać tę liczbę władców w każdym królestwie, niektórzy królowie mogli zostać pominięci lub dodani. Listy królów Izraela i Judy mogą zatem nie odzwierciedlać rzeczywistej chronologii.

15

Zimowy spacer po królewskim ogrodzie. O „Łazienkach zimą” Jacka Kaczmarskiego

57%

Dźwinel D.

Prace Polonistyczne

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2016

|

vol. LXXI

167-178

EN

The article is an analysis of one of the last Jacek Kaczmarski’s poem named Łazienki zimą from the tome Tunel. Authoress exhibits numerous Enlightenment threads which are groundwork for discussed piece in a context of their durability in a culture. Comments about Kaczmarski interests in XVIII century are the starting point on which many songs of the bard (famous Krajobraz po uczcie, Sen Katarzyny II, Rejtan, czyli raport ambasadora etc.) are based. He is also an author of master’s thesis dedicated crucial to Łazienki zimą figure — king Stanisław August Poniatowski. This work adduces publications dedicated to culture and ordinary day of the Age of Lights which enlightens very close references of Kaczmarski to specified elements of this era. Attention is being brought to modeling the last king of Poland whose picture in Kaczmarski’s creation is not unequivocal — it spreads between criticism of his political decisions and attempt to understanding his motivation. Background for consideration is also created by Enlightenment reality, with particular emphasis issues of gardens (with their specific closing for externality). Kaczmarski’s work is a distinct testimony of presence Classicism threads in contemporary polish culture and evidence of significance of whole era in artist’s reflection about power and human condition. Author of Łazienki zimą makes contemporary consumer look in XVIII century mirror.

16

Królewskość Jezusa Chrystusa w opisie męki w Ewangelii św. Jana

57%

Królikowski J.

Sympozjum

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2021

|

vol. 2(41)

121-146

PL

Temat królewskości Jezusa Chrystusa stanowi obecnie jedno z zagadnień teologicznych o szczególnym znaczeniu, ponieważ nie tylko określa żywy element pobożności chrześcijańskiej, ale w ostatnich latach wywołało i ciągle wywołuje również niemałe kontrowersje w kontekście tzw. intronizacji. Pojawiające się rozliczne pytania domagają się pogłębionych studiów egzegetyczno-teologicznych, aby można było na nie odpowiedzieć, a zwłaszcza by można było sformułować stosowne propozycje duchowo-pastoralne. Aby stało się to możliwe, proponujemy w tym miejscu szerszą analizę zagadnienia królewskości Jezusa Chrystusa w świetle Ewangelii św. Jana, a przede wszystkim opisu męki i ukrzyżowania Jezusa Chrystusa, w którym zagadnienie Jego królewskości zajmuje pierwszorzędne miejsce.

EN

The question of the kingship of Jesus Christ currently constitutes one of the most exceptional theological issues in terms of meaning, since it not only defines a living element of Christian piety, but also, in the recent years, it has aroused considerable controversies in the context of the so called intronization and evoked numerous questions. To answer these questions and to formulate appropriate spiritual and pastoral propositions, a profound exegetical and theological study into this matter is required. That is why in this paper we propose a broader analysis of the question of the kingship of Jesus Christ in the light of the Gospel of John, and predominantly in the light of the description of the Passion and crucifixion of Jesus Christ, where the issue of His kingship occupies a central place.

17

Pochodzenie legendy o Trzech Królach

57%

Tronina A.

Vox Patrum

|

2006

|

vol. 49

673-681

IT

II tema di questo saggio tocca ai radici stessi della narrazione evangelica ben nota in tutto mondo cristiano (Mt 2,1-12). L’autore mostra il strato primitivo della legenda nella tradizione ecclesiastica siriaca. Basando sul testo di Caverna dei Tesori (tradotto qui per la prima volta in lingua polacca) si vede, che tutti i tre nomi dei Re erano di provenienza persiana e probabilmente alludevano ai nomi storici dei imperatori dalia dinastia sassanida, favorevoli ai cristiani. La tradizione primitiva (Giustino, Tertulliano) localizzava dei maghi in Arabia, ma il nome dei Persi si legge gia presso Clemente Alessandrino, cioe dopo l’iniziazione della dinastia dei Sassanidi (ca. 225) e dopo la rinnovazione dell’impero persiano.

18

An Outline History of the King’s Veto in Spain

57%

Dankowski M. Z.

Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego

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2020

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issue 6 (58)

545-556

EN

Although the current Constitution of 1978 does not include the right to a legislative veto among royal prerogatives, this institution has a rich tradition in Spanish constitutionalism. In the 19th century, despite the clash between conservative and liberal ideas, the King almost continuously had the right to refuse to sanction law projects. Only the political changes of the 20th century finally deprived the monarch of the right to intervene in the legislative process. However, under the current Constitution, all laws must be sanctioned by the King, which often causes political and legal controversy.

PL

Choć obecna Konstytucja z 1978 r. nie przewiduje wśród prerogatyw królewskich prawa do weta legislacyjnego, instytucja ta posiada bogatą tradycję w hiszpańskim konstytucjonalizmie. W XIX w. pomimo ścierania się ze sobą idei konserwatywnych i liberalnych, Król niemal nieprzerwanie posiadał prawo do odmowy sankcjonowania projektów ustaw. Dopiero zmiany ustrojowe XX w. pozbawiły ostatecznie monarchę prawa do ingerencji w proces legislacyjny. Jednakże pod rządami obecnej Konstytucji wszystkie ustawy muszą być obligatoryjnie sankcjonowane przez Króla, co nierzadko wywołuje polityczne i prawne kontrowersje.

19

Tragizm żywota króla Saula. Wybór, namaszczenie, odrzucenie, opętanie

57%

Pieprzyca B.

Scriptura Sacra

|

2013

|

issue 17

97-106

EN

The tragic life of King Saul begins with the emphasis of the people, by the last judge of Israel, Samuel to set up the king-man. Although plans for salvation of Yahweh were from the beginning directed at the monarchy, but the moment and time is dependent on the Lord of Hosts, not from the people. Saul, however, is subjected to the anointing of Samuel and later also to the people, when the fate is established by the ruler of the chosen people. Saul’s history from the beginning of his kingship appears to the reader as a winning streak of Israel on the trail of battle, and there was no indication to the fact that subsequent events and deeds of Saul change the course of his life and will lead to rejection by Yahweh. Rejection of the rulers is associated with withdrawal from Saul spirit of Yahweh, and appears in the evil spirit that tormented him. Pericope 1 Sam 16,14-23 presents also the appearance of David at the royal court, whose playing was to calm the ruler and help in removing the evil spirit tormenting. An important issue in 1 Sam 16,14-23 is the fact that the ruler was supposed to be possessed by an evil spirit, which sent Yahweh, however, would He allow this? The answer appears in ancient beliefs about the concept of good and evil and their relationship with the deity or God. So considering the issue of possession of the knowledge of ancient times, people’s views should be stated that the possession of King Saul was a mental disorder, which then read as a manifestation of the evil spirit in man.

20

Po co mieszkańcy Jerozolimy krzyczeli „Hosanna”? Studium Mt 21,9 z uwzględnieniem szerszego kontekstu

57%

Rucki M.

Scriptura Sacra

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2021

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issue 25

209-225

EN

The paper presents study of the Biblical passage containing shouting “Hosanna” as described in Math. 21:9. For better understanding of the meaning of this word, often treated as a liturgical emotional expression, a wider context was employed, not only the usually referred Ps. 118. In particular, several Polish translations of the Bible were analyzed, as well as Septuagint, Aramaic Targum, and Peshitta of Old and New Testament. Jewish liturgy called “Hoshanot” was analyzed to demonstrate the direct meaning of the Hebrew word hosha na used in the prayers. Moreover, based on its direct meaning, the word “Hosanna” was linked with previous passages where blind men shouted for salvation. Noteworthy, the blinds were healed both before and after analyzed event. Since the context indicates the prophetic mission performed by Jesus in the Temple, some attention was paid to the issue of prophecy. It was found that the fulfillment of Jesus’s verdict upon the fig tree indicated inevitable fulfillment of His prophecy upon destruction of Jerusalem. The entire context provided strong ground for understanding that Jesus emphasized His identity as God by words and actions, and the spontaneous shouting “Hosanna” provided a key for understanding of this point.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę perykopy zawierającej wołanie "Hosanna" w wersji Mt 21,9. Dla lepszego zrozumienia znaczenia tego słowa, które często wyjaśniane jest jako lityrgiczny okrzyk, omówiono szerszy kontekst niż ograniczający się zazwyczaj do Ps 118. W szczególności przeanalizowano kilka polskich wydań Biblii, a także starożytne tłumaczenia Septuaginta, Targum i Peszitta Starego i Nowego Testamentu. Przeanalizowano również liturgię żydowską nazywaną "Hoszanot" wykazując, że w modlitwach hebrajskie słowo "hosza na" jest używane w jego bezpośrednim znaczeniu. Ponadto, bazując na tym znaczeniu, odnotowano powiązanie wołania "Hosanna" z wersetami poprzedzającymi Ewangelii Mateusza, gdzie niewidomi wołali o zbawienie. Godnym odnotowania jest fakt, że niewidomi zostali uzdrowieni zarówno przed, jak i po analizowanym wydarzeniu. Ze względu na to, że kontekst wskazuje na misję prorocką Jezusa spełnioną w Świątyni, nieco uwagi poświęcono zagadnieniu proroctwa. Stwierdzono, że spełnienie wyroku Jesusa nad bezowocnym drzewem figowym zaznacza nieuniknione spełnienie proroctwa o zburzeniu Jerozolimy. Całościowy kontekst daje mocne podstawy do rozumienia tekstu w taki sposób, że Jezus podkreśla swoją tożsamość jako Boga zarówno słowami, jak i czynami, zaś spontaniczne wołanie tłumu "Hosanna" dostarcza kluczy do zrozumienia tego przesłania.

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